Viele
EGBERT LUDOVIKUS, an American civil engineer; born in Waterford, N. Y., June 17, 1825; was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1847; took part in the Mexican War in 1847-1848 and in the campaign against the Indians in 1848-1852; served as State Engineer of New Jersey in 1854-1856, and was chief engineer and designer of Central Park in New York, and of Prospect Park in Brooklyn in 1856-1860. During the Civil War he commanded the land forces at the capture of Port Royal; directed the investment of Fort Pulaski, Ga.; planned and led the march on and capture of Norfolk, Va., and was military governor of that city, May to Nov., 1863. Subse- VICUNA quently he was park commissioner of New York City, a Democratic member of Congress, and vice-president of the American Geographical Society. In 1896 he appeared before the commission of the British House of Lords on the subject of municipal administration. His publications include "Handbook of Ac- VIENNA tive Service" and "A Topographical Atlas of the City of New York." He died in 1902.
VIENNA (German, Wien), the capital and largest city of the Republic of Auslargest city of the Republic of Austria; in Lower Austria, on the Danube canal, a branch of the Danube. The small river Wien flows through part of the city to join the canal. Vienna consists of the Inner City and eight districts or sections completely surrounding it-viz., Leopoldstadt, Landstrasse, Wieden, Margarethen, Mariahilf, Neubau, Alsergrund, and Favoriten. These, with the exception of the last, an artisans' are inclosed by fortifications known as the Lines, though that name is now usually confined to the 15 gates of the fortifications. Immediately bethe fortifications. Immediately beyond the Lines are nine populous suburbs included (since 1890) within the Vienna police district, which has a total area of 51 square miles. The irregular hexagon formed by the Inner City was till 1858 inclosed by an inner line of fortifications, the site of which is now occupied by the Ringstrasse, a series of handsome boulevards, 55 yards wide, which bound five of its sides. The sixth side is bounded by the Franz-Josefs Danube canal.
Though Vienna contains buildings of the 14th and even of the 13th century, it is , in its present form, essentially a modern city; nearly all the most conand pretentious public buildings date from the later half of the 19th century. The Inner City and the Ringstrasse were formerly the handsomest and most fashionable quarters. In the former are the cathedral of St. Stephen (1300-1510 ), with a tower 450 feet in height; the Hofburg or imperial palace, a large and irregular pile of very various dates; and many palaces of the nobility. On one side or other of the Ringstrasse rise the Exchange; the University (1874-1884); the huge Gothic New Rathhaus (1873-1883), built at a cost of over $3,750,000; the Parliament House; House; the Supreme Law Courts; the Museum of Natural History and of Art (1872-1886), twin buildings on either side of the imposing monument of the Empress Maria Theresa (unveiled (unveiled 1888) the imperial Opera House; the Academy of Art; the Austrian Museum of Art and Industry, etc. In other parts of the city are the Arsenal; the Josephinum, a medical college founded in 1784; the Votive Church, an specimen of modern Gothic, built in 1856-1879 to commemorate the emporer's escape from assassination in 1853; and many other handsome sacred and secular edifices. Vienna is well pro- VIENNA vided with public parks, the largest being the Prater (7 square miles), one of the finest parks in Europe, opened in 1776. In educational, scientific, artistic, and benevolent institutions the city very rich. The university, founded in is 1365 and renowned throughout the world as a medical school, had a teaching staff of 350 and over 6,000 students. The magnificent public picture gallery, formerly in the château of Belvedere, now in the Museum of Art, is specially faof the Venetian school, Rubens and Dürer.
There are also several noted private galleries. in the empire, the factories being mostly Vienna was the chief industrial city in the districts of Neubau and Mariahilf and outside the Lines. Machinery, sciengoods in bronze, leather, terra-cotta, tific and musical instruments, artistic porcelain, etc., bent-wood furniture, noted manufactures of Vienna. As a meerschaum pipes, etc., are among the center of trade and finance Vienna was no less important. Grain, flour, cattle, seeds, wines, and manufactured goods of all kinds were annually handled here an immense aggregate value. Over regulating the channel of the Danube $12,500,000 were spent in 1868-1881 in so as to render the river naviglable at all times.
Vindomina, which was established in A. D.
Vienna occupies the site of the Roman 14, as the successor of the Celtic settlement of Vindobona. The beginning of its present importance, however, dates only from the period of the Crusades, which directed a steady stream of traffic through it.
In 1276 it became the capital of the Hapsburg dynasty. The famous July 14 to Sept. 12, 1683, when it was siege of Vienna by the Turks lasted from relieved by John Sobieski of Poland. enna in 1738, between the Emperor Treaties have been concluded at Vito the kingdom of the Two Sicilies; in Charles VI. and the Infanta of Spain as 1809, between Napoleon and the Austrians, after the defeat of the latter at Wagram; in 1864, settling the affairs after the war of Prussia and Austria against Denmark; and in 1866, between Francis Joseph of Austria and Victor Italy. The Great Congress of Vienna Emmanuel of Italy, ceding Venetia to (Nov. 3, 1814, to June 9, 1815) met to regulate the affairs of Europe after the overthrow of the Napoleonic empire, and restore the "balance of power." Alexander I. and Nesselrode were there in wer."
Alexthe interests of Russia; the King of was supported by Hardenberg; Castlereagh, and afterward Wellington, VIENNA represented Britain; Metternich was Austrian plenipotentiary; Talleyrand secured a hearing for France; Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Denmark, Rome, and the minor German states were also represented.
The chief final outcome was that Austria obtained Lombardy, Venetia, Illyria, Dalmatia, Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Salzburg, and east Galicia; Prussia the province of Saxony, Posen, Swedish Pomerania, Westphalia, and the Rhenish province; Hanover, extended in area and made a kingdom, fell to the Hanoverian dynasty in Great Britain; Great Britain secured Malta, Heligoland, Cape Colony, and Mauritius, and the protectorate of the Ionian Islands; Belgium and Holland were united as the kingdom of the Netherlands; Norway was confirmed to Sweden; the duchy of Warsaw (Poland) was made over to Russia, and the republic of Cracow was constituted; the neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed, and Neuchâtel (under Prussian sovereignty) added to the confederation; the German confederation was constituted with numerous internal rearrangements; and the former ruling houses were reinstated in Naples, Sardinia (to which Genoa was annexed), Tuscany, and Modena, Parma being given to the ex-Empress Maria Louisa; the papal See recovered nearly all its possessions; and France was restricted to very nearly the territory it possessed before the Revolution. The signing of the treaty, June 9, was hastened by the news of Napoleon's return from Elba.
Pop. about 2,000,000.
On the establishment of the republic of Austria, Vienna became its capital.
The conditions brought about by the position of the Empire, and the practical