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GENERAL ERICH, was propaganda in Bavaria during the year, and was an associate of Adolph Hitler in an attempt to overturn the Governpropaganda in Bavaria during the year, and was an associate of Adolph Hitler in an attempt to overturn the Government. He was arrested for treason together with Hitler and others. He was acquitted in March, 1924. the United States, died after a long illthe United States, died after a long illness in Washington, on Feb. 3, 1924. President Wilson, up to the very end, took an active interest in political tical questions and was regarded by thousands as still the leader of his party. In 1923 he contributed a short article containing his political views and made a short speech which was broadcast over the ances he indicated that his views in reances he indicated that his views in regard to the League of Nations and other questions had undergone no change. Mr.

Wilson's strength gradually failed and his power to resist. His death was unihis power to resist. His death was universally regretted and he was warmly praised as one of the great figures of history, not only by members of his own party but by by former opponents. His funeral, which was of great simplicity, was held in Washington and he was buried in the crypt of the new cathedral being erected in that city.

WOOD, General LEONARD, Wood served through the year as Governor- General of the Philippines. He found strong opposition among the leaders of the party which is seeking for the independence of the islands. He was supported both by President Harding and later by President Coolidge. In a report in 1923, General Wood insisted that the Philippines were not yet ready for independence.

ZANGWILL, ISRAEL, Jewish author and Philippines were not yet ready for indean absence of several years, in 1923. His frank opposition to Zionism created much discussion and friction during his stay in this country. one He has been of the strongest opponents of the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.

BOK PEACE AWARD. On July 2, 1923, Edward W. Bok announced the offer of $100,000 to the author of the best practical plan by which the United States might cooperate with other nations, looking toward the prevention of BOK PEACE AWARD was conducted by an administrative comwar. The conditions of the award were mittee consisting of John W. Davis, formade public on July 23, 1923. The award mer Ambassador to Great Britain; Judge Learned Hand, Judge of the United States New York; Mrs. Gifford Pinchot; Mrs. president of the International Associa- New York; Mrs. Gifford Pinchot; Mrs. tion of Machinists; Esther Everett Lape; Ogden Reid; Mrs. Franklin D. Roosetary of War; Melville E. Stone, formerly general manager of the Associated Press; velt; Henry L. Stimson, former Secrethat $50,000 would be paid to the author of the Associated Press; general eral manager of the winning plan as soon as it was chosen by the jury. The other $50,000 would be paid to the author of the plan of the winning plan as soon as it was that $50,000 would be paid to the author chosen by the jury. The other $50,000 or when an adequate degree of popular would be paid to the author of the plan when it was approved by the Senate zens of the United States, and the date support had been shown for the winning plan. The contest was open to all citifor its closing was Nov. 15, 1923. The jury of award consisted of Elimu Root, Colonel Edward M. House, Gen- Pendleton, president of Wellesley Col- Law School, William Allen White and Brand Whitlock, former United States lege, Roscie Pound, dean of the Harvard Law School, William Allen White and Ambassador to Belgium. Over 22,000 closing of the competition and the winplans were submitted at the time of the 1923. The name of its author was with- held at that time, but he was later an- 1923. The name of its author was withheld at that time, but he was later announced to be Charles H. Levermore, a more as summarized is as follows: well-known lecturer and advocate of I. That the United States shall im- I. That the United States shall immediately enter the Permanent Court of International Justice under the condi- tion stated by Secretary Hughes and International Justice under the condition stated by Secretary Hughes and President Harding in February, 1923.

II. That without becoming a member of the League of Nations as at present constituted, the United States shall offer to extend its present cooperation with the League as a body of mutual counsel under conditions which- 1. Substitute moral force and public opinion for the military and economic force originally implied in Articles X. and XVI. 2. Safeguard the Monroe Doctrine. will assume no obligations under the 3. Accept the fact that the United States Treaty of Versailles except by Act of Congress. 4. Propose that membership in the League should be opened to all nations.

BOLIVIA 5. Provide for the continuing development of international law. The conditions under which the award was made were criticized as savoring of propaganda for the League of Nations and a World Court, and a committee of the Senate was appointed to investigate these conditions. Mr. Bok and Miss Lape, who was in active charge of the contest, and others were examined by this committee. No report had been made by the committee by April, 1924.

BOLIVIA. Foreign relations and the internal condition of the country were far from satisfactory. Early in the year the Bolivian Government insisted in a note to the Government of Chile on a revision of the treaty of 1904, by which the definite possession of the Province of Antofagasta was given to Chile, with free transit through Chilean ports and the construction of a railroad from Arica to La Paz as a compensation for Bolivia. The reply was unsatisfactory. The internal political position position was critical. A struggle persisted between President Saavedra and the minorities in both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, who demanded the President's resignation, but were curtly refused. Strikes and labor troubles have been frequent, and in some cases have been suspected of having been fomented for revolutionary purposes. A mining outbreak in the district of Corocoro was so serious that the Government placed an embargo on free communications in the capital and on telegraph and cable lines.

The disorders were repressed after the ringleaders had been arrested and imprisoned.

BONUS, SOLDIERS'. Agitation for a soldiers' bonus continued throughout the year. Although no further action was taken by Congress following the defeat of the Adjusted Compensation Measure of 1922, twenty States, by the end of 1923, voted to pay bonuses to their veterans who served in the World War.

These bonuses varied from $55,000,000 in Illinois to $1,200,000 in Vermont. The States voting bonuses were: Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin. The total amount voted by all the States was $351,454,671, and the number of soldiers affected was 2,374,926. The American Legion at its annual convention reiterated its demand for a Federal bonus. Pesident Coolidge, in his message to Congress, in December, BRUCE, WILLIAM CABELL 1923, declared his opposition to a bonus on the ground that the Federal Treasury was entirely unable to provide the funds necessary. Secretary Mellon also, in his plan for decreased taxation, declared it impossible to provide for a bonus and at the same time ensure a reduction of taxes. In spite of the declarations of the President and the Secretary of the Treasury, measures for adjusted compensation, or a bonus, were introduced in Congress and were supported by a large majority of the legislators in both House and Senate.

BOWDOIN COLLEGE. An Institute of Modern History was held at the college from April 19 to May 1, 1923. Many well-known foreign and American educators and men of affairs took part. BRAZIL. The first act of the new President of the Republic, Dr. Arturo Bernardez, was to extend the period ending the last day of December, 1922, during which martial law had been put into effect by President F Pessoa, following the revolutionary attempt of three months previous. A violent, but shortlived political agitation was caused in the State of Rio Grande do Sul by the reelection of the President of the State, Dr. Borges Madeiro. The Brazilian Senate, on October 29, passed and sent to the President for his signature a bill regulating the press, prohibiting the publication of statements judged to be injurious jurious to the President of the Republic, the Cabinet Ministers or other Federal, State, or Municipal officers. Brazil approved, on Jan. 18, 1924, the entire series of agreements negotiated at the Pan-American Conference held in Chile in 1923. She was the first South American nation to ratify these articles.

According to a statement of the Minister of Finance, Brazil at the end of the first six months of 1923 had a favorable balance of approximately $7,000,000 in the Treasury, the first time in twenty-two years that there had been anything but a deficit.

BRUCE, WILLIAM CABELL (1860-), United States Senator from Maryland.

He had been for many years one of the best known lawyers and public men in his State, and is also widely known as a scholar and historian. He is the author of "Benjamin Franklin," "Below the James" and "Life of John Randolph."

Senator Bruce showed, in the Senate, a determination to act independently of his party and was the only Democrat who refused to join join the coalition of Democrats and insurgent Republicans who defeated Senator Cummins for chair- BULGARIA man of the Interstate Commerce Commission. He was elected Senator Nov. 7, 1922.

BULGARIA. On January 26, the Allies at Lausanne offered Bulgaria another port rather than Dedeagatch, which offer was declined as Bulgaria asserted that the Treaty of Neuilly gave her Dedeagatch and the use of the railway arranged his Cabinet in favor of younger On March 18, Premier Stambuliski rearranged his Cabinet in favor of younger men, taking the portfolio of Commerce The Bulgarian himself, ad interim.

Chamber was dissolved on March 11, and general elections were fixed for April 22.

The Bulgarian Supreme Court on April 1 sentenced to life imprisonment six members of the Radoslavoff cabinet, CHAMBER OF COMMERCE which held office at the time of Bulattempting to escape on June 15. Progaria's entry into the war. On June 8, Government were overthrown by a revothat Bulgaria would honor all her obligations under the Treaty of Neuilly. A attempting to escape on June 15. Pro- Communist revolt broke out on August 28, supposed to have been inspired by Minister of War, and assured the Allies that Bulgaria would honor all her obliga- Communist revolt broke out on August tions under the Treaty of Neuilly. A 28, supposed to have been inspired by Moscow, but was drastically put down by the Zankoff Government. On November 25, a treaty was concluded between on Serbia during the World War. tling the amount of indemnity for requisitioned territory made by Bulgaria on Serbia during the World War.

C CANADA. On March 2, Canada signed with the United States a convention for CANADA. On March 2, Canada signed the preservation of the halibut fishery in the North Pacific. Hon. W. S. Fielding, the Canadian Finance Minister, on May 11, proposed tariff reciprocity with the United States, depending on the curtailment of reduced rates on imports of the United States from Canada. The Conservatives won in the elections in Ontario on June 25, thus overturning the on November 5, abandoned prohibition for State control and sale of liquor.

Figures given out on August 13 showed that for the fiscal year ending June 30 brought the province a revenue of $4,- 581,952.

The Dominion throughout the year ing a selected immigration. Immigrants were received at the rate of about 16,000 each month-over 2 per cent annually of the population as against about one-third of 1 per cent net immigration from all countries to the United States. More than two-thirds of the immigrants came from the United States and Great Britain.

CANCER. As in the past there were many reports during 1923 of cancer Britain.

CANCER. As in the past there were many reports during 1923 of cancer ity of a gradual approach to a more efficient conquest of this dread malady.

But as great an authority as Dr. William bility not as yet know of any reliable cancer cure and that further research into the cause and nature of cancer was prereqnot as yet know of any reliable cancer cause and nature of cancer was prereqcure and that further research into the uisite to a more successful treatment. ease of middle and old age.

