Home › Alcoholmetry › Gendar's Hydrometer
Gendar's Hydrometer
Annexed we give a comparative view of the scales of Tralles Tralles and Gendar, the former used by the the United States for imported liquors, and indicating the per cent. by volume of alcohol in spirituous liquors, and the latter used throughout the whole country for domestic liquors, determining the per cent. above and below proof.
This is inserted for the convenient comparison of the American standards. Tables of of the American standards. other areometers reduced to specific gravity will be found in Nos. 6155, &c.
The first column of the table exhibits the specific gravities at 60° Fah., for mixtures of pure alcohol and water; -taking water at the temperature of its greatest density, about 39.5 Fah., as 1.0000, and, therefore, having at 60° Fah. a specific gravity of 0.9991. Of the above mixtures, each 100 gallons or measures contain the number of gallons or measures of alcohol indicated in the second column (Tralles' hydrometer scale) if measured at 60° Fah. 9234 55 9335 50 9427 45 9510 9583 40 35 9646 30 9700 25 9751 20 9802 15 9857 10 9919 5 0 Hyd'ter.
Gendar's by2. Sayaliquorisat 40 above P. on the Gendar scale, you then add 100, making 140, 100 and divide by 2, which will show 70 on the Tralles' scale. Ifbelow P. deduct the proof from 100 and divide 90 70 50 80 the remainder by 2.
Say a liquor is 35 below P., consequently you have a remainder of 65, and divide the 60 65 by 2, which will show 324 on Tralles' scale. Having ascertained the degree of strength of any liquor 40 by volume on Tralles'
scale above 50 (which 30 is proof), multiply the degrees by 2, and cut off the two right hand 20 figures, and it will show the degrees 10 above proof on Gendar's scale. Thus we will suppose the spirit P to show 70 per cent. strength on Tralles' 10 scale. We therefore multiply 70 by 2, which gives us 140; 20 we now cut off the two right hand figures, 30 thus, 1.40, and find that the liquor is 40 above proof on Gen- 40 dar's scale. 50
Or suppose a liquor is below 50 on Tralles'
scale (which is below proof). To find what 60 degree it is below on Gendar's scale, multiply the degrees on 70 Tralles' scale by 2 and add a number suffi- 80 cient to make 100; the number required to be added will show the degree below proof. 90 59. Tralles' Table 100 of Percentage of In the Tralles' hydrometer scale there is no reference to proof of any denomination and in that of Gendar's there is but one proof, marked P. on the hydrometer; the others, such as 2d, 3d and 4th proofs, were, at all 0.9991 times, incorrect and deceptive. The National Alcohol. When the temperature of the Tax Law, of August 1st, 1862, says that "the spirit is 60° Fah., the first column of the term proof shall be construed, and is hereby table on page 26 gives at once the percentleclared to mean that proof of a liquor which age of alcohol by measure; when the temcorresponds to 50 degrees of Tralles' hyärom-perature is below 60° an addition must be eter at the temperature of 60 degrees Fah." made of 1 measure per cent. for every 5 Proof spirit is, therefore, by law, of the alco- degrees of the thermometer; and when above holic strength of 50 per cent. by volume, hav- 60° a like quantity must be deducted. This ing a specific gravity of 0.9335, or a mixture correction will amount to the fraction of equal quantities of absolute alcohol at the specific gravity of 0.793, and distilled water at 60° at 60° Fah. In other words, proof spirit is water and half absolute alcohol. or the decimal 2 for every single degree, and is very easily made. If the specific gravity sought cannot be found exactly in the table, the difference between it and the next greater which will give the numerator of a fraction, specific gravity in the table must be taken, having for its denominator the number found in the third column against the next greater To ascertain what strength any liquor above proof by the Gendar hydrometer would be by the Tralles hydrometer, add 100 to the given proof if above proof, or deduct, if below proof, number just employed. This fraction, added from 100 on the Gendar scale, and divide to the percentage of alcohol in the first column of the table against the said specific | difference (4) put as the numerator of the gravity, will give the true percentage sought. fraction, having for its denominator the numfraction, having for its denominator the num- Thus, if the specific gravity of a spirituous ber (13) in the column of differences against liquor is .9605, what is its alcoholic content ? .9609. The fractions so found, added to Here .9605 is not in the table, but the next the percentage against .9609 in the first greater number is .9609; the former must column, gives 33143 as the true percentage of must column, gives 33 as the true percentage of therefore be deducted from the latter, and the alcohol in the given sample Tralles' Table exhibiting the percentage, by volume, of Alcohol, corresponding to any given specific gravity.
