London
in 1890, when Scotland easily. Ireland first began to play International Matches in 1895, and Wales the following year. Inter-Varsity Matches, between Oxford and Cambridge, are now also annual fixtures.
WILLIAM HENRY.
An Amateur. All amateur competitions held under A.S.A. Laws shall be confined to amateurs, according to the following definition: "An amateur is one who has never competed for a money prize, declared wager, or staked bet; who has never taught, pursued, or assisted in the practice of swimming, or any other athletic exercise, as a means of pecuniary gain; and who has not, knowingly, or without protest, taken part in any competition or exhibition with anyone who is not an amateur."
A Professional. A swimmer shall cease to be an amateur, and becomes a professional by- (a) Engaging in swimming or any other athletic exercise-or personally teaching, training, or coaching any other person therein for pecuniary gain. (Life saving is not considered an "athletic exercise.") (b) Selling, realising upon, or otherwise turning into cash, any prize won. (c) Asking for, offering or accepting remuneration or expenses except under the conditions set out in exception C. (d) Accepting remuneration for swimming in public, or for employment in a swimming bath or elsewhere as an attendant on swimmers. (e) Asking for, offering, or accepting any consideration by way of employment or otherwise for becoming a member of a Club, except in cases where clubs or associations give scholarships or free membership of clubs to children at or leaving school, the holders of such scholarships not to exceed 15 years of age.
The following EXCEPTIONS shall be made to the foregoing Law :- (A) Schoolmasters or School Teachers giving instruction in swimming to their school pupils, or at evening schools organised by the Education Authority, shall not thereby endanger their amateur status. (B) A bath manager who is not a personal attendant on swimmers does not, as such, endanger his amateur status. See also Vol. I., p. 115, Law I of the Amateur Athletic Association. (C) Travelling and Hotel Expenses may only be paid or accepted under the following conditions:any (1) When competing in International (controlled by the A.S.A.), National District or County Championship. (2) When taking part in the King's Cup or National Diving Competition. (3) When engaged as a member of a team of swimmers in any Water Polo, Life Saving, Diving, or Squadron competition or exhibition, provided no prizes are offered to individual members of the team, except in the bona fide unlimited open Handicap in which no fast time or other special prize is offered.
Souvenirs cannot be accepted unless submitted to and approved by the District or the A.S.A. Committee.
SWIMMING] (4) When attending an entertainment to give an exhibition provided that no prize is offered for such attendance or exhibition and that he does not compete for a prize at the same Gala.
In no case may any expenses be paid to any individual to secure his attendance at any Gala (except to give an unremunerated exhibition as provided for in Clause 4), or to any members of a team who take part in any events at the Gala at which they attend under the provisions of this exception (other than as provided for in Clause 3 above), other than those in which the team competes as a whole and for which no prizes are offered.
Amateur Records. -The following distances only shall be recognised for records by the A.Š.A.: 100 yards, 150 yards, 220 yards, 300 yards, 440 yards, 500 yards, 880 yards, 1,000 yards, one mile, 150 yards Back, 200 yards Breast, Plunging, and 100 yards Ladies, and the following conditions must be complied with- (a) All competitions shall be in still water. (b) For distances from 100 yards to 500 yards, inclusive, the course must be in a bath not less than 25 yards long. From 880 yards to one mile, inclusive, in open water, the course shall be not less than IIO yards in length. (c) A record can only be made in a scratch competition, or in an individual race against time, duly fixed and advertised before the day, and included in the printed programme of some public gala or entertainment, upon which programme the name of the entrant must appear, together with the names of the timekeepers. (d) The time shall be taken by two or more timekeepers, who shall be appointed or approved by the District Hon. Sec. The watches shall be certified accurate to the satisfaction of the District Hon. Sec. and the A.S.A. Committee. (e) The course must be measured at the time and certified correct by a surveyor or duly qualified official appointed or approved by the District Hon. Sec. (f) Competitors shall wear costumes with bathing drawers underneath. (g) The competitor or competitors shall start at the word "Go." (h) No one shall start whose name is not printed, and no one shall join in the competition after it has started. (i) All applications for records must be sent to the District Hon. Sec. within seven days of the competition, and forwarded for consideration by the A.S.A. Committee by him to the Hon. Sec. of the A.S.A. on a form provided for the purpose within 21 days of its having been made. (j) If approved, a certificate shall be awarded, and at the end of the year a gold record medal shall be presented for the best performance at each distance, provided such performance constitutes a best on record. a (k) When a record is broken in a Championship, one certificate only shall be awarded, giving particulars of the record.