He ascribed the apparent increase in ease of middle and old age. of life, cancer being essentially a dis- Medical research continued its efforts to stem the ravages of cancer, not only through the support of individual investigators, but by many concerted efforts. A British Empire campaign against cancer was organized in June by the Imperial Cancer Research Fund and was backed by the most influential by the Imperial Cancer Research Fund and medical. Continuous work of great and was backed by the most influential section of the English press, both lay and medical. Continuous work of great importance and promise is done in the United States by the Crocker Cancer Research Fund of Columbia University and by special research groups at the medical schools of Harvard, Cornell, New York and Pennsylvania Universi- ties and other institutions. The New fare and Health established York City Department of Public Welcancer institute on Blackwells (now Welfare) Island, consisting of a 200-bed hospital and a large clinic. a new CHAMBER OF COMMERCE CON- GRESS, INTERNATIONAL. The Con- CHAMBER OF COMMERCE CONgress of the International Chamber of Industrial leaders from all parts of the Commerce assembled in March at Rome. world participated and discussed the many problems created by the World CHEMICAL SOCIETY War and its aftermath. One of the most important resolutions was that presented by the American delegation and approved by the Finance Section, calling upon the Governments of all countries to form an International conference for the purpose of settling the financial and economic problems of Europe. The chairman of the Financial Section, Willis H. Booth, a vice president of the Guaranty Trust Company, New York, was elected president of the International Chamber of Commerce, the first time that this honor was bestowed upon an American.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY, AMERICAN.

This society held its annual meeting in New Haven, in April, 1923. Important scientific discoveries were reported.

General Amos A. Fries announced the perfection of an all-purpose "canister," a mask which will give protection against all gases. (See GAS MASK.) Several important developments in regard to ductless glands were also reported. (See GLANDS, DUCTLESS.) CHILE. With the close of the Fifth Pan-American Congress, held at Santiago, Chile, in March and April, a distinct forward step was marked in the development of Pan-American relations.

The sessions of the conference resulted in the adoption of a series of treaties, conventions and resolutions which tended to develop closer commercial and cultural ties between the United States, Central and South America.

According to an announcement of the Association of Nitrate Producers, the entire output of the nitrate fields for the year ending July, 1924, had been disposed of. Statistics for the first half of 1923 showed a decided improvement in the industrial life of the country. The Chilean Congress was called in special session by President Alessandri in September to consider the adoption of various financial reforms. A Chilean, Dr. Torriente, was chosen as the presiding officer of the League of Nations at its last session. Four distinct earthquake shocks were felt in northern Chile on the night of Jan. 29, 1924. The legislative difficulties between Congress and President Alessandri seemed in March, 1924, to be reaching a pacific solution.

CHINA. Conditions throughout the Republic were chaotic. Trade languished, and the Treasury was practically bankrupt. Civil war between the Peking and Canton governments continued, with alternate successes and defeats for each side. On June 13, Li Yuan-hung, on account of a plot to oust him, engineered COLDS, ORIGIN OF by General Feng Yu-hsiang, resigned the Presidency of China and fled from the capital. On July 2, Sun Yat-sen, head of the Canton Government, advised the powers that recognition of the Peking Government would hinder the unification of China. Chinese bandits, on May 6, wrecked a train near Lincheng and held 150 passengers, including twenty foreigners, for ransom. The foreign captives were later released, due to the energetic representations of the governments of their respective countries. The Peking Parliament on October 5 elected Marshal Tsao Kun President of the Chinese Republic. On December 6, Sun Yat-sen threatened to make Canton a free port unless he received a subsidy from the Chinese Government. It was reported at Peking on December 28 that the President and Parliament had reached a crisis, owing to the demands of the latter to change the Ministry and the President's refusal to do so. On March 14, Japan declined to abrogate the 1915 treaty with China that contained the famous twentyone demands.

COAL. The United States Coal Commission made public its report in June, 1923. The report embraced the survey of conditions in the anthracite fields.

The commission's most important recommendations are as follows: First, all future agreements between miners and operators shall automatically be renewed unless one party proposes amendments ninety days in advance. Second, in that event, if a new agreement has not been reached within sixty days before the old agreement expires, the President of the United States shall be notified.

Third, the President shall then order an official investigation and publish the facts brought out. Legislation was recommended by the commission, but no action was taken in Congress during 1923. There were minor strikes during the year, but a threatened general strike in the anthracite mining fields in September was avoided. COLDS, ORIGIN OF. Four years of experiments on human volunteers, conducted by Dr. P. K. Olitsky and Dr. J. E. McCartney of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, seem to have established the probability that common colds are infectious and due to an ultramicroscopic germ. Healthy persons, into whose noses filtered washings from the noses of persons suffering from colds had been injected, promptly developed colds. These, too, were transmissible. Though cultures of the causative germ were grown from the secretions of forty patients, the germ itself could not COLOMBIA be seen even through the most powerful microscope with a magnification of about 1,500 times.

COLOMBIA. Three important laws were passed by the Colombian Congress in connection with the reorganization of the country's ountry's financial system. One provided for foreign aid in adjusting finances, another for the establishment of a national bank and a third for a loan of $100,000,000, to be used for internal improvements, especially the building of railroads. It was officially stated that negotiations were under way for the es- tablishing of normal diplomatc relations between Colombia and Panama. In the late summer, an outbreak of yellow fever in the Bucaramanga Valley caused aptablishing of normal diplomate between Colombia and Panama . In the late summer, an outbreak of yellow fever in the Bucaramanga Valley cau was shortly brought under control, and Government, and the United States intc relations caused apstituted a quarantine against all ports north of Barranquilla. The epidemic was sh shortly brought under control, and at last disappeared. Plans were being made for the construction eing uction of a railroad pont to connect Bogota, the capital, with the Atlantic coast. Much of the $25,000,000 paid by the United States Government to Col Colombia, as an indemnity, connected with the loss of Panama and the building of the Panama Canal, was being devoted to an extensive scheme of transportation improvement.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. cornerstone of a The one-million-dollar school of business building was laid in December, 1923.

CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. A proposal was made in October by the December, 1923.

Presbyterians. This was received with cordiality. There were, however, serious difficulties in the way of such a union.

The Presbyterian Church is a national organization with a creed. The Congregational Church, on the contrary, is a local church with no creed for all bodies.

A committee was appointed headed by J. Ross Stevenson, president of the Theological Seminary of Princeton, to discover whether such a union can be effected without loss to the Presbyterian creed or organization.

CONSTITUTION, AMENDMENTS TO. Several amendments to the Constitution were introduced in Congress during 1923, and although no definite action was taken on any of them, there was sufficient support for one of them at least to indicate that it would, within a short time, be adopted by Congress.

These amendments all had to do with the office of president. One of these amendments proposed to do away with as is now the case. The latter amend- CONSTITUTION provide for vice president. Another proposed that the new Congress should meet in the December following the election in Nothe electoral college and to provide the direct election of the president and vember instead of the March following, ment now the case by the latter amend 67th Congress, but was defeated in the as is House. It was introduced again in the Senate in January, 1924, with every inbe determined by the fact that a handamendment for the abolition of the eleca body which is now generally agreed that the presidency is too important to jority of Senators in favor of it. The to be superfluous. It was urged by ers of the porters by supthe change that the college, not to be chosen as if retained, ought not cant to now by a State-wide vote, but rather by Congressional districts. They declare be determined by the fact that a handtermine the result, as it did in the Blainethat the presidency is too important ful of votes in a single State may de- Cleveland contest in 1884 and the Wilsonproposed amendment introduced by Senator Fess of Ohio would provide that in case of the death or disability of Hughes competition in 1916. Still another sume the duties of the office. He al- President, the vice presidentit shall the acof the President's death, but the question of disability remains unsolved. The of President Wilson. An amendment inready does this, of course, in the case situation to which this would apply would be like that caused by the illness troduced by Senator Wadsworth of New passed the State legislatures, by the required two-thirds vote. Still another amendment introduced would authorize the people of the State before a conthe President to veto single items in apstitutional amendment should be cepted; and after the amendment had ment which met with much favor outpassed the State legislatures, by the required two-thirds vote. Still another local securities which are now exempt.

This amendment was urged Secretary propriation bills. A proposed amend- Mellon of the Treasury Department, who permit the Government to tax State and Mellon of the Treasury Department, who pointed out that tax exempt securities have resulted in a great loss to the Gov- This ernment in taxes, for persons with large on large incomes so that there would incomes are able to invest in these securi- ties issued by States and local govern- ments and escape Federal taxation. One of the features of the Mellon Bill sought (See TAXATION.) ties issued by States and local governments and escape Federal taxation. One of the features of the Mellon Bill sought to overcome this by reducing the surtax be no advantage in investments of this sort over those which are taxed by the Government.

COSTA RICA amendment was defeated in the House of Representatives on January 23, 1923, by the lack of five in the required twothirds vote. In all, more than one hundred proposals for amendments to the constitution were introduced in the 68th Congress, but the ones noted above are the only ones of actual importance.

COSTA RICA. Census figures showed that at the beginning of 1923 the population of Costa Rica was 485,049. The annual report of the Costa Rican Secretary of Education, submitted to the Congress on October 24, showed that approximately 42,000 students were enrolled in the schools, and that the appropriation for education was four times the appropriation for the army and navy.

Costa Rica's plan for an international court of justice to include North and South America was referred by the Judiciary Committee of the Pan-American Conference to the Rio de Janeiro Congress of Jurists, which meets in 1925. The United States and Costa Rica signed a protocol on February 8, which in effect admitted such rights as Costa Rica had in the territory through which the proposed Nicaraguan Canal would run, and which provided for negotiations with Costa Rica as to the terms on which her permission would be forthcoming.

CRISSINGER, DANIEL RICHARD (1860-), was born in Tully Township, Marion Co., Ohio, Dec. 10, 1860. He graduated at Buchtel College in 1885.

For twenty-two years he was general counsel of the Marion Steam Shovel Company. On March 15, 1921, he entered on the duties of Comptroller of the Currency, by appointment of President Harding. In February, 1923, he was made Director of the Federal Reserve banking system, to succeed W. P. G.

Harding.

CUBA. The report of the Directory of the National Census showed that Cuba, on Dec. 31, 1922, had a population of 3,123,040, as compared with 2,889,004 on Sept. 15, 1919. Of those registered as to color, 2,193,936 were classified as whites and 809,886 as colored. The Cuban Congress on July 23 passed a lottery bill, to which United States Ambassador Crowder objected, as it opened the way for graft. President Zayas vetoed the bill, and both House and Senate repassed it over his veto. At the same time, the Cuban Congress passed a joint resolution condemning American interference, and hinted that if it were not abandoned it might end in the breaking of the "moral and historical ties which have hitherto bound our country to the CZECHOSLOVAKIA great Republic of North America."

Cubans in New York celebrated Independence Day on May 20. The Cuban Senate on June 4 approved a law raising the status of the Cuban legation in Washington to that of an Embassy. The Secretary of the Treasury estimated Cuban revenues for the year ending June 30, at $68,371,400 or $11,166,100 more than the receipts of the previous fiscal year, showing a decided improvement in the financial condition of the Republic. There was a great decrease in immigration in the fiscal year ending June 30, the total being 20,184, compared with 148,361 the previous year. trade with the United States, 1922-1923, was represented by imports of $163,514,- 748 and exports valued at $374,885,908.

