Worm-gearing
As alternative to the bevel- [AUTOMOBILES gearing is increasing in popularity. The teeth on the worm-wheels are of a spiral character, and transmit the power with a sliding thrust.
Bibliography. - The Motor Bicycle, R. J.
Mecredy (Mecredy, Percy and Co.), 1902; The Art and Pastime of Cycling, R. J. Mecredy and A. J. Wilson (Mecredy, Percy and Co.), 1896; Motors and Motor-Driving, Badminton Library, Lord Northcliffe and others (Longmans), 1902; Motor-Cars and the Application of Mechanical Power to Road Vehicles, Rhys Jenkins (Fisher Unwin), 1902; The Automobile, its Construction and Management, from G. Lavergne's Manuel Théorique, edited by P. N. Hasluck (Cassell), 1895; Motor Vehicles and Motors, W. W. Beaumont (Constable), 1902—6; Petrol Motors and Motor-Cars, T. Hyler White (Longmans), 1905; Petrol Motors Simply Explained, T. H. Hawley (Percival Marshall and Co.), 1925; The Complete Motorist, Filson Young (Methuen), 7th edition, 1907; The Encyclopædia of Motoring, R. J.
Mecredy (Mecredy, Percy and Co.), 1907; The Autocar Handbook (Illiffe), 1908; The Automobilist Abroad, Francis Miltoun (Brown, Langham and Co.), 1907; En Route: A Descriptive Automobile Tour through Nine Countries and over Nineteen Passes of Europe, Roy Trevor (Stanford), 1908; A Summer in Touraine, F.
Lees (Methuen), 1909; The Automobile: A Practical Treatise on the Construction of Modern Motor-Cars, P. N. Hasluck (Cassell), 1909; The Law of Heavy Motor-Cars, D. H. Pettitt (Jordan), 1905; The Law of Motor-Cars and Motor- Cycles, D. H. Pettitt (Jordan), 1905; The Automobile Handbook, G. Reviers (The Automobile Club, 119 Piccadilly), 1904, in progress; The Motor Year Book, edited by H. Massac Buist (Methuen), 1905, in progress.
BADGER. - The British badger (Meles meles) is perhaps, next after the otter, our most interesting mammal. His subterraneous and nocturnal habits of life have brought this quaint beast into the realms of legend and fable to an extent credible only by those who have perused the works. of the earlier writers on sport and natural history. Even to-day there are writers who speak of him as belonging to the bear tribe, as some careless naturalists still call the otter an amphibian. The badger is really a weasel, like the otter, his distribution being in the Old World over almost the whole of Europe and Asia, including India and Japan, and in the New throughout North America and Mexico. There are species of his genus, those beside the common badger being confined to five-the large Siberian badger, the North American Meles labradorica, the Mexican badger, the Japanese badger, and Meles indica, which has a pig's snout and long tail. few The general appearance of the badger is sufficiently well known to most people, as he is a common object under glass cases in museums and the halls of country inns.
His uniform greyish coat and the boldly marked black and white striped face are sufficiently striking, and his skin is in re- BADGER] quest for the manufacture of the Highland sporan, a fact that may account for the comparative scarcity of the species in northern and western Scotland. His chief characteristics are the formidable digging [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
BADGER. claws with which his forefeet are furnished, and the muscular hams which enable him with his hind legs to bring back and throw behind him the result of his labours as a navvy. He is of plantigrade habit, the only point in which he resembles the bear save that of his fondness for honey.
Although a true carnivore, the badger is, more strictly speaking, omnivorous. Not only mice and rats, hedgehogs, worms, beetles, insects, snakes, young rabbits, and small birds are to his taste, but many sorts of vegetation, bracken-roots, and the fruit of the bramble and other berry-bearing plants are included in his dietary. He is also a persistent destroyer of wasps' nests, digging them out, oblivious of the attacks of their owners, and devouring comb and grubs indifferently. He has been accused of egg-stealing, but the evidence is far from conclusive, it being probable that his tracks seen near rifled game nests are due to his habit of lying in wait there for one of his favourite foods, the hedgehog, who undoubtedly does eat eggs. The assertion of some keepers that he is a slayer of fox cubs may be dismissed as merely libellous; but, especially in hard weather, when many sources of food supply are cut off from him, he undoubtedly attacks domestic poultry, the fox getting the blame.