RULES OF WATER POLO. 1. Ball. The ball to be round and fully inflated.
It shall measure not less than 27 in., nor more than 28 in. in circumference. It shall be waterproof, with no strapped seams outside, and no grease or other objectionable substance on the surface. The ball to be furnished by the home team.
VOL. IV 2. Goals. The width of the goals to be 10 feet, the cross-bar to be 3 feet above the surface when the water is 5 feet or over in depth, and to be 8 feet from the bottom when the water is less than 5 feet in depth. The goal-posts and goal nets to be furnished by the home team. 3. Caps and Flags.-One team shall wear dark blue caps and the other team white caps. Both goalkeepers shall wear red caps (with quarterings of his own side's colours). Each goal-scorer shall be provided with a red flag and a white flag, and the referee with a dark blue and white flag and a bell. 4. Field of Play. - The distance between the goals shall not exceed 30 yards, nor be less than 19 yards, the width shall not be more than 20 yards, and shall be of even width throughout the field of play. The goal-posts shall be fixed at least one foot from the end of the bath, or any obstruction. In baths the half-way line and also the 4 yards penalty lines shall be marked on both sides. 5. Depth. The water shall not be shallower than 3 feet. 6. Time. The duration of a match shall be 14 minutes, 7 minutes each way. Three minutes shall be allowed at half-time for change of ends.
When the ball crosses the goal line, whether it be a goal, corner throw, or goal throw, it shall be dead until the re-start of the game or until it leaves the hand of the player taking the throw, and such time shall be deducted. Time occupied by disputes or fouls, or when the ball is thrown from the field of play, or lodges on an obstruction as per Rule 21, shall not be reckoned as in the time of play. 7. Officials. The officials shall consist of referee, a timekeeper, and two goal-scorers. a 8. Referee. The referee's duties shall be to start the game, stop all unfair play, decide all cases of dispute, declare fouls, goals, and see that these rules are properly carried out. He shall decide upon all goals, whether signified or not. The referee's decision is final.
NOTE. A referee may alter his decision provided such alteration be notified before the ball is again in play. A referee has power to stop play at any period of the game if in his opinion the behaviour of the players or spectators or other exceptional circumstances prevents the match from coming to a proper conclusion. 9. Goal-scorers. The goal-scorers shall stand at the side near each goal, and when they consider that the ball has passed through the goal, or over the goal line, at their respective ends only, they shall signify their decision to the referee by means of a flag. Goals to be signified by means of a red flag and corner throws by a white flag.
They shall not change ends, and shall keep the score of goals of each team at their respective ends. 10. Teams. Each side shall consist of seven players, who shall wear dark blue and white caps respectively, and drawers or costumes with drawers underneath the costumes. In baths no grease, oil, or other objectionable substance shall be rubbed on the body. 11. Captains.- The captains shall be playing members of the teams they represent; they shall agree upon all preliminaries, and shall toss for choice of ends, the loser of the toss shall have choice of colours. If they are unable to agree upon any point, the referee shall decide for them. 12. Starting. The players shall enter the water and place themselves in a line with their respective goals. The referee shall stand in a line with the centre of the course, and having ascertained that the captains are ready, shall give the word R "Go," and immediately throw the ball into the water at the centre. A goal shall not be scored after starting or re-starting until the ball has been handled (viz., played with the hand below the wrist) either by two members of one team, in which case the scorer shall be within half distance of the goal attacked, or by a player of each team.
The ball must be handled (viz., played with the hand below the wrist) by more than one player before a goal can be scored. 13. Scoring. A goal shall be scored by the entire ball passing beyond the goal-posts and under the cross-bar. A goal may be scored by the head or feet providing the ball has been previously handled by two players, as per Rules 12 and 18. 14. Ordinary Fouls. It shall be a Foul: (a) To touch the ball with both hands at the same time; (b) To hold the rail or side during any part of the game; (c) To stand on or touch the bottom during any part of the game, unless for the purpose of resting; (d) To interfere with an opponent or impede him in any way, unless he is holding the ball; (e) To hold the ball under the water when tackled; (f) To jump from the bottom or push off from the side (except at starting or re-starting) in order to play the ball or duck an opponent; (g) To hold, pull back, or push off from an opponent; (h) To turn on the back and kick at an opponent; (i) To assist a player at the start or re-start; (j) For the goalkeeper to go more than four yards from his own goal-line; (k) To throw the ball at the goalkeeper from a free throw; (l) To refuse to play the ball at the command of the referee after a foul or after the ball has been out of the field of play.