The CZECHOSLOVAKIA. The dispute between Czechoslovakia and Poland over the delimitation of the Teschen district, which was divided between the two countries by the Council of Ambassadors in 1920, after a projected plebiscite had been abandoned, was settled in December in favor of Czechoslovakia by the Permanent Court of International Justice at The Hague, which pronounced in favor of the boundary line laid down by the Ambassadors.

A treaty of political alliance with France was definitely agreed upon in Paris on December 27. The text was not made public at the time, but the broad lines of the agreement became a matter of common knowledge. First, the two states pledged themselves to the full execution of the treaties concluded at Versailles, Trianon, St. Germain and Neuilly. Secondly, they pledged mutual support in case of aggression upon their territories or rights. Thirdly, they agreed to uphold the League of Nations Covenant. Finally, they agreed to submit to arbitration any differences between them that could be solved by ordinary diplomatic procedure. Certain portions of the treaty dealt with tariffs and other economic features.

The country continued prosperous throughout the year, and occupied a far more favorable economic position than any other of the new States carved out of the former Empire of the Hapsburgs, Considerable friction existed, however, between the Czech and Slovak elements of the population. The Slovak grievances are that the Czechs monopolize public offices, that discrimination is made against Slovakian industries, that Czech agnosticism is undermining religious faith and that the promise that the Slovaks should have an autonomous constitution had not been kept. DALE, PORTER HINMAN EARTHQUAKES DALE, PORTER HINMAN (1867-), was elected to the United States Senate from Vermont in the special election held in October, 1923, to fill the vacancy made by the death of Senator Dillingham.

Senator Dale is a lawyer and served from the 64th to the 67th Congresses.

DALTON PLAN. In the latter part of 1923 a conference was held in London on the Dalton Plan for English Secondary Schools, and a report was later issued by the Dalton Association. The author of the plan is Miss Helen Parkhurst, director of the Children's Science School of New York City. Its aim is to extend to pupils in secondary departments the opportunities for self-development which have long been granted to children in the more modern primary schools. It also involves a readjustment of the relations between teacher and pupil, the former becoming a friend and adviser rather than a taskmaster. The grouping of the students, too, is made along novel lines, in natural groups rather than in age groups or grades.

Each room becomes a complete unit with its own library, maps and other apparatus easily accessible to all the students. The principal difficulties in the way of the plan are the necessity of estimating correctly the amount of work which an individual student is capable of doing without waste of time and the difficulty of finding teachers with sufficient imagination and personality. Then, too, money will have to be available for proper space and equipment, and in many of the American high schools the overcrowded conditions would be a serious obstacle in perfecting the Dalton idea.

In England there are about 2,000 schools using the Dalton plan, in the United States between 100 and 200. Miss Parkhurst has spread interest in her plan by extensive lecture tours, especially in England and in the United States. She is also the author of "Education on the Dalton Plan."

DANZIG. Commercial conditions were fairly good in 1923, but there was considerable friction between the German On April 30, the city was warned by and Polish elements of the population.

Poland's President that it must abide by treaty and allow Poland all the rights 5,000,000 gold marks was obtained from a German financial syndicate on Oct. 25, 1923. she was entitled. A loan of DEBTS, WAR. In June, the Anglo- American Debt Funding Agreement was signed by_Andrew W. Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury, and Sir Auckland Geddes, British Ambassador. By the terms of this agreement Great Britain was given sixty-two years in which to pay off her debt of $4,600,000,000. One thousand bonds of $4,600,000 have been issued. These bonds may be taken up by the British Government semi-annually and sums of money may be paid toward retiring them in three-year periods at the option of the British Government.

E EARTH, AGE OF. Lord Rayleigh, the distinguished English scientist, published in July, 1923, a new estimate of the age of the earth. This he declared to be between two and three billion years, a conclusion based on a study of the rate of decomposition of radio-active elements. This estimate is much larger than any previously made. Modern geologists have varied between 100,000,geologist, 000 and 1,600,000, timates. Lord Rayleigh's estimate, if it is sustained, revises the probable antiquity of man and the lower animals. It indicates that the earth's crust has been capable of supporting life at least twenty times as long as was thought possible before.

EARTHQUAKES. One of the most destructive earthquakes in the history of the world disrupted the eastern portion of Japan from Tokio to Yokohama, on September 1, 1923. The center of the disaster were the cities of Yokohama and Tokio. The total area covered approximately 9,000 square miles, with a population of 8,500,000. Yokohama was practically destroyed and in Tokio approximately three-fourths of the property was destroyed either by earthquake or by fire. Fire spread rapidly in both cities, and could not be fought on account of the destruction of the water mains. The Japanese Government estimated the number killed at 103,000; the injured at 125,000; and the missing ECLIPSE at 235,000. Later figures estimated the dead at 200,000. The homeless numbered nearly 2,000,000. Among those killed in both cities were a number of Americans and other foreigners. Appeals for relief to the United States were at once answered. The American Red Cross spent $10,000,000 in supplies.

Earthquakes occurred also in Persia in May, causing the death of over 1,000 persons, and in South America, where on November 10 in Chile a great earthquake occurred over an area of over 1,000 miles. The number of deaths was about 2,000. There were earthquakes also in Ecuador and Africa, and in the Pacific Ocean a great submarine earthquake occurred on September 3, 1923. The volcano of Kilauea became' active shortly after this earthquake. A new volcanic island following this disturb- This was in the China Sea near ance. the coast of French Indo-China, and is about 500 feet long by 200 feet wide.

Minor earthquakes were felt in the Philippines and in New Zealand in the early part of the year. Shocks were also felt in various parts of the United States. (See VOLCANOES.) ECLIPSE. The total eclipse of the sun occurred on September 10, 1923. It was visible in Mexico and southern California. Expeditions from all over the world carried on observations in the path of the total eclipse, which covered a curved patch about 105 miles in length, from Santa Catalina Island across Lower California and the State of Sonora to Durango, Mexico.

EDUCATION, WORLD CONFER- ENCE ON. The first world conference on education was held in San Francisco in July, 1923, simultaneously with the conference of the National Educational Association. Over fifty nations were represented by hundreds of teacher delegates. The president of the conference was Dr. Augustus O. Thomas, State Superintendent of Education of Maine.

EDUCATION WEEK. By proclamation of the President, observance of Education Week was set for November 18- 24, 1923. The National Education Association again propounded five basic questions; (1) what are the weak spots in our public school system; (2) what national defects result from the weak spots in our public school system; (3) how may our public school system be strengthened; (4) can the nation afford an adequate school system; (5) Do good schools pay?

EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATION, NA- The legislative council of TIONAL.

EINSTEIN THEORY this association met in conference in Cleveland, in March, 1923. It was attended by more than 10,000 teachers and these were emphatic in their demands for a separate Department of Education, and plans were made for carrying on a campaign to arouse public sentiment for its establishment.

EGYPT. The Egyptian Ministry on February 5, tendered its resignation to King Fuad, who refused to accept it..

The crisis rose over differences with Great Britain covering the sovereignty of the Sudan, which was claimed by Egypt. The Egyptian Ministry yielded to the British position to the extent of agreeing to a compromise and reserving the question of sovereignty for later negotiations. Lord Allenby, early in the year, issued a proclamation, stating that anyone who witnessed an attempt on the life of a British subject and failed to notify the authorities or sought to impede the discovery of the criminals would be tried before a military court. On April 19, King Fuad signed the new Egyptian Constitution. Zaghloul Pasha, the Nationalist. leader, returned from exile on September 13. On September 27, in the elections for members of the first Parliament, Zaghloul carried on a vigorous campaign and secured a decisive majority. On October 17, the ex-Khedive, Abbas Hilmi, deposed. in 1914 by the British, announced his intention of returning to Egypt to dis-- place King Fuad. Strained relations continued to exist between the Egyptian and Hedjaz governments over the refusal of the latter to permit a medical mission to accompany the recent Egyptian pilgrimage to Mecca. A conflict rose in the early part of 1924 between the Egyptian Government and Howard Carter, the codiscoverer with Lord Carnarvon of the tomb of Tutankhamen, as to proprietary rights in connection with the disposition and guardianship of objects found in the tomb, and Mr. Carter suspended. his work.

EINSTEIN THEORY. It was reported in April, 1923, that the photographs taken by the Crocker expedition on the northwestern coast of Australia. during the solar eclipse of September 21, 1922, confirmed the predictions of Einstein's theory of relativity as to the bending of star rays out of their normal paths by the sun's influence. On the other hand, Captain Thomas J. J. See, astronomer at the Mare Island Navy Yard, and one of the first mathematicians in the United States, opposed the Einstein theory. Photographs taken at the Lick Observatory confirmed the theory of bending of stellar rays.

ELECTRONIC REACTIONS ELECTRONIC REACTIONS.

This development of mechanotherapy in diagnosis attracted wide popular attention during the year. The method was invented by Albert Abrams, a physician of San Francisco. Briefly, the method consists in diagnosing ailments from samples of the blood, cultures of tissues, or even from samples of handwriting. The specimens are placed on aluminum electrodes provided by an elaborate wiring system and these are connected to an electrode on the forehead of a healthy human being called a "reagent." The doctor strikes the abdomen of the reagent with the middle finger of his right hand, on which is a weighted thimble. The abdomen normally shows a line of dullness below which a hollow sound is elicited. Different diseases in the patient's blood specimen are supposed to cause different "areas of dullness" in the abdomen of the reagent. It is claimed that not only the specific disease and its location but also the sex, religion and race of the subject can be determined. There are many other ramifications of the treatment. Dr. Abrams was supported in this theory by several well-known physicians in England, but was bitterly opposed by the Medical Fraternity in the United States. Experiments carried on by the "Scientific American" have thus far failed to establish any value for the method.

EMMET, WILLIAM LI LEROY, (1859-), Pelham, consulting engineer, was born at P raduated N. Y., July 10, 1859. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1881, served in the navy until 1883, and reentered for the period of the Spanish-American War in 1898.

In 1892 he became associated with the General Electric Company. He developed the general use of the alternating current and achieved other important inventions, including transformers, modes of insulation, the oil switch, the varnished cambric cable, devices for use with steam turbines, and work in connection with the electrical propulsion of ships. In 1923, the mercury vapor boiler was demonstrated. He is the author of "Alternating Current Wiring and Distribution," and of many scientific papers.

ENGLAND. A divergence of views on the legality and expediency of the Ruhr occupation served sensibly to lessen the cordiality between the English and French Governments. The British policy was enunciated in Parliament on July 12, and on July 15, Premier Poincaré in the Chamber of Deputies defended his actions and demanded the execution of the ENGLAND Treaty of Versailles by all the signatory powers. On July 20, Great Britain sent a reply to the German proposals of June 7 for criticism to the United States, France, Belgium and Italy, with a letter of inquiry to France and Belgium, asking whether the occupation of the Ruhr could not be made "invisible," if Germany should abandon passive resistance. In a later note, August 11, the British Government regretted separate action, which, in its judgment, would only delay ultimate settlement, with "the gravest consequences to the recovery of trade and the peace of the world." France however, maintained her position, and the tension between the two governments persisted until the accession to power of the Labor Government early in 1924 led to a friendly exchange of notes that appreciably lessened the strain. (See REP- ARATIONS.) The Bonar Law Cabinet resigned on May 20, and Mr. Stanley Baldwin, Chancellor of the Exchequer, was called on by the King to form a government.