Badger Setts. The home of the badger is called a "sett," and he as often as not shares his sett with a fox. Taking a foxearth or rabbit-burrow, the badger adapts it to his proper needs by tunnelling and chambering it to an almost incredible extent.
In so doing he cleanses it, and in this way is useful in preventing the spread of mange.
The badger suffers nothing offensive to remain in any earth he may occupy, but removes it to a pit dug for the purpose at a convenient distance from the entrance.
Some few huntsmen of foxhounds have asserted that badgers spread mange, but no real evidence of the existence of a mangy badger has yet been produced. Instances of badgers, foxes, and rabbits residing in the same "sett" are very numerous, and an otter has been known to be a fellowtenant. Badgers and foxes seem to agree well together, and a certain method of persuading the latter to occupy a newly-made covert is the pre-introduction of a pair of badgers.
Chase of the Badger. Attempts have always been made to force the badger into the position of a sport-giving animal, but with indifferent success. Apart from the now happily obsolete "sport" of baiting him, there are two methods by which it is attempted to show him as a beast of chase.
The more sporting of these is to hunt him on a bright moonlight night with dogs capable of overtaking and holding the quarry. The meadows in the neighbourhood of a "sett" are drawn; the dogscross-bred bull-terriers are the best for the BADGER DIGGING. A TERRIER AT CLOSE QUARTERS WITH THE BADGER. purpose-giving tongue on starting the badger, who goes off at once for his "sett."
Usually he is stopped and held before he can get there, the field coming up in time to despatch or sack him, according as his o death or capture alive is sought. Sometimes hounds are employed, and a man sent forward to stop the entrances to the setts with sacks furnished with running nooses, wherein "Uncle Brock" entraps himself.
Digging the Badger. The other method is by digging. A sett having been selected, several working terriers and a sufficiency of sturdy diggers are taken to the place, furnished with an elaborate armoury of spades, grafts, picks, axes, crow-bars, draining-tools, shovels, earth-piercers or locating-rods, and badger-tongs. A terrier is sent into the sett to mark the badger, and when his voice is heard in earnest remonstrance with his enemy at the latter's at- [BADGER stantly sent in, or the badger will have buried himself beyond recovery. A terrier should not attack the badger except in rear, when he is trying to dig himself in, but should retreat, still barking, before the badger's rushes, and in this way hold him in play while the men with spades are cutting off his retreat. Sometimes it is possible to dig out a badger in half an hour, but more often it takes from six hours to twelve, and there are records of digs having lasted for three days, leaving the badgers finally victorious. Thanks to the efforts of the badger-digging clubs that have been formed of late years, badgers are now more numerous and more widely distributed BADGER DIGGING. WAITING TO TAIL THE BADGER. tempt to dig himself further into the earth, the spot is located by listening, and a trench cut from above to intersect the line of the badger's retreat. On emerging unexpectedly into daylight, the badger is seized with the tongs and promptly sacked for removal to some locality where his presence is more urgently required. Badger-digging possesses an extraordinary fascination for some sportsmen, though it does not appeal to the bulk of hunting men. It affords, however, an undoubted test of the gameness, skill, power of endurance, and staunchness of the terriers. A good working terrier, when once he has marked his badger, should never leave him, nor ever cease barking, until want of fresh air and water compels him to come to the surface, when another should be inthan they were during last century, and there are few parts of the United Kingdom in which they may not be found. Indeed, many are killed during each cubbing season by the foxhound packs. The record weight of a badger taken by digging is 37 lbs. The sows frequently weigh more than the boars, the average weight being, probably, boars from 25 lb. to 30 lb., sows from 22 lb. to 28 lb. The proper season for badger digging is from August to October, and again from January to the end of February, as the sow litters down in the spring, being supposed to possess, in common with the roe doe, the faculty known as suspended gestation. Instances of albinism are fairly common, but melanism in badgers is unknown. There are in the Zoological BADMINTON] Gardens in London two badgers, male and female, in which the usual grey colouring is replaced by pale cinnamon, while the eyes are of a dark claret hue. These specimens were, curiously enough, captured within a month of each other in Warwickshire and Rutlandshire respectively. They have not yet (1910) interbred. - L. C. R. CAMERON.