NOTE. Dribbling or striking the ball is not holding, but lifting, carrying, pressing under water, or placing the hand under or over the ball when actually touching, is holding.
Dribbling the ball up and through the posts is permissible. 15. Wilful Fouls. If, in the opinion of the referee, a player commits an ordinary foul wilfully, the referee shall at once order him out of the water until a goal has been scored. (a) It shall be considered a wilful foul to start before the word "Go"; (b) to deliberately waste time; (c) for a player to take up a position within two yards of his opponents' goal-line; (d) to deliberately change position after the whistle has gone with a view to taking an advantage of an opponent; (e) to deliberately splash in the face of an opponent; (f) to strike at the ball with clenched fist.
NOTE. In the event of a referee ordering a player out of the water and such player refusing, the game shall be stopped, the match awarded to the other side, and the offending player reported to the Association. A player ordered out of the water for misconduct or committing a wilful foul must remain out of the water until a goal has been scored, and can then only re-enter the water by permission of the referee; the intervention of half-time or extra time does not entitle a player to re-enter the water. 16. Free Throws. -The penalty for each foul shall be a free throw to the opposing side from the place where the foul occurred. A goal cannot be scored from a free throw unless the ball has been handled (viz., played with the hand below the wrist) by at least one other player. 17. Penalty Throw. -A player wilfully fouled when within 4 yards of his opponents' goal-line shall be awarded a penalty throw, and the player who commits the offence must be ordered out of [SWIMMING the water until a goal has been scored. The penalty throw shall be taken from any point on the four-yard line. In the case of a penalty throw it shall not be necessary for the ball to be handled by any other player before a goal can be scored, but any player within the four-yard line may intercept a penalty throw. 18. Declaring Fouls. The referee shall declare a foul by blowing a whistle and exhibiting the colour of the side to which the free throw is awarded. The player nearest to where the foul occurred shall take the throw. The other players shall remain in their respective positions from the blowing of the whistle until the ball has left the hand of the player taking the throw. In the event of one or more players from each team committing a foul so nearly at the same moment as to make it impossible for the referee to distinguish who offended first, he shall have the ball out of the water and throw it in as nearly as possible at the place where the foul occurred, in such a manner that one member of each team may have equal chance of playing the ball. In such cases the ball must be allowed to touch the water before it is handled, and must be handled (i.e., played with the hand below the wrist) by more than one player before a goal can be scored. 19. Goalkeeper. - The goalkeeper may stand to defend his goal, and must not throw the ball beyond half-distance; the penalty for doing so shall be a free throw to the opposing side from half-distance at either side of the field of play.
The goalkeeper must wear a red cap with quarterings of his own side's colours. He must keep within four yards of his own goal-line or concede a free throw from the four-yard line to his nearest opponent. The goalkeeper is exempt from Clauses (a), (c), and (f) in Rule 14 and Clause (f) Rule 15, but he may be treated as any other player when in possession of the ball.
Except when injury or illness compels him to leave the water (when Rule 23 shall apply), the goalkeeper can only be changed at half-time.
NOTE. In the event of a goalkeeper being ordered out of the water, his side cannot appoint another goalkeeper, except at halftime, as defined in Rule 19, and any player defending the goal in his place shall be considered an ordinary player and not come under the special limitations and exceptions attached to a goalkeeper. 20. Goal and Corner Throws. -A player throwing the ball over his own goal line shall concede a free corner throw to his opponents, and such free corner throw shall be taken by the player on the opposing side nearest the point where the ball leaves the field of play. If the attacking side throw the ball over, it shall be a free goal-throw to their opponents' goalkeeper.
NOTE. In the event of the ball having become dead by being thrown over the goal line, it must not be considered in play until it has left the goalkeeper's hands. If a goalkeeper puts the ball in play, and, before any other player has handled it takes it again and allows it to pass fully through his goal, a corner throw shall be awarded to the opposing side. 21. Out of Play. -Should a player send the ball out of the field of play at either side, it shall be thrown in any direction from where it went out by one of the opposing side, and shall be considered a free throw. The player nearest the point where the ball leaves the field of play must take the throw. Should the ball strike or lodge in an overhead obstruction, it shall be considered out of play. and the referee shall then stop the game and throw the ball into the water under the said obstruction. In such cases the ball must TAHR] be allowed to touch the water before it is handled, and must be handled (i.e., played with the hand below the wrist) by more than one player before a goal can be scored. 22. Declaring Goals, Time, &c. The referee shall declare fouls by whistle and goals by bell.