He consented, and was elected leader of the Conservative party on May 28. His Government was of comparatively short duration, owing largely to its inability to cope with the unemployment situation.

At the request of the Prime Minister , who wished to go to the country on the issues of protection and his foreign policy, Parliament was dissolved on November 16. Opposing his program, the Asquith and Lloyd George Liberals united for a continuance of free trade and a firmer foreign policy, while Labor, under the leadership of Ramsay MacDonald, urged a capital levy. The Conservatives, in the election that follevy. The Conservatives, in the election that followed on December 6, while electing more candidates than either of the opposing parties, suffered a virtual defeat. They lost 94 seats, leaving them with 253; Labor gained 51 seats, giving them total of 193, while the Liberals gained 42 seats, making a total of 153. Ten Independents were elected. The Baldwin Government determined to hold power until overthrown by an adverse vote. This happened on Jan. 21, 1924, when a vote of censure was carried by 328 to 256. The Cabinet resigned, and was succeeded by one headed by Ramsay MacDonald, the first Labor Cabinet in English history.

The unemployment condition showed no signs of betterment and appeared hopeless of any immediate solution. On an average, 1,500,000 people were out of work. Even those in receipt of salaries or incomes were hard pressed, owing to the continued high cost of living and heavy taxes. Restricted markets, due ENTENTE, LITTLE to the deplorable conditions in Europe and competition from Continental countries, where depreciated currency prevailed, were regarded as the chief factors in the depression. Farmers too have suffered. A deputation called on the Premier, October 11, and told him that unless the government came to their assistance they would have to reduce the acreage under cultivation.

Agreement to settle the debt of more than four and a half billions of dollars owing by Great Britain to the United States was reached in Washington and embodied in a report submitted to Congress by President Harding on February 7. It was to be paid in annual instalments over a sixty-two year period. On December 15, the British Government made a payment of $92,- 000,000.

Sir Auckland Geddes, on December 29, resigned his post as British Ambassador to the United States, and was succeeded by Sir Esme Howard.

ENTENTE, LITTLE. A treaty providing for a defensive alliance between Czechoslovakia and Rumania, which was originally signed on April 23, 1921, was renewed in June, 1923. This treaty is one of three which unifies the Little Entente. One is the treaty between Czechoslovakia and Jugoslavia made in 1922 and another the treaty between Rumania and Jugoslavia signed in 1921.

Jugos Representatives of the Little Entente held a conference at Sinaia in Rumania FINLAND following the signing of the Lausanne Treaty.

ESPERANTO. A movement to make Esperanto the world language for auxiliary international purposes was halted: by the decision of the Commission of International Cooperation of the League of Nations, which decided not to employ synthetic languages, but to invite the League to favor the selection of a living language as one of the most powerful means for bringing the nations of the world together. English, French, or Spanish might be considered.

ESTHONIA. The second Esthonian Parliament product_of the elections of May 6, 7, convened June 7 at Reval. M.

Tonison, a Democrat, was elected President of the Parliament, and on June 13 he assigned the task of forming a new Coalition Government to M. Paets, leader of the Peasants' League. The execution on April 20 of the Communist Thompson for treason called forth furious attacks in the Russian press, which accused the Esthonian Government of trying to stir up strife between Esthonia and Russia, forgetting the power of the Soviet Republic to crush Esthonia if its patience were tried too far. At the Riga conference ending August 16, Esthonia, Latvia and Finland, besides agreeing to stand together on all questions affecting them, decided to arrange for extradition of criminals and to simplify passport regulations.

F FAR EASTERN REPUBLIC. This country, now a member of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic, to which body it gave its adhesion on July 4, 1923, suffered greatly during the year from trade and commercial prostration and also from war with the "White" Government that, with Japanese backing, held the port of Vladivostok in the early part of the year. From this conflict she emerged victorious but demoralized. General Pepeliayev, who was captured in July by the Soviet forces, was sentenced to death with twenty of his followers by a military tribunal at Chita, the capital of the Far Eastern Republic, on a charge of treason, Feb. 5, 1924. A few days later, Krasnotshokoff, the former head of the Republic, was brought to trial before the Russian Supreme Court on a charge of embezzlement. His real name is Tobinson, and he was formerly a law student in Chicago. FARLEY, EDWARD P., was appointed head of the United States Shipping Board to succeed Albert D.

Lasker, who resigned July 5, 1923. Mr.

Farley was born in Madison, Wis., and for many years had been identified with shipping interests in the Great Lakes.

FINLAND. The country was one of the few in Europe that balanced its budget in 1923. In the fiscal year just ended, it met all its financial obligations, had a substantial surplus and had begun regular payments on its war indebtedness to the United States. The government, with the general approval of the nation, took stringent measures against the Communists, on account of utterances by the leaders of the party and FIUME the discovery of plots carried on with the Russian Bolsheviki. The decision on the East Karelia case between Finland and Russia, delivered July 23, when the Permanent Court of International Arbitration, by a vote of 7 to 4, declared itself incompetent to pronounce an opinion in a dispute between a member of the League of Nations and a nonmember, caused great disappointment to Finland, the complainant country. Political tension continued over the question of making Finnish the official language at the University of Helsingfors, to the exclusion of Swedish. Although prohibition is law in Finland, as in the United States, a State investigation was ordered to ascertain what proportion of knifing affrays and other misdeeds and casualties resulted from the use of intoxicating liquors. On account of alleged espionage, the Finnish Government, on June 11, handed his p passpor port to the Soviet Military Attaché, Colonel Bobritchev, whose assistant had already been compelled to leave the country.

FIUME. Trade and financial conditions were deplorable during the year, owing to the unsettled status of the city, which was in dispute between Italy and Jugoslavia. A solution of the long-standing controversy was reached on Jan. 27, 1924, when a treaty was signed between the two nations which gave Fiume and its harbor to Italy. Porto Barros and the much-contested delta went to Jugoslavia. The River Enco was fixed as the boundary line. The ports of Fiume and Porto Barros were to be administered jointly by Italy and Jugoslavia. It was believed that both nations would benefit greatly by the agreement.

Jugoslavia's surplus food and live stock and Italy's manufactured products provide ample opportunities for interchange of trade. The treaty removed a cause of friction that had more than once threatened war.

FIVE-POWER NAVAL TREATY.

This treaty, which was concluded in Washington, on February 6, 1922, was signed in the State Department of the United States by representatives of the five powers, in August, 1923. The four power Pacific treaty was signed at the same time. By the terms of the treaty, naval competitive building of capital ships is prevented for thirteen years.

The ratification of the Pacific treaty brings to a close the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1911.

FLEAS, INFECTION BY. Reports presented to the French Academy of Sciences by Dr. M. Bizan and Professor FOSSIL DISCOVERIES Henry Vincent of Paris indicate that cancer may be communicated to human beings by fleas from the bodies of cats and dogs. These scientists claim that the disease has been transmitted from cancerous animals to healthy ones simply by transferring fleas. The conclusion is drawn that cancer is caused by an undiscovered germ which incubates best in dogs and cats. This theory is discredited by American authorities on cancer, who declare there is no scientific evidence for the transmission of cancer by insect bite.

FLOWERS, FORCED GROWTH OF.

Interesting experiments were made in 1923 on the forced growth of hothouse flowers and vegetables by the use of electric light, during the absence of the sun. These experiments are carried on by Professor Hugh Findley of the Department of Agriculture of Columbia University. It was found that, by turning on the lights at 9 o'clock every night and turning them off at 2 in the morning, five hours of additional light were given in addition to the normal sunshine. Between these periods the plants were allowed to "sleep." By this treatment celery plants doubled in size in six weeks and roses, carnations and lilies blossomed eight days before flowers grown by sunlight alone. The system is designed to eliminate flower "famines" on such occasions as Easter Day.

FOSSIL DISCOVERIES. The Third Asiatic Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History, under the leadership of Roy Chapman Andrews, carried on explorations in Mongolia with remarkable results in 1922 and 1923. There was unearthed a fossil carnivorous dinosaur in the Mongolian desert. This reptile has not been identified from other known species. The legs are nine feet long, almost as long as those of the great brontosaurus. In all, two tons of fossils were unearthed by this expedition. These included the skull of a creodant, the largest known primitive carnivorous animal, measuring 33 by 21 inches; the teeth and jaws of a coryphodon an odon and lophidon; several skulls of the rhinoceros-like titanothere, and several complete skeletons of dinosaurs.

The most remarkable discovery, perhaps, was that of fossil dinosaur eggs, definite proof that the prehistoric reptiles were hatched from eggs. These eggs, of which twenty-five were discovered, are estimated to be about 10,000,000 years old. Other discoveries of dinosaur fossils were made in South and Central America during the year. Professor Farrington FRANCE of the Field Museum found in Brazil fossil-like bones of a fantastic toad-like creature which is possibly the extinct megatherium. Discoveries in the United States confirmed the antiquity of the human race by the discovery of human skulls in Burton mounds, near Santa Barbara, California, by Dr. John P.

Harrington, ethnologist of the Smithsonian Institution. It was first reported that these skulls were from 30,000 to 50,000 years of age, but these estimates were afterward modified to 10,000 years. It is believed that the race to which the skull belonged was a link between the Asiatic types which first emigrated to North America and later Indian stocks. Indications of prehistoric man were also found in Kansas, Florida and New York.

FRANCE. The outstanding political event of the year was the occupation by French military forces of the Ruhr industrial district of Germany, to enforce payment of reparations. (See RUHR AND REPARATIONS.) No organized resistance was offered, and apart from sporadic riots, strikes and sabotage, the occupation, which began on January 11 and still continues, has been comparatively free from violence. The Berlin Government repudiated its reparation obligations toward France and Belgium while the occupation endured, and entered on a policy of passive resistance, which however, was abandoned on September 26. Arrangements for working mines and industrial plants were entered into by the French Government with individual and corporate owners, and on March 14, 1924, Premier Poincaré announced that the net profit from the occupation was 657,000,000 francs.

The country as a whole stood strongly behind Poincaré, as was evidenced by frequent votes of confidence, one on November 25 supporting his policy by 506 to 70. Relations with England, somewhat strained at the beginning of the year by divergent views on the Ruhr policy, became gradually better after the accession to power of the British Labor party, shortly following the general elections on December 6. As a result of arbitration by the League of Nations, the last British opposition to the French Protectorate over Morocco and Tunis was withdrawn, in a convention signed between the two governments in Paris on May 31.

The economic position of the country in the early part of the year was strong.