BADMINTON.
The game of Badminton is played in a Court forty-four feet long by twenty wide. The net, which ought to be as light as possible, and made with a small mesh, should be stretched for twenty feet across the centre of the court, and should not be less than eighteen inches deep. Its lower edge should be five feet from the ground, and as taut as possible.
The Badminton bat should not be more than five ounces in weight. The shuttlecock should weigh about a quarter of an ounce. The small shuttlecock used by many clubs weighs considerably less than a quarter of an ounce. This small shuttlecock is slower in flight, and the rallies are consequently longer and the game generally easier.
Badminton is best played in a well-lighted room or hall, where the wind cannot affect the flight of the shuttlecock. It can be played very well with the larger shuttlecock it over the opposite service line into the opposite diagonal court. There are no faults allowed in serving as in lawn-tennis.
Only the player in the diagonally opposite court can take the serve. After the serve, the players can go as near the net as they like, and send the shuttlecock anywhere within the courts, provided it goes over the 44 feet.
IO feet.
Service Line. 10 feet.
Height of Net 5 feet.
Service Line. 15 feet. 6½ feet. 15 feet. in the open air on a calm day. The game is often played with three or four players on a side. This is not, however, the scientific game; for with more than two on a side the players in front cannot help getting in the way of their partners behind. The Service lines are drawn across the court parallel with the net, and six and a half feet on each side of it. A line down the centre, joining the service lines and baselines, forms the four courts. The game is fifteen for one or two players on a side, twenty-one for three players, and twenty-eight for four players on a side.
In beginning a game with two players on each side, the side that goes in first is only allowed one hand in, but after the first round the partners go in one after the other.
In Serving, the striker must stand behind the service line, and hit the shuttlecock so as to give it an upward trajectory, and send 20 feet.
Scale inch to a foot. net and between the poles. If the shuttlecock touches the net in going over, it does not invalidate the stroke, but the striker must not touch the net with his bat.
If the striker send the shuttlecock into or under the net, or outside the courts, it scores against him. If his side be in, the hand goes out; if the other side be in, it scores an ace.
If the shuttlecock touch the ground within the opposite courts, or touch the dress or person of a player, the striker scores an ace if his side be in; if the other side be in, their hand goes out.
Whenever an ace is scored, the server changes courts. When the score stands thirteen all, they set five; when fourteen all, they set three. They begin counting again, and the side which first scores five or three wins. The sides cross over when the score has reached eight.
Badminton is a quicker game than lawntennis. The courts being smaller, there is [BADMINTON reach of the adversary. When the shuttlecock is being driven hard backward and forward, an ace is often secured by suddenly altering the pace and dropping the shuttlecock just over the net. In playing singles, the player who gets command of the shuttlecock, and is thus able to send it at each stroke far from the adversary, has a great advantage. In such a case, unless the last ace in the game is in question, it is better deliberately to lose the ace than to continue playing at such a disadvantage. As an illustration, the writer BADMINTON ASSOCIATION TOURNAMENT. ALL-ENGLAND: CHAMPIONSHIPS. not so much running about, but there is more hard hitting, and the exercise to the arm is greater. policy It is a great advantage to put the server out at the first stroke, to prevent his side scoring. The policy of the server is to send the shuttlecock high, so that it may drop as perpendicularly as possible into the farthest corner of the diagonal court, and thus make it difficult for the adversary to cut it down and kill it. It is generally good play to keep sending the shuttlecock high at the back of the adversary's court until an opportunity comes to cut it down and kill it. In cutting down the striker should try not to send it within saw a very good lady-player lose an important match in this way to a skilful adversary. It was towards the close of a severe contest that the lady was forced by her antagonist to run across the courts at every stroke. She ran so well that she must have covered nearly fifty yards before she failed at last to return the shuttlecock.