The timekeeper shall notify half-time and time by whistle. 23. Leaving the Water. A player leaving the water, or sitting or standing on the steps, or sitting on the side of the bath in which the match is being played, except at half-time or by permission of the referee, shall not re-enter it until a goal has been scored, or until half-time.
Should a player leave the water he can only re-enter at his own goal-line. Any player or players leaving the water during the progress of a game, without permission of the referee (except in case of illness or accident), or refusing to enter the water at the request of the referee, shall be deemed guilty of misconduct, and be liable to suspension by the body governing the particular match in which he is competing.
Bibliography. - The Art of Swimming, J. A.
Jarvis (Hutchinson), 1902; The A.B.C. of Swimming, by Ex-Club Captain (Drane), 1902; Swimming, M. A. Holbein (Pearson), 1903; The Over- Arm Side Stroke, H. D. Faith (Sharp), 1905; Swimming, W. H. Stewart, "Natator" (Moat, Jackson and Johnston, Belfast), 1905; Swimming, Badminton Library, A. Sinclair and W. Henry, includes Life-Saving and Water-Polo (Longmans), 1908; Swimming for Women and Girls, Colin Hamilton (L. Upcott Gill), 1908.
TAHR. Nomenclature. -Tahr or Ther (Hemitragus jemlaicus) are the names by which this peculiar Himalayan wild goat is most generally known to sportsmen; it is called Jharral in Nepall; Jagla on the Pir Punjal range, and Kras in more northern and eastern parts of Kashmir, and by other strictly local denominations.
Although much smaller in body and in length of horn than its Himalayan congeners the ibex and markhor, the tahr is, in the writer's opinion, one of the most game of all Himalayan game animals in every respect.
Descriptions. An old buck stands well over three feet. The hair is very long and shaggy, especially about the neck and shoulders; its colour ashy brown, growing much deeper brown on the croup, hind quarters and sturdy limbs, and, when viewed from a distance, looking almost entirely black. The face is longish, smooth-haired, and very dark brown, with paler markings about the muzzle and around the eyes; ears small and tail short. No goat-like beard depends from the chin. The full-grown black horns of the buck are comparatively short but handsome withal. They seldom much exceed thirteen inches in length and about nine inches in girth, flattish on their sides but thick and rounded at the back.
They are creased up to about two-thirds of their length, each crease terminating in a small sort of head on the angulated front margins of their horns, which rise in a line with the forehead and slightly diverge until they abruptly curve backward and rather downward for several inches in smooth and sharp points, which incline slightly inward.
When viewed from the front the horns somewhat resemble a high coronet.
The female, called Tehrny, is smaller, lighter coloured, and less shaggy than the full-grown buck. She carries horns of the same shape but of a much smaller size. She is said to have four teats instead of two, like the other female wild goats and sheep; but as the writer has seldom, if ever, shot a Tehrny he is unable to corroborate this statement.
Habitat. To find the old, black-looking bucks, one must hunt for them among the dangerous precipices and the steep, craggy, more or less pine and birch clad gorges just below the limits of perpetual snow.
These old fellows live apart from and higher up than the females and young bucks from about February until October, when they promiscuously congregate in smaller or larger herds up to about twenty or so in number. On being disturbed or even shot at, they often stop to look back before getting beyond range of a second chance.
It is best to stalk them from above, if possible, as they seldom look upward for danger.
The old bucks are much given to fighting among themselves during the rutting season in autumn, when numbers are said to be killed by falls. Some idea of the ground they usually affect may be formed when the writer mentions his having shot a buck that was standing on the brink of an almost sheer precipice, down which it fell so far that the aid of the glass was necessary to distinguish its form among the detached lumps of rock below, on which it lay dead.
When with difficulty it was reached, the carcase was found all mangled and torn, and one of the stout horns was broken off at the root.
The tahr is more or less abundant along all the higher Himalayan ranges, and just below the snow-line, eastward from Kashmir, where the writer has found it on the Pir Punjal range on the same ground as the markhor. And on one occasion in October he shot a solitary "kras" on the same ground as the hangul or Kashmir stag, but the tahr was evidently a stranger in the land. It may sometimes be seen about the high, craggy crests of the middle ranges, but the bucks are never so big and black there as those of the higher regions.