The 1923 budget, presented in June, showed a probable surplus of 896,000,- 000 francs. In the first five months, the FUNDAMENTALISM total of outgoing trade was more than 2,000,000,000 francs above that of the same period a year earlier. Estimates of the Ministry of Agriculture showed 13,919,275 acres sown to wheat for the year, considerably the largest acreage since the war.

The French Senate on July 11 approved without reservations the Washington Naval Treaty, which had previously been ratified by the Chamber of Deputies. On July 31 it paid to the United States Government the sum of $10,000,000 as semi-annual interest on an obligation assumed through the purchase of war materials left by our War Department in France. On December 18, France, Spain and Great Britain signed the Tangier Agreement, providing for the neutralization of that important city in Morocco, together with a special zone, the entire district to be governed by an international assembly.

Considerable uneasiness was caused in financial circles toward the end of the year by the steady drop of the frane in exchange value. This was alleged to be due partly to selling by German and English speculators. Drastic reforms were introduced to check the fall, including rigid economies and a 20 per cent increase in taxation. These, together with a credit of $100,000,000, advanced to France in March, 1924 by a syndicate of American bankers, headed by J. P.

Morgan, were effective, and the franc rapidly rose in value.

In answer to foreign charges that the republic was dangerously militaristic it was announced on Jan. 19, 1924, that the number of troops would be reduced to 370,000 men and the army budget lowered by 5,000,000,000 francs. The standing army in 1913 was 520,000.

A long standing dispute was ended Jan. 6, 1924, when the Catholic Church was granted legal status by the government with the right to occupy its former property. FUNDAMENTALISM. The struggle in several religious denominations between the supporters of so-called fundamentalism and the adherents of modernism, continued throughout 1923. The Fundamentalists insist that the Bible is infallible in all respects and is "the only infallible rule of faith and practice."

They insist on a literal interpretation of the Bible and claim that no part of it can be wrong. Liberalists or Modernists claim that the experience of religion remains, but that the interpretation changes with the times. They reject the Biblical ideas of science and accept modern conclusions. This contro- GALLI-CURCI versy has long waged in the Baptist Church and to a lesser degree in the Presbyterian and Protestant Episcopal churches. In the two latter, one of the chief disputes was the virgin birth of Christ. During the year trials for heresy were threatened and inaugurated in the Protestant Episcopal Church against certain clergymen who persisted in advocating the ideas of the Mod- GERMANY ernists. They were defended, among others, by Dr. Leighton Parks of St.

Bartholomew's Church in New York and Bishop Lawrence of Massachusetts. The General Convention of the Episcopal Church issued a statement of belief which adhered largely to the Fundamentalist view. This statement was read under protest by several pastors of Modernist views.

G GALLI-CURCI, AMELITA, soprano, born in Milan, Italy, 1889, daughter of Enrico Galli. Studied at the Royal Conservatory, Milan. After making her debut in Italy (1909) she appeared in Spain, South America, Chicago (1916) and New York (1918). She has taken the leading rôle in many operas including "Rigoletto," "I Puritani," "Lakme," "The Pearl Fishers ," and "Romeo et Juliet." Married Marquis Luigi Curci, 1910.

GARNER, JOHN NANCE (1869-), Democratic Congressman, who in 1924 formulated the tax plan in opposition to that made by Secretary Mellon. (See TAXATION.) Mr. Garner has served in the House since 1903 and is the Democratic leader of that body. He is a Texan.

GAS MASKS. Brigadier General Amos A. Fries, chief of the Chemical Warfare Service of the United States Army, announced in April, 1923, the perfection of an "all-purpose canister," a mask which will give adequate protection against all gases, including carbon dioxide.

GAS THERAPY. Experiments in applying various types of poison gases used in the war to the treatment of diseases of the respiratory organs were carried on in 1923 with marked success.

Chlorine was used as a preventive of influenza, pneumonia and common colds.

It was found that guinea pigs inoculated with tuberculosis bacilli and a concentration of mustard gas did not develop the disease, although other animals without the gas did so. It was found also that pulmonary tuberculosis was apparently cured by inhaling fumes from a combination of carbon and calcium.

GASES, DESTRUCTIVE. Gases for the destruction of insect pests have reached a high state of development.

They are used for the destruction of the cotton boll weevil, for mosquitoes, and other insect and mollusk pests.

GEORGE II., King of Greece who returned to the throne after the deposition of his father Constantine in 1922 was in the latter part of 1923 practically deposed from his throne. He was requested tion of the former government. (See to leave Greece pending the determina- GREECE.) GERMANY. The year was a disastrous one for the German Republic. Currency difficulties, food shortage, strikes, riots, Communist demonstrations, monarchist plots and the crippling of industry, owing to the French occupation of the Ruhr, placed her in a worse position than at any time since the war.

The budget on March 21 showed a deficit of over seven trillion paper marks. In order to meet the drop of the mark to 6,500,000 to the dollar, Chancellor Cuno, on August 8, proposed to the Reichstag an unlimited gold loan, a gold tax and a general tax to finance the passive resistance in the Ruhr. On this proposition he was de defeated, and he resigned, to be succeeded on August 12 by Dr. Gustav Stresemann, People's party leader, and a four-party coalition. Two days later Stresemann received a vote of support for his program, which included the end of passive resistance and the enforced taxation of bellum and postbellum profiteers. On September 26, the government announced the cessation of passive resistance in the Ruhr. (See RUHR AND REPARATIONS.) Bavaria resented the concessions to France, and revolted, with Dr. von Kahr as Dictator.

A more revolutionary movement by Adolf Hitler and his reactionary Fascisti was prevented by Premier von Knilling. Communist revolts in Saxony and Thuringia were put down by the Government. Stresemann resigned on October 3, but three days later organized a new Coalition Cabinet, GERMS AND BACTERIA which failed to obtain a vote of confidence. On October 13, the Reichstag made Stresemann Dictator of the Reich, and voted by 316 to 24 to confer by constitutional amendment extraordinary powers upon him. On October 21, a Rhineland Republic was proclaimed at Aix-la-Chapelle and Coblenz, but the rioting that accompanied the movement was suppressed. In a Communist rising in Hamburg on October 24, the police lost 14 in killed and over 100 in wounded, and the Communists had 30 killed and 250 wounded. On November 9, the Hitler Fascisti, with the support of General Ludendorff, gained a brief ascendency in Munich, where a new nationalist movement was proclaimed under the leadership of Bavaria and the Wittelsbachs. This proved a fiasco, and the leaders were arrested and, in February, 1924, brought to trial.

On November 10 the former German Crown Prince, Friedrich Wilhelm, quietly returned from Holland and crossed Germany to his home in Prussian Silesia. On November 16, the paper mark was discontinued and a new renten-mark created, based on gold and property values. A week later, Chancellor Stresemann, after an adverse vote in the Reichstag, resigned a second time, and succeeded by Wilhelm Marx of the Clerical party.

The food shortage continued serious.

Harvests were good, but the farmers refused to sell their staples for bad money. The trouble was aggravated by the action of storekeepers in hoarding what scanty stocks they had for higher prices. As a consequence farms were raided and stores looted in all parts of Germany, with the result that many were killed and injured by the police in attempts to restore order.

On Jan. 31, 1924, a drastic ordinance temporarily if not totally repudiated most of the public debt. This action was inspired by the presence in Berlin of the international committee of unofficial experts, appointed under the auspices vestigate financia of the Reparations Commission to infinancial condition of Germany, and to ascertain the whereabouts of German capital sent abroad to escape taxation.

The last troops of the American Army of Occupation were withdrawn from the Coblenz bridgehead on January 24.

GERMS AND BACTERIA. Dr.

Arthur I. Kendall, professor of bacteriology and dean of Northwestern University, pointed out in a book on bacteriology that the disease-producing germs are relatively few in number, and GREECE their influence is far outweighed by the "good germs" whose action is not only beneficial but even essential to the maintenance of the human species. The chief good done by bacteria is the destruction of organic compounds, waste, dead bodies and plants into simpler nitrates and carbonates, which can be utilized again by plants. Without the participation of microbes, life on earth would inevitably cease. Bacteria are sometimes employed in sand filters for the purification of sewage.

GIRL SCOUTS. The National Council of Girl Scouts held its ninth annual convention in Washington in April, 1923. Representatives of 350,000 girl scouts were present. Mrs. Calvin Coolidge was one of the speakers. Mrs. Herbert Hoover is National President of the organization.

GLANDS. Considerable development was made during 1923 in the study of the functions of the so-called ductless glands. It was proved by Dr. Josiah S. Hughes, professor of chemistry in the Kansas State Agricultural College, that the normal makeup of the secretions from the ductless glands may be controlled by chemical methods. Thus compounds may be produced which will modify inherited dispositions, induce natural sleep and give the exhilaration of stimulants_without their consequent depression. It was reported at the Chicago meeting of the American Medithat cretins suffering from affections of cal Association held in October, 1923, the thyroid gland may be made to in crease six inches a year in stature by treatment with goat thyroid extract.

GREAT LAKES TO GULF WATER- WAY. A conference of representatives of the States bordering on the Great Lakes was held in Chicago March, 1923, to consider the Great Lakes to Gulf Waterway, which is being constructed by the State of Illinois. The States of Wisconsin and Michigan opposed the waterway because they declare it will lower the level of the Great Lakes, which they claim has already fallen four inches because of the Chicago Drainage Canal.

The experts of Illinois replied that the lowering of the lakes resulted from the shortage of rainfall.

GREECE. The exchange of prisoners between Greece and Turkey began on February 17, in accordance with a special agreement signed at Lausanne. The murder of Italian boundary commissioners in August provoked a crisis between Greece and Italy that for a time GUAM threatened war, but was finally settled by arbitration. (See ITALY.) The ratito the Greek people a manifesto in which took place on August 27. On the day ment to private life. A general amnesty he explained the reasons for his retireto the Greek people a manifesto in which he explained the reasons for his retirement to private life. A general amnesty for all political offenders, with the exception of those already tried and conbut was speedily put down by the government. On December 18, King George but was speedily put down by the government. On December 18, King George was forced to absent himself from Greece, pending the decision of the country as to retaining a monarchical or adopting a republican form of government. Venizelos became Premier on Jan. 11, 1924, but shortly afterward was compelled ed to retire on account of ill health. The general elections on December 16 resulted in the election of a large majority of avowed republicans.

GUAM.

Sims, during several speeches delivered Rear Admiral William S. in California in March, 1923, severely HELICOPTER HELICOPTER criticized the failure of the United States to fortify Guam. In spite of the tion of Armament Treaty, Japan is buildtion of Armament Treaty, Japan is building a large number of fast light cruisers of this treaty the United States is forof this treaty the United States is forbidden to fortify any of its insular possessions in the Pacific except Hawaii. October 12 that though trade statistics, GUATEMALA. It was reported on provement, the financial situation of the country was causing concern. The banks as compared with 1922, indicated an imhad practically suspended all loans until crop was about normal. The Carnegie conditions should improve. The coffee tions in the department of Peten.