The effort was so great that she was quite exhausted, and the lady opposed to her made the two or three aces necessary to win the match with the greatest ease.
Badminton is a game of science and strength. The quickest and most active player is almost sure to win, but he must also possess that instinct which enables him BADMINTON] in the heat of a rally to decide in a moment where to place the shuttlecock so as to be in the most difficult position for the adversary to reach it. Badminton, at first played only at Bath, Cheltenham, and other places where retired Indians congregate, is now widely known.
Clubs are formed all over the country. The game has stood the test of time, is more popular than ever, and will doubtless continue to flourish. ARTHUR SOUTHEY.
BADMINTON IN INDIA is ordinarily played in a ground the size of a double lawntennis court (78 ft. by 36 ft.), with five players a-side. Instead of the usual shuttlecock, most players prefer a ball of Berlin wool wound on a double disc of cardboard 27/4 inches in diameter, with a central hole of I in. The ball flies more quickly than the shuttlecock. When missed by one player, it is not considered dead until it has touched the net or ground, or been taken in hand, but may be returned by any other player, or players, on the same side.
GLOSSARY.
Ace. The unit of scoring.
Base-lines. The lines parallel with the net, which limit the ground at the extremity of the courts.
Court. The ground, a rectangle measuring 44 ft. by 20 ft., is marked out into five divisions. The service-lines are parallel to, and on either side of the net. The spaces between the servicelines and base-lines are subdivided into right and left courts [v. diagram].
Fault. An attempted service or return, which either fails to clear the net, or pitches outside the proper court.
Game. This consists of 15 points for 2 players a-side, 21 for 3 a-side, or more.
Hand-in. The player who serves.
Hand-out. The server or striker is out when the shuttlecock does not clear the net, or when it does not reach the proper court or drops beyond the boundary-lines.
Net. This is slung across the shorter transverse of the courts, midway between the baselines. It should be between 5 ft. and 5 ft. I in. in height. It is a light, small-meshed net.
Points. The units of scoring. Apoint is scored when the opponents fail to return the shuttlecock, or when they send it out of the courts.
Racquet. Must not exceed 5 oz., and is strung with cat-gut.
Service. The opening stroke of a round, the server standing in one court between the serviceand base-lines and driving the shuttlecock in a rising trajectory, so that it would pitch, if allowed, in the court diagonally opposite him.
Service-lines. Lines drawn across the ground parallel with the net and 6½ ft. on either side of it.
Shuttlecock. -The missile employed, which consists of a cork crowned with feathers, from 3 to 5 in. in length. In weight, about oz.
BADMINTON.
THE LAWS OF BADMINTON..
THE COURTS.
I. The courts are laid out as in the diagram on p. 195, and defined by white or black painted or chalk lines 1½ in. wide. 2. The net should be made of fine tanned cotton cord to a in. square mesh, 16 ft. in length, 2 ft. 6 in. in depth, 5 ft. in height at the centre, and 5 ft. I in. at the posts. The top of the net should be edged with a 3-in. white tape, doubled and supported by a cord run through the tape. 3. The posts should be sufficiently firm to keep the net strained as above, and should project at least 6 ft. above the level of the net. 4. The shuttlecocks to weigh from 65 to 75 grains, to have 16 to 18 feathers fixed in a cork I in. in diameter, feathers to be 22 in. long, to have 24 in. spread at the top, and to be tied in with thread one inch above the mark.