The flesh is dry and coarse even to the taste of the hungry hunter, except perhaps when small fresh scraps of it are merely frizzled on the red-hot embers of a camp fire. The more eastern Himalayan moun- R2 4 taineers, however, consider the meat to be an efficacious medicine for rheumatism, and transport it, when dried, and even the bones, to the plains of India as a remedy for that complaint.
Ammunition. A double 450 bore express rifle, with its hollow fronted projectiles plugged with copper tube or bit of wood, is well adapted for shooting tahr, and boots or shoes, having their thick soles well studded with large hobnails, are absolutely necessary for foothold on the ground which must always be worked over by those who expect to secure such a really handsome trophy as a big black tahr.
DONALD MACINTYRE.
Revised by R. LYDEKKER.
TAPIR. The tapirs are smooth-skinned animals related to rhinoceros, but with four front toes and no horns. They are confined to Malaya and South and Central America.
They have short and movable trunks, at the extremity of which are nostrils. The skin is hairy and very thick, the tail all but rudimentary. They inhabit vast forests, are nocturnal in their habits, and live principally on vegetable matter, though they are said to be omnivorous, swallowing almost anything they come across. All tapirs are characterised by the great elevation of the hind part of the skull, the presence of forty-two teeth, and the simpler structure of the molar teeth as compared with those of a rhinoceros. Five (or possibly six) living species are known, of which one (Tapirus indicus) is Malayan, while the rest are South and Central American. The Malay species, which extends from Tenasserim through the Malay Peninsula to Borneo and Sumatra, is the largest of all, and specially characterised by its peculiar type of colour, the hind and fore part of the body being blackish, while the hindquarters are dirty white. Like those of all the other species, the young are, however, marked with light spots and streaks on a dark ground. On the other hand, the American species, when adult, are uniformly black. Of these, the Brazilian tapir (T. americanus) of the lowlands of Brazil and Paraguay, and the pinchaque (T. roulini) of the Andes, have skulls of the same general type as that of the Malay species.
The other two species, namely, T. bairdi, ranging from Panama to Mexico, and T. dowi of Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua, have, however, a vertical bony partition dividing the nose-chamber into two halves.
The Brazilian species spends the whole day in the shades of the densest forests, coming out to feed towards dusk. As it is a powerful beast, it forces its way with comparative ease through the brushwood [TAHR and undergrowth of the forest, and it has regular paths which often assist the traveller in passing through the vast woods of the country it inhabits. It has a keen sense of smell, and will rush away into thickets where it cannot be followed.
It is inoffensive and never comes to bay unless wounded and hard pressed. It wallows a good deal, is very fond of water, and is a most expert swimmer.
Although the skin of the head and body is of a deep brown approaching to black, the sides of the lower lip, the under and middle part of the chin, upper edge of the ears, and the naked line at the bottom of the Exldwell 98 AMERICAN TAPIR. hoofs are all snowy white. The scanty hair of the body is very short, and hardly distinguishable at a short distance. The skin is of great density, and very thick on the back, but offers no resistance to the bullets of a modern rifle. On the back of the neck there is a thick rounded crest, which extends from the forehead as low as the level of the eyes to the shoulders, and is beset with a comparatively thin mane of stiff blackish bristles.
The American tapir's flesh is not relished by Europeans, though esteemed by the natives; but the hide is valuable.
A Although the lasso is the most popular instrument for hunting in South America, it is of very little use against tapirs, as their habitat almost precludes its use. few have been thus captured; but even if the ground be favourable, its immense strength and impetuous rush often enable the tapir to break the strongest lasso and escape.
The Guachos find out the animal's track, and with their dogs lie in wait until the tapir comes out for its evening meal and bath, and then interpose themselves between TARPON] it and its bathing resort. It is not easily captured, and often kills several dogs during the encounter. Another mode of killing the tapir is to imitate its call and shoot it on its approaching. This beast is easily tamed and is permitted to run at large in the streets in some of the towns of Guiana. It wanders into the forests to rest during the day, but returns again in the evening to the house where it is kept and fed. As it is capable of considerable attachment to its owner, it might be turned to good account as a beast of burden, possessing as it does docility, strength, and patience.
The Malay species stands from 3 to 31 feet at the withers and about 4 inches more at the rump; its length is about 8 feet. In habits it is similar to its American relative, and in captivity it is mild and inoffensive and becomes as tractable as a dog. Dr.