Institution obtained a five-year conces- crop was about normal. The Carnegie Guatemala approved the concession of tions in the department of Peten. sion to carry on archæological explorathe International Railways of Central America for the construction of a branch sion for the construction of a tramway Salvador, and also the Belgian concesline from Zacapa to the frontier of America for the construction of a branch system in Guatemala City.

H HAITI. The country enjoyed great prosperity, owing to the successful season for coffee, cotton and sugar, these three staples constituting 91 per cent of the total volume of the island's export trade. staples constituting 91 per cent of the The annual report of Brigadier General John H. Russell, American High Com- John H. Russell, American High Comthe fiscal year ending September 30 the missioner of Haiti, stated that during income from the collection of customs and internal revenue was $6,496,889, an increase of $1,195,998 over the previous year. The death rate fell appreciably. Crime decreased, and there was tically no banditry. Orders were issued in March, 1924, for the withdrawal of American marines from the interior of the island.

HARVARD American marines from the interior of pointed ambassador to the United States, taking office in March, 1923. He is well known in Japan for his cleverness and wit.

Board of Overseers of Harvard in April UNIVERSITY. The adopted a unanimous report of the committee of the faculty advising against any form of racial or religious discrimination. This report was made as a result of claims that Jews and other races sult of claims that Jews and other races nation. This report was made as a reand that efforts were made to limit the admission of students of such races.

Hussein of the Hedjaz to Great Britain, and that efforts were made to limit the admission of students of such races. friendship that he had negotiated with stated that the treaty of alliance and portant step toward a confederation of Great Britain was really the first imwith providing for the peace, security the Arab states. An official summary and well-being of respective and adjacent of the treaty showed that it dealt largely territories, an exchange of diplomatic representatives and establishment of consular agents and the protection of the Great Britain in Irak, Trans-Jordania life and property of British subjects in and Palestine was recognized. the Hedjaz. The special position of Ohio, in February, 1923, by remaining in an expert in aeronautics, broke the world's helicopter record, in Dayton, onds, at a height of fifteen feet. Later Ohio, in February, 1923, by remaining in the air two minutes and forty-five secfeet, his helicopter lifting three persons. feet and hovered fifteen minutes, and E. the air two minutes and forty-five sec- HELIOTHERAPY HELIOTHERAPY. The sun cure for tuberculous and undernourished children is becoming more and more a recognized part of the modern treatment of these conditions. It was brought to its highest perfection by Dr. August Rollier at Leysin, in the Alps in Switzerland. In twenty years more than 2,000 cases of surgical tuberculosis have been treated here and more than eighty per cent discharged as cured. The children are gradually exposed to the sun's rays until the whole body can be bared. In winter the whole day is spent in the sunshine and dry cold air, but in the summer only the morning hours are employed. The rays of the sun have a direct physiological effect.

HELIUM. The conservation of the helium resources of the United States as an American monopoly for both war and peace purposes is the object of several bills introduced in the Sixty-eighth Congress. It was announced that helium gas is now being wasted in the United States at the rate of 500,000,000 cubic feet annually. It occurs as a constituent of the natural gas produced in the Dallas-Fort Worth region of Texas, in Oklahoma and in Kansas. These are the only large sources in the world.

Helium is an inert gas, light and noninflammable, and thus especially adapted for use in airships. It was first discovered in 1868, by the astronomer, Sir J. Norman Lockyer. Helium can be liquefied by coal and is easily stored in that condition.

HENRY P. DAVISON SCHOLAR- SHIPS. These scholarships are given from the Henry P. Davison Scholarship Fund established by Mrs. Davison in memory of her husband. They provide for the attendance of English students at American universities. Each year three young Englishmen are to be sent to three American universities from Oxford and Cambridge universities. The first three scholarships were awarded in June, 1923. The universities selected by the English students were Princeton, Harvard and Yale.

HITLER, ADOLF, an Austrian who became a political leader in Bavaria in 1923. He first came into prominence following the murder of Kurt Eisner, the Bolshevist leader, in 1919. He organized the so-called Hitler Guards or Bavarian Fascisti which under the guise of opposing Bolshevism was really intended to forward the monarchist cause. Hitler enlisted the aid of General Ludendorff and in October, 1923, undertook to overturn the government in Bavaria and re- HONDURAS establish a monarchy. The effort failed and Hitler and Ludendorff were arrested on a charge of treason. He was found guilty of treason in March, 1924.

HOLLAND. For many months a bitter controversy was waged concerning the question of adopting protective tariffs for certain Netherlands industries threatened with ruin from the depression caused by competition with central European and other neighboring countries with low currency values. Holland was handicapped by high wages and heavy taxation. To prevent another complete cutting off of Holland's distant colonies from the Motherland, such as occurred in the World War, the State Telegraph Company opened service at The Hague, on May 7, from the most powerful wireless station in the world.

The festivities attending the coming of King Haakon of Norway on a visit to Queen Wilhelmina on June 5 were interpreted as foreshadowing a closer political rapport between Norway and Holland. The Government was concerned by the heavy immigration of Dutch farmers to America to avoid excessive taxation. Results of the first parliamentary election under the proportional representation system on September 9 showed a shifting of strength in the First Chamber from the Right to the Left. The Second Chamber on June 12 passed a bill making Holland a party to Articles 65, 354 and 356 of the Treaty of Versailles, concerning the Rhine Navigation Commission, in which Holland is a participant. The twenty-fifth anniversary of Queen Wilhelmina's reign was celebrated on August 18, amid scenes of great popular enthusiasm.

HONDURAS. The 1922 census showed for Honduras a population of 673,408 persons, of whom there were 8,666 more women than men.

The election held on October 28-30 showed a total for Dr. Arias, a Liberal candidate, of 20,839 votes; Dr. Policarpo Bonilla, also a Liberal candidate, received 35,474 votes, and General Tiburcio Carias received 49,953 votes. Of the votes cast, General Carias fell 6,361 short of a plurality. The Constitution provides that under such conditions the election of a president must be made by the National Congress. President Gutierrez declared martial law and imprisoned 200 of Carias's chief supporters. The United States disapproved of this action and counseled constitutional methods, but to no avail. The incident led to the severance of diplomatic relations between the United States and Honduras.

Civil war broke out and was waged HORSEPOWER, MEASURE OF 131 fiercely. Gutierrez was forced to flee from the capital, and his death from a complication of diseases was reported on March 10, 1924.

HORSEPOWER, MEASURE OF. By means of a hydraulic wagon or dynamometer recently invented, the "tractor pull" of horse teams was for the first time determined with scientific accuracy in September, 1923. In a test of 25 feet, on a cinder surfaced road, 21.2 horsepower were developed by a pair of ten-year old Percheron horses at the Iowa State Fair at Des Moines.

These horses exerted a maximum tractive pull of 2,300 pounds. Such a team would pull ten loaded coal wagons on a pavement. These tests prove that horses have more reserve power available than was hitherto believed.

I INSECTS, DESTRUCTIVE HUNGARY. A Hungarian rehabilitation plan was approved by the Reparations Commission on May 23. Hungary was bluntly informed that final action on her good behavior in delivering coal on an international loan would depend and cattle and otherwise carrying out the provisions of the treaty, with the exception of cash payments. The treaty of commerce Esthonia, signed in the preceding Ocbetween Hungary and tober, was ratified by the Hungarian Parliament. A conspiracy to depose Regent Horthy and assume power, pending recognition of Archduke Otto as rightful heir to the Hungarian throne, was frustrated. It was announced at Paris mission had sanctioned a twenty-year on October 17 that the Reparations Commoratorium for Hungarian reparation payments.

IMMIGRATION. There was no legislation passed in relation to immigration during 1923, and the temporary measures passed in 1921 remained in effect. These provided for the entrance into the United States of three per cent of the nationalities of the different countries who were now in this country, according to the census of 1920. Under this law there entered in 1923, 522,909 aliens.

The departures numbered 200,586, and the net increase from immigration was 472,820. The most notable feature of the aliens arriving in 1923 was the great increase from the so-called Nordic countries, including England, Scandinavia and part of Germany. Measures in Congress for a permanent immigration included cluded the apportionment according to the census of 1890 instead of 1920, with a view of further cutting down the proportional allowance from southeastern Europe. It is further proposed to cut the quota from 3 per cent to 2 per cent.

On July 1, 1923, the immigration quotas for 1924 were opened. The gross quota allowance of immigration for 1924 is the same as for 1923, 357,803, of which 20 per cent of the populations from each country may be admitted. 71,000 is the maximum which may arrive in any one month.

About 300,000 immigrants arrived in the fiscal year 1923, and all nations apparently filled their quotas except Danzig, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland and Esthonia. Although Germany's was quotes 43,000 immigrants. many's quota was 57,000, she sent only s. director of the Rockefeller Institute of INFLUENZA. Dr. Simon M.

Flexner, 2, 1923, the discovery of the influenza Medical Research reported, on February germ, which has been sought for a long time by the bacteriologists of the world.

The germ thus isolated is so small that for a long time it escaped detection. It is found to be present always in the earlier stages of definite cases of influenza. Bronchitis and pneumonia which .

Bronchitis and pneumonia which often follow influenza are caused by other germs, which of themselves would not be dangerous were it not for conditions produced by the influenza germ or bacterium pneumosintes, which is the Although a remedy has not been found name given to the germ of influenza. for the attacks of this germ, it is a question of time only when such a discovery will be made. fare against destructive insects con- INSECTS, DESTRUCTIVE. The wartinued unabated in 1923 and various the Japanese beetle in southern New new phases developed. The ravages of Jersey and alarming proportions, destroying all Pennsylvania assumed fruit and growing plants within their organized control measures of two kinds: reach.

The Department of Agriculture rigid quarantine and the importation of five varieties of harmless insects which unclassified insect appeared in Louisiana are the enemies of these beetles.

An crops. The gypsy moth again threatened INSULIN northern New York and New England.

A new beetle with a hard shell appeared in some sections of West Virginia. The Chemical Warfare Service gave much attention to the problem of developing a gas to destroy insects without injuring vegetation. INSULIN. An extract from the ductless glands known as Islands of Langerhans, which are located within the pancreas. The use of insulin to enable diabetics to assimilate sugar is considered the most important recent development in medical science. Dr. Frederick Grant Banting began his experiments in the summer of 1921, at the University of Toronto, succeeded in isolating the active principle from the Islands of Langerhans (experimenting with dogs) and made the results of his labors public in 1922. He was aided by Professor MacLeod of the University of Toronto and by C. F. Best, and later by various chemists. When the value of the remedy became known, means of obtaining it in quantity soon were available, since it is a by-product now in beef and pork packing. It is not a cure in the sense that its use can be dispensed with after a time. The diabetic patient can maintain himself in ordinary health, however, by using enough insulin, taken hypodermically, to counterbalance the sugar and similar foods eaten at any meal. He must still estimate his diet carefully, but is not denied the foods his system demands. The manufacture of insulin is conducted by one large firm in each of the important countries. The patent is held by the University of Toronto, and this university has charge of the experiments for purifying the product, standardizing the treatment and extending its usefulness. Insulin is now known to occur in the pancreas of sharks and other fishes, and is found in some plants. Dr. Banting states that enough can be obtained from beeves and other food animals to take case of all diabetics.