Alcohol in Specific 100 Difference of Alcohol in 100 Difference Alcohol in Difference Measures Gravity at Specific Gravity at of 100 Specific Gravity at of Specific 60° F. of Spirit.
Gravity.
Measures of Spirit.
Specific Measures Specific 60° F. 60° F.
Gravity. of Spirit.
Gravity.
Pure water -9919 00 34 -9596 13 68 .8941 24 1 -9976 15 35 -9583 13 69 -8917 24 2 -9961 15 36 -9570 13 70 -8892 25 3 -9947 14 37 -9556 14 71 -8867 25 4 -9933 14 38 -9541 15 72 -8842 25 5 -9919 14 39 -9526 15 73 -8817 25 6 -9906 13 40 -9510 16 74 .8791 26 7 -9893 13 41 .9494 16 75 -8765 26 8 -9881 12 42 -9478 16 76 .8739 26 9 -9869 12 43 .9461 17 77 -8712 27 10 -9857 12 44 -9444 17 78 -8685 27 11 -9845 12 45 -9427 17 79 -8658 27 12 -9834 11 46 -9409 18 80 -8631 27 13 -9823 11 47 -9391 18 81 -8603 28 14 -9812 11 48 -9373 18 82 -8575 28 15 -9802 10 49 -9354 19 83 -8547 28 16 -9791 11 50 -9335 19 84 -8518 29 17 -9781 10 51 -9315 20 85 -8488 30 18 -9771 10 52 -9295 20 86 -8458 30 19 -9761 10 53 -9275 20 87 -8428 30 20 -9751 10 54 -9254 21 88 -8397 31 21 .9741 10 55 -9234 20 89 -8365 32 22 -9731 10 56 -9213 21 90 -8332 33 23 -9720 11 57 -9192 21 91 -8299 33 24 -9710 10 58 -9170 22 92 -8265 34 25 -9700 10 59 -9148 22 93 -8230 35 26 -9689 11 60 -9126 22 94 .8194 36 27 -9679 10 61 -9104 22 95 -8157 37 28 -9668 11 62 -9082 22 96 .8118 39 29 -9657 11 63 -9059 23 97 .8077 41 30 .9646 11 64 -9036 23 98 .8034 43 31 -9634 12 65 -9013 23 99 -7988 46 32 -9622 12 66 -8989 24 Pure 33 -9609 13 67 8965 24 Alcohol -7939 49
The upper horizontal column contains the in the left hand column. 60. Table for reducing the strength percentage of strength of the stronger alcoof Alcohol. The following Table given by hol to be diluted; the vertical columns Booth, shows the quantity of water that must below, denote the volumes of water which be added to alcohol of a given strength, in order must be added to 100 volumes of it, in order to produce an alcohol of inferior strength. to produce a spirit of the strength indicated Desired strength in 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 per cent. 85 6.56 80 13.79 6.83 75 21.89 14.48 7.20 70 31.05 23.14 15.35 7.64 65 41.53 33.03 24.66 16.37 8.15 60
53.65 44.48 35.44 26.47 17.58 8.56 55 67.87 48.07 57.90 38.32 28.63 19.02 9.47 50 84.71 63.04 73.90 52.43 41.73 31.25 20.47 10.35 45 105.34 69.54 81.38 93.30 46.09 57.78 34.46 22.90 11.41 40 130.80 117.34 104.01 90.76 77.58 64.48 51.43 38.46 25.45 87.93 73.08 58.31 43.59 Illustration. If we have alcohol of 70 per materials. This variety of Baumé's hydromcent . strength, and desire to reduce its eter is usually called a saccharometer, and strength to 40 per cent .-we look for 40 in whenplunged in pure water at 58° Fahr., marks the left-hand column , and the figures on a 0 upon its scale; in a solution containing 15 line with it in the column headed 70, we find per cent. of common salt and 85 of water by to be 77.58. This shows that we must add weight, it marks 15 °; so that each degree on 77.58, or a trifle over 77+ gallons of water to 100 gallons of our 70 per cent. alcohol, to produce a spirit of 40 per cent . strength. 61. Baumé's Hydrometer for Liquids the scale is meant to indicate a density corresponding to the percentage of the salt.
