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Etching Fluid for Steel

Iodine, 1 ounce; iron filings, 1/2 drachm; water, 4 ounces. Digest till the iron is dissolved. • Or: pyroligneous acid, 4 parts by measure; alcohol, 1 part. Mix, and add 1 part double aquafortis (specific gravity 1.28). Apply it from 1 to 15 minutes. the gums are dissolved, then add sweet oil, 1 gill; and lampblack, 2 ounces; rub the lampblack first with a little of the varnish. This varnish is better than the old style, from the fact that its polish is as good, and it does not crack when the harness is twisted or knocked about.

2968. Flexible Japan Black for Leather. Burnt umber, 8 ounces; true asphaltum, 3 or 4 ounces; boiled linseed oil, 1 gallon; grind the umber with a little of the oil; add it to the asphaltum, previously dissolved in a small quantity of the oil by heat; mix, add the remainder of the oil; boil, cool, and thin with a sufficient quantity of oil of turpentine.

2969. Inflexible Japan Black for Leather. Shellac, 1 ounce; wood naphtha, 2964. To Make Colored Prints Re- 4 ounces; lampblack to color; dissolve. semble Oil Paintings. Take of Canada 2970. Varnish or Enamel for Coating balsam, 1 ounce; spirit of turpentine, 2 oun- the Insides of Casks. A new application ces; mix them together. Before this com- of charcoal has recently been made in Engposition is applied, the drawing or print land for the manufacture of a permanent should be sized with a solution of isinglass in enamel, or varnish for coating the insides of water, and, when dry, the varnish should be casks. The charcoal, which is made from the applied with a camel's-hair brush. wood of Salix Alba (white willow), is reduced

2965. To Varnish Drawings, or any to a very fine powder, and mixed with proper Kind of Paper or Card Work. Dissolve proportions of shellac and methylated spirit. 1 ounce best isinglass in about 1 pint water, When ready for use it is laid on with a brush, by simmering it over the fire; strain it and the inside of the cask is fired, so as to through fine muslin, and keep it for use. Try remove the spirit and leave only the lining of the size on a piece of paper moderately warm. charcoal and shellac; it is then coated again If it glistens, it is too thick, and requires more and fired a second time, after which it is VARNISHING. allowed to stand a short time before being regular coat. This must be done as quickly used. This composition is said to form a as possible; and yet not quickly enough to perfect enamel, and, while it prevents any cause the varnish to foam or bubble as it chance of leakage, it preserves the casks in an extraordinary manner. It answers admirably for beer and acids, and is largely adopted by some of our principal brewers.

Varnishing. The art of applying varnishes to various surfaces. This requires experience and care, both in the selection of appropriate varnishes, and in the manner of applying them. leaves the brush, always taking care not to pass the brush twice over the same place, if it can possibly be avoided. Let it stand to dry in a moderately warm place, that the varnish may not chill. Varnish must always be applied in a moderately warm room, where the air is dry and free from dust; and care must be taken never to apply a second coat until the former one has become quite dry. It requires practice to find out how much varnish to take in the brush. Enough must be left on an upright surface to ensure a perfect coating; but too much will settle downwards

2972. To Finish Walnut Wood for before it sets and make unsightly ridges as it Varnishing. Mix, with good whiting, such dries. On a horizontal surface, a trifle more colors as will produce as near as possible the varnish can be applied than on an upright color of the wood to be filled. This mixture one, but not much more; as a too thick coatto be dry. Then give the wood a good coat ing, even if it cannot run, will dry neither of oil, and sprinkle the mixture over the work hard nor smooth. After giving the work until it is pretty well covered; then, with a about 6 or 7 coats, let it get quite hard soft rag or other soft substance, rub this in (which you will prove by pressing your well. Wipe off all superfluous material. Let knuckles on it; if it leave a mark, it is not dry thoroughly, and varnish. This mode is hard enough); then, with the first three far superior to sizing. fingers of the hand, rub the varnish until it