INTARVIN. Intarvin is a form of artificial fat which can be eaten and digested by diabetic patients. It was discovered in 1923 by Dr. Max Kahn, associate in biological chemistry at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Columbia University. Intarvin when eaten is absorbed to the extent of 90 per cent, and is then broken up. It is creamy white in color and odorless, and melts at body temperature. It has but little taste and can be eaten in salads, buttermilk or with bread, or alone. Intarvin satisfies the craving of diabetics for fatty foods.

IRISH FREE STATE INTERCHURCH WORLD MOVE- MENT. This great movement, which was undertaken to bring about cooperation among the Protestant denominations, failed in its efforts for various reasons, and was dissolved in December, 1923. The movement made an elaborate report on the steel strike in which the employers were severely criticized. This may have been a cause of its failure.

The movement was also opposed from the beginning by the Fundamentalists or Conservatives in various churches.

IRAK. A draft of the Organic Law, approved by the Council of Ministers, was published in Bagdad, October 31.

By its terms, all citizens are to have equal rights and obligations, irrespective of race, religion or language; security against illegal arrest and compulsory labor; freedom of speech, assembly, association and worship; and the right to establish and maintain schools in any language. The State religion is Mohammedan, and the official language is Arabic. The King is sovereign and irresponsible, but all edicts must be signed by the Prime Minister and one or more Ministers. Civil, religious and special courts are provided, under conditions which substantially do away with the capitulations. Provision is made for a Senate and Chamber of Deputies. Religious animosity between Sunnites and Shiites embittered the relations between Iraq and Persia. The Cabinet resigned on November 15, and a new one was formed, with General Jafa Pasha el Askari as Premier.

IRISH FREE STATE. The year opened inauspiciously with civil strife still rampant. Incendiarism and killings by the Republicans were answered by executions on the part of the established authorities. On March 12, Irish rebel agitators numbering 100 were deported from England to Dublin. De Valera ordered the end of hostilities on April 27 and renewed the order on May 24. He himself was captured on August 15, while making an address at Ennis, County Clare. The Parliamentary elections on August 27 resulted in the return of 63 Free Staters, 44 Republicans, 15 Farmers, 15 Laborites and 16 Independents. President Cosgrave was reelected by the new Dail on September 19. By the end of the year rebellion had practically_ceased to exist. On September 10 the Irish Free State was formally admitted to the League of Nations. The tax receipts for the year 1924 were estimated at $100,000,000. On December 11 it was reported that 22,000 persons, ISMET PASHA Foreign Relations. He headed the Turk- ISMET PASHA, Turkish Minister of the new State loan an average of about $2,000 dollars each.

ISMET PASHA, Turkish Minister of Foreign Relations. He headed the Turkish Legation at the Lausanne Conference and by his diplomatic skill and firmness was able to obtain from the Allied Powers nearly all the concessions asked for by Turkey. (See TURKEY, LAUSANNE CONFERENCE.) Next to Mustapha Kemal he is the most important figure in Turkish affairs.

ITALY. The foreign policy of Italy during 1923 showed a marked divergence from that of France. It was understood that Premier Mussolini had made clear to the French Government that Italy would not consent to an independent Rhineland or the annexation of the Ruhr.

The alliances of France with Czechoslovakia and other states of eastern Europe, together with loans for military purposes, were also viewed with some anxiety in Italy, lest these alliances corded the Spanish sovereigns, on their emphasized by the great reception ac- rapprochement with Spain, which was Germany. On the other hand, Italy's Germany. On rapprochement with Spain, which was On the other hand, Italy's emphasized by the great reception accorded the Spanish sovereigns, on their visit to Rome in November, was looked at askance by France, for fear it might threaten her naval supremacy in the Mediterranean. Minor troubles between Italy and Great Britain, over the former's claim to a rectification of frontiers through the extension of Italian Somaliland, were in process of adjustment. On February 10, the Italian Chamber ratified the Santa Margherita Treaty, a supslavia, concerning the Adriatic. plement to that of Rapallo, with Jugo- fied the Santa Margherita Treaty, a supslavia, concerning the Adriatic. The most serious difficulty was that which arose between Italy and Greece, when three members of the Italian delegation of the Albanian-Greek Boundary Commission were murdered on the Greek side of the frontier, August 27. Two days later, Italy issued an ultimatum to Greece, demanding an official apology, days later, Italy issued an ultimatum to the state had to pay heavy damages JAPAN. One of the most appalling disasters of modern history occurred on September 1, when an earthquake, with nearly three hundred distinct shocks, visited Japan. More than 100,000 lives were lost, and Tokio and Yo were swept by fire. The property losses were estimated by the Japanese Governwere estimated by the Japanese Govern- were swept by fire. The property losses Yokohama JAPAN the Italian fleet in the Piraeus and punishment for the murderers, salute to an indemnity of 50,000,000 lire, capital the Italian fleet in the Piraeus and funeral honors to the victims. Greece rejected some of the demands as in- Italians occupied Corfu. The matter was compatible with her sovereignty , and the finally referred to the Council of Ambassadors, to whose compromise suggestheir resignations. They resigned a war being thus narrowly averted. week later.

On Ap On April 17, Premier Mussolini demembers of the Cabinet to Fascismo or both Greece and Italy agreed, a 23, but not promulgated; one against the freedom of the press and the other against gambling, private or public.

These were rega Two decrees were announced on May excesses, to be put in force if the abuses continued. limited the number of wineshops and re- Premier Mussolini had arranged a modus regarded as warnings against On October 6, a decree Premier Mussolini had arranged a modus stricted the hours they could remain open. limited the number of wineshops and re- It was reported on December 16 that stricted the hours they could remain open.

It was reported on December 16 that frequent.

Confederation of Labor, differences between which had been harassing and steadily improved. The deficit for 1923, despite some unforeseen international incidents, was less than had been expected. Unemployment was decreasing. The financial condition of the kingdom In the ministry of Posts and Telegraphs, the budget was balanced. With the exception of October the excess of imports month than in 1922, but this was explained by the fact that a large part of month than in 1922, but this was ex- over exports was greater month by products. Marked growth took place in the imports was raw material which plained by the fact that a large part of enterprises and automobile manufacthe imports was raw material which products. Marked growth took place in the state had to pay heavy damages in former years, had steadily decreased.

The lira showed a gratifying stability. tional wealth, or $932,500,000. Help and governments to the stricken people, and the process of rebuilding was promptly begun. On Jan. 16, 1924, an earthsupplies were rushed from all civilized tional wealth, or $932,500,000. Help and flicted vast material damage. quake of less intensity in Sagami governments to the stricken people, and supplies were rushed from all civilized JEWS feated the Universal Suffrage bill in spite of government protests. On March 14, Japan declined to abrogate the 1915 treaty with China, containing the famous twenty-one demands, and announced that she would not consider the retrocession of Dalny and Port Arthur. An arrangement for the abrogation of the Lansing- Ishii agreement and for supplanting it with the Nine-Power Treaty signed at the Washington Armament Conference was entered into by the governments of Japan and the United States on March 30, with the object of clearing up misunderstandings in the relations between the two countries.

The Government announced that it would spend only about $10,000 in 1923 for the purpose of encouraging emigration, an action interpreted as a recognition of the difficulty of finding countries where the Japanese were welcome or where they were willing to go. was As Prince Regent Hirohito was on his way to the Diet to deliver the speech from the throne on December 27, an attempt upon his life made by Daisuke Namba, a student of Waseda University. The bullet missed its mark, but the Cabinet immediately offered its resignation, which was accepted. A new government, with Viscount Kiyoura as Premier, came into power on Jan. 4, 1924. The marriage of the Prince Regent Hirohito and Princess Nagato was celebrated in the Imperial Palace at Tokio on Jan. 26, 1924.

Reports of further legislation by the American Congress that would discriminate still more against Japanese in the United States led the Japanese Government to instruct Ambassador Hanihara to protest against the proposed law as a violation of the "gentlemen's agreement" concluded between the United States and Japan in 1907.

JEWS. The biennial American Jewish Congress met in New York in October, 1923. Prompted by the advice KANSAS of Israel Zangwill, British writer, the Congress urged Great Britain to enforce the conditions of the mandate over Palestine granted Great Britain by the League of Nations in 1922. The necessity of a loan to Jews to develop the resources of Palestine was urged. Discord developed between the Orthodox and Reformed Jews when the committee on education reported that less than 25 per cent of the Jewish children received religious education. They proposed a national committee to survey progress and distribute information on this subject. The Orthodox leaders objected, fearing invasion of parental rights.

Agreement was finally reached for the formation of an educational committee of purely informative function.

JOHNSON, MAGNUS (1871-), United States Senator from Minnesota, elected to succeed Knute Nelson, deceased in November, 1923. Senator Johnson is a member of the Farmer-Labor party and defeated Governor Preus, the regular Republican candidate by a large majority. Senator Johnson is a native of Sweden.

JUGOSLAVIA. As a result of the March elections, Premier Pashitch's Government proved to be supported by a very slender majority in the new Parliament, which met on April 16. The Cabinet in consequence resigned, but was re-formed on May 3. Queen Marie of Jugoslavia gave birth to a son on September 6, thus assuring direct succession in the Karageorgevitch dynasty. Municipal elections held in the middle of October in the Serb portions of Jugoslavia materially strengthened the position of the governing Radical party, and confirmed Pashitch in the strong stand he had taken against the separationist activities of the Croatians. The signing of the Italo-Jugoslavic treaty on Jan. 27, 1924, caused a feeling of deep satisfaction in the new Slav state. (See FIUME.) K KALA-AZAR, or Dum Dum Fever, a disease somewhat similar to malaria, which is prevalent in eastern India. Its transmission is declared to be "probably the most important unsolved problem of tropical medicine." The disease has shown great growth since 1913. No completely successful treatment has yet been devised, but in 1923 it had been found that apparently the best results had been obtained with the salts of antimony. In 1923 there were over 2,500,000 cases of this disease in Bengal alone.

The symptoms are remittent fever, emaciation, roughening of the hair and especially enlargement of the spleen and liver.

KANSAS. The United States Supreme Court in June, 1923, declared KIEL CANAL against the Kansas Industrial Court in some of its phases. The court was established by Henry J. Allen, former governor of the State, and is opposed by Governor Davis, the present governor.