Lighter than Water. In Baumé's hydrom- it is now commonly adjusted to 58° or 60° eter was originally adjusted was 544 Fahr.; The temperature at which Baumé's hydrom Fahr.; hence arise the discrepancies observable in the published tables of the "correspondence between degrees of Baumé's and real specific gravities." 'eter for liquids lighter than water, the instrument is poised, so that the 0 of the scale is at the bottom of the stem, when it is floating in a solution of 1 ounce common salt in 9 ounces water, and the depth to which it sinks in distilled water shows the 10th degree; the space be- ity corresponding with the several degrees of 65. Table showing the Specific Gravtween these fixed points being equally divided. Baumé's Hydrometer for liquids heavier than 62. Table showing the Specific Grav-water. ity corresponding with the several degrees of Baumé's Hydrometer for liquids lighter than water.
Degrees of Specific Baumé.
Gravity.
Degrees of Baumé.
Specific Gravity.
Degrees Specific Baumé Degrees Specific 0 1000 39 Gravity. 1372 Baumé Gravity. 1 1007 40 1384 60° -745 34° 2 -859 1014 41 1398 59 -749 33 3 -864 1022 42 1412 58 -753 32 4 -869 1029 43 1426 57 -757 31 5 -874 1036 44 1440 56 -760 30 6 1044 -880 45 1454 55 -764 29 7 -885 1052 46 1470 54 -768 28 8 -890 1060 47 1485 53 -773 27 9 1067 -896 48 1501 52 -777 26 10 -901 1075 49 1516 51 -781 25 11 1083 -907 50 1532 50 -785 24 12 1091 -913 51 1549 49 -789 23 13 -918 1100 52 1566 48 -794 22 14 -924 1108 53 1583 47 -798 21 15 -930 1116 54 1601 46 -802 20 16 -936 1125 55 1618 45 -807 19 17 -942 1134 56 1637 44 -811 18 18 -948 1143 57 1656 43 -816 17 19 -954 1152 58 1676 42 -820 16 20 -960 1161 59 1695 41 -825 15 21 -967 1171 60 1715 40 -830. 14 22 -973 1180 61 1736 39 -834 13 23 -980 1190 62 1758 38 -839 12 24 -986 1199 63 1779 37 -844 11 25 -993 1210 64 1801 36 -849 10 26 1.000 1221 65 1823 35 -854 27 1231 66 1847 28 1242 63. Baumé's Hydrometer for Liquids Heavier than Water.
In the hydrometer for liquids heavier than water, the position of the fixed points is reversed; for the 0 is at , and denotes the level to which the hydrometer sinks in distilled water: lower down, and shows the level to which it sinks in the saline solution, is continued downwards. 64. Baumé's Areometer, or Saccharometer for Liquids Heavier than Water.
This instrument is generally in use in this country and in France , when it is necessary to ascertain the strength or density of a liquid heavier than quid heavier than water. In England, Twadmostly employed for the purpose. Baumé's instrument is principally used by confectioners to test the density of syrup; also by brewers and distillers to dis- 140; the quotient is the specific gravity. Specific Gravity. I. For liquids heavier 66. To Convert Degrees Baumé into than water. -Subtract the degree of Baumé from 145, and divide into 145; the quotient is the specific gravity. degree of Baumé to 130, and divide it into II. For liquids lighter than water.-Add the cover the quantity of saccharine matter in wort; and by soap manufacturers and dyers Degrees Baumé. 67. To Convert Specific Gravity into to prove the strength of their lyes and dyeing | than water. - Divide the specific gravity into I. For liquids heavier 67 1872 29 1252 68 1897 30 1261 69 1921 31 1275 70 1946 32 1286 71 1974 33 1298 72 2002 34 1309 73 2031 35 1321 74 2059 36 1334 75 2087 37 1346 76 2116 38 1359 ACETIMETRY. 145, and subtract from 145; the remainder is the degree of Baumé.
II. For liquids lighter than water.-Divide the specific gravity into 140 and subtract 130 from the quotient; the remainder will be the degree of Baumé.