KIEL CANAL. It was decided on July 23, 1923, that under Article 380 of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was required to keep the Kiel Canal open to all countries not at war with her . The German Government had refused the passage of the British steamship "Wimbleton" which was carrying munitions of war to Poland during the war between Russia and that country. The German Government declared that such action would violate her neutrality in the the Russo-Polish War. This case was tried before the World Court, and was the first case to be contested before that court.

KILOCYCLE, a term approved by the United States Bureau of Standards to supplant "wave length" in wireless telephony.

It is abbreviated KC. The frequency is expressed in thousandths of cycles per second, or kilocycles. In order to change wave lengths to kilocycles, divide 300,000 by the number of meters, or to obtain meters, divide 300,- 000 by kilocycles.

KLU KLUX KLAN. As authoritative an expression of the aims and purposes of the Ku Klux Klan as has ever been made was contained in an address delivered by Dr. H. W. Evans, the imperial wizard, in Dallas, Texas, during the progress of the Texas State Fair. One of the days of the fair was devoted to the Ku Klux Klan and a vast number of its members, estimated variously at anywhere between 75,000 and 200,000 assembled. In his address Dr. Evans LABOR said in part: "The streams of population that have been and are pouring in upon us are age old in racial character and capacity. We are the melting pot. Into it has been poured, almost promiscuously, every dross ingredient of citizenship that the earth produces, the good and the bad. If this nation is to continue its charted course and obtain its destiny there will have to be a harmonious It means intermarassimilation. riage upon a basis of physical, mental We already and moral equality. have at least three powerful and numerous elements that do now, and forever will, defy every fundamental requirement of assimilation. First there is the Negro, ten and a half million in number, about a tenth of the whole population. whole population .

They have not, they cannot, attain the Anglo-Saxon level. Both biology and anthropology prove it. ords, authoritative and unemotionally scientific, show the Negro to be specially susceptible to tuberculosis and alarmingly vitiated by venereal infections, There could never be intermar- The rec- He has been a wanriage between the whites and blacks without God's curse upon our civilization .

Another absolutely unblendable element is the Jew.. derer upon the face of the earth to him patriotism, as the Anglo -Saxon feels it, is impossible. Persecution has been his lot. are law-abiding. They are a physically wholesome stock. family people, reverently and eugenically responsive to God's laws in the home.

But their homes are not American.

No nation can long endure, that permits , that permits a higher temporal allegiance than its own government. The hierarchies of Roman and Greek Catholicism violate that principle."

As a race the Jews L LABOR, AMERICAN FEDERATION OF. The forty-third annual convention of the American Federation of Labor was held in October, 1923, at Portland , Oregon. All the officers of the Federation, led by Samuel Gompers, were unanimously reelected and El Paso, Texas , was chosen as the convention city for 1924. Some of the more important of a very large number of resolutions which were passed by the convention included:

A condemnation of the Ku Klux Klan and of the Fascisti; a denunciation of the I. W. W.; a denunciation of ship a They are a declaration against the subsidies; Sherman Anti-Trust Law as applied to labor unions; a declaration in favor of a soldiers' bonus; a condemnation of General Frank T. Hines for his conduct of the Veterans' Bureau; a declaration for the modification of the Volstead Act to permit the sale of light wines and beers.

The federation also decided to continue its National Non-Partisan Political Campaign Committee, and declared itself in favor of the organization of editorial workers on daily and weekly newspapers, and of restriction of immigration and ex- LABOR BANKS clusion of Orientals. Resolutions in favor of a Labor party, "one big union," recognition of Soviet Russia, and celebration of May 1 as Labor Day were defeated. LABOR BANKS. An interesting development in the labor world was the establishment in 1923 of several labor banks by leading trade unions. These institutions are conducted on cooperative principles, the capital stock being held by the unions and their members and the latter being also the depositors. The development began in 1920 with the establishment of the Engineers' Cooperative Bank of Cleveland. In 1923 an investment banking corporation known as the H. W. Morgan Company was established in Washington, and similar institutions were founded in New York and other cities.

LASKER, ALBERT D., chairman of the United States Shipping Board, resigned his office on July 5, 1923. He was succeeded by Edward P. Farley.

LATVIA. May Day riots on the streets of Riga between Socialists and Fascisti caused serious injuries to a score or more of people. Latvia's first Parliament, which opened on January 9, elected a veteran Social Democrat and Revolutionary, M. Frederick Wessmans, as its President. The final agreement on the delimitation of the Russo-Latvian frontier was signed on April 7. Negotiations for the formation of a new government on June 10 resulted in the choice of M. Meierovicz, leader of the Peasants' League, as Premier.

LAUSANNE TREATY. The Lausanne Conference held in 1922 resulted in the failure of agreement between the other powers and Turkey for the settlement of disputes between Turkey and Greece, following the defeat of the latter in the Turco-Grecian War. A second conference was held in 1923 by the Allied Powers, with the United States represented by Richard Washburn Child as an observer. The chief points brought forth by Turkey were the regulations in regard to the Dardanelles and Bosphorus; the possession of Constantinople; the abolition of capitulations or special rights of foreigners in Turkey; the exchange of minority populations between Greece and Turkey; the independence of the Arab states; the Bagdad Railway, and the cession of eastern Thrace by Greece. Practically all these points were won by Turkey, ey, the prin principal exceptions being the independence of the Arab states and the possession of were LEAGUE OF NATIONS the Bagdad Railway. A treaty embodying the results of the conference was signed by Turkey, Great Britain, France, Italy, Greece, Rumania and Japan, July 24, 1923. By the terms of the treaty, Turkey gains absolute control of Constantinople. Other problems which were arranged by separate negotiations are the set settlement of the Turkish debt, the regulation of concessions, and other minor points. The agreement between the United States and Turkey was also signed by Ismet Pasha, the Turkish foreign minister, and Joseph G. Grew, United States Minister to Switzerland.

This agreement settled questions of taxation of American companies, protection of Christian ministers, and damage to Americans during the war. (See TURKEY.) LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The fourth annual session of the League met in Geneva on September 2, 1923. M. Cosme Peraza of Cuba was elected president.

At the beginning of the session fortyseven states were represented. Abyssinia and the Irish Free State were received into membership, bringing the total states now members up to fiftyfour. Argentina, Bolivia, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Peru were not represented at the meeting. Uruguay, Brazil, Belgium, Sweden, Czechoslovakia and Spain were elected nonpermanent members of the council. Former President Pessoa of Brazil was elected judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice to succeed Ruy Barbosa of Brazil, deceased. A committee under the chairmanship of Lord Robert Cecil presented to the League the draft of a treaty of mutual assistance which had been prepared. It was decided to submit this draft to the government members of the League, but to postpone until 1924 the question of transmuting it to nonmembers. The chief feature of the treaty is mutual guarantees supplemented by special arrangements among two or more powers. The report of the work of the League in the rehabilitation of Austria was highly favorable, and it was reported that preliminary steps had been taken for the financial reconstruction of Hungary along similar lines. The dispute between Italy and Greece rising from the murder on August 27, on Greek soil, of three Italian members of the International Commission established at the conference of ambassadors to determine the Albanian frontier, caused much discussion and debate during the meeting of the assembly. The dispute was finally settled by the Council of Ambassadors, after the aggressive attitude of Italy had been denounced by Lord Robert Cecil and other representa- Lord Robert Cecil and other representatives of the League. NATIONAL. The fourth annual con- NATIONAL. The fourth annual convention of this body was held in Des Moines, Ia., in April, 1923. The League was originated by Carrie Chapman Catt and is definitely opposed to separate poand is definitely opposed to separate political action by women. The convention of 1923 was devoted chiefly to con- sideration of issues that will go forward in the election of 1924, with special emin the election of 1924, with special em- Among the speakers at the 1923 con- Among the speakers at the 1923 conference were Herbert Hoover, Mrs. Gifford Pinchot, and Lord Robert Cecil.

LELAND STANFORD, JR. UNI- VERSITY Several important buildings were added to the university in 1922-23.

These include the Stanford Union, the Stanford School of Nursing, Residence Hall for Men, and a Dining Hall. The Carnegie Corporation has founded at the university a Food Research Institute.

LIBERIA. The centennial year of the republic was commemorated by the issuance of a special stamp on May 20.

On May 11, C. B. D. King, ing, whose administration had met with general favor, was reelected to the presidency for a term of four years. M. Staten was designated as commander-in-chief of the army on October 14. Trade with the United States for the fiscal year 1922-1923 debtedness of the country was $1,700,000 and the internal floating debt was about $500,000.

LIGHTNING, ARTIFICIAL. Artificial lightning of 2,000,000 volts, twice ficial lightning of 2,000,000 volts, twice periment, and ten times greater than the highest voltage used in commercial transmission, was produced at a public demonstration in the Pittsfield, Mass., laboratories of the General Electric Company, in June, 1923. Three huge transformers were employed and remarkable results were obtained. The gineer of the plant, and Frank W. Peek, consulting engineer.

LITHUANIA. re- Lithuania and Germany signed on June 2 a commercial treaty for two years, granting mostfavored-nation treatment, in so far as this was permitted by the Treaty of Vertreaty for two years, granting mostments with other Baltic States. Agricul- LYNCHING autumn tural conditions were favorable. The harvest from the previous showed about

20,000,000 bushels of grain June 19. Friction existed with Poland able for export. Dr. A. Stulginski was reelected President of the Republic on June 19. Friction existed with Poland on the question of Memel, which was not lessened by the decision of the League of Nations Commission in March, 1924, awarding the city to Lithuania. (See MEMEL.) brary of the University of Louvain, which had been destroyed during the war and which it was hoped would be rebuilt by 1925, made only slow progress during 1923. Indeed it became necessary tions, which were to pay entirely for of the fact that the American contributions, which were to pay entirely for as had been expected. Only one-quarter and a new call for financial support was issued to the colleges of America, which had practically pledged themselves to dent Butler of Columbia University carry on this enterprise when Presilaid the corner stone in 1921. The entire $

1,000,000 of which only $300,000 had $

1,000,000 of which only onl $300,000 had been contributed. It had been hoped by ing that one dollar each could be raised from some one million two-hundred thousand American college students. A number of American colleges, including West Point, Annapolis, Hunter, Amherst, Bryn Mawr, St. Stephen's, and Yale, subscribed more that their quotas and a number of other schools have taken care of their quotas, but almost threeexpected to interest themselves had not quarters of all the students who were made any contribution. The new campaign was started because it was hoped that all the rebuilding might be completed by 1925, in which year the fivehundredth anniversary of the library institution will have a column stone, will be celebrated. Each contributing arch, or window inscribed with its name.

LYNCHING. During 1923, according pal of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial to a report made by R. R. Moton, princi- Institute, there were twenty-eight per- Institute, there were twenty-eight persons lynched, compared with fifty-seven in 1922. Thirteen of those lynched in 1923 were taken from the hands of the officers of the law outside of jails. During the year there were forty-six instances in which officers of the law pre-