THE GAME. 5. The game is played by one or two players a-side. 6. The Choice of Courts. - The choice of sides and the right of serving during the first game shall be decided by toss: provided that if the winner of the toss choose the right to serve, the other player shall have the choice of sides, and vice versa; and provided that the winner of the toss may, if he prefer it, require the other player to make the first choice; but the side winning a game is bound to begin the next. Either player on the winning side may begin the next game. 7. The game consists of 15 aces; at 13 all, the side which first reached 13 has the option of setting 5, at 14 all, of setting 3. 8. The rubber is the best of three games if the third game is played, the sides cross over when the leading score reaches eight. 9. A fault made by a player whose side is "in" puts a hand out; if made by a player whose side is "out," it counts an ace to the "in" side. 10. It is a fault- (a) If the service is overhand. (A service shall be deemed to be overhand within the meaning of this rule, if the shuttle at the instant of being struck be higher than the server's waist.) (b) When the service falls into the wrong court (i.e., not into the one diagonally opposite to the server), or falls short of the short serviceline, or beyond the long service-line, or outside the boundary lines. court. (c) Unless the server's feet are in his own Note. A foot on the line has been ruled to be out of court. (d) If, either in service or play, the shuttlecock falls outside the bounds of the game, or does not pass between the posts, or the vertical lines above them, or passes through or under the net, or touches the roof or side walls, or the person or dress of any player.
Note. A shuttlecock falling on any line is held to have fallen in the court of which such line is a boundary. (e) If the shuttlecock be struck before it crosses the striker's side of the net, but the striker may follow the shuttle over the net with his racket. (f) If, while the shuttle is in play, a player touches the net or its supports with racket or person. (g) If the shuttlecock be hit twice by the same player, or be hit by a player and his partner. (h) If a player serves out of his proper turn, or from the wrong court, provided that such fault be claimed and allowed before the next succeeding serve is returned. THE PLAY.
II. It having been decided which side is to have the first hand, the player in the right-hand court of that side commences the game by serving to the player in the adverse right-hand court. If that player return the shuttlecock before it touches the ground, it must be hit back by one of the "in" side, and then returned by the "out" side, till a fault is made or the shuttlecock touches the ground. If a fault is made by the "in" side, the server's hand is out, and the player in the right-hand adverse court now becomes the server; but if the service is not taken, or the fault is made by the "out" side, the "in" side score an ace. The "in" side then change courts, the server now being in the left court and serving to the adverse left court. The game is continued in this manner, serves being made alternatively from each court into the one diagonally opposite, and courts being changed by the players on each side when, and only when, an ace is added to the respective scores. The first serve of a side in each innings shall be made from the right-hand court. The service-lines are disregarded after the service is taken.
GENERAL RULES. 12. The person served to may alone take the serve, and no player may take two consecutive serves. 13. The server may not serve till his opponent is ready, but if a return of the service be attempted the latter shall be deemed to be ready. If, in delivering the serve, the server makes preliminary feints, or otherwise baulks his opponent, the latter shall not be bound to take the service. 14. The side beginning a game has only one hand in its first innings. 15. The server may stand anywhere he likes in his own court, between the short- and longservice-lines. 16. If the shuttlecock touches the net or posts in service it is a let, but if in play it does not invalidate the stroke. 17. A "let" may be given by the umpire for any unforeseen or accidental hindrance, on appeal from either player before the next service, when the ace will be replayed. 18. The decision of the umpire is final, whether it is right or whether it is wrong.
APPENDIX.
In games of one player on each side, the above rules hold good, except that, notwithstanding Rules II and 12, both players change courts after each ace is scored, and consecutive serves are taken by the same player.
The game of Badminton may also be played by three or four players a side; in this case the game consists of 21 aces. At 19 all, the side which first reached that number has the option of setting 5; at 20 all, of setting 3. The back boundary line of the court may become the long-service line, and the back player can take the service after it has passed the front player.
The side beginning a game has only two hands in its first innings. In every subsequent innings, each partner of a side has a hand, the first player of the "in" side, after the second hand is out, changing places with the third player, and similarly the second player changing places with the fourth player after the third hand is out. [BADMINTON.
Bibliography. -The Official Edition of the Laws of Badminton and the Rules of the Badminton Association, from 1898, in progress (H. Cox).
BANDY-Bandy, or Hockey on the Ice, is a similar game to hockey on the land. It is played by skaters upon broad sheets of ice between goals, with curved sticks called 66 bandies," and a ball or "cat."
Teams. The players are divided into two parties or teams, and the object of each set of players is to drive the ball through the goal of their opponents.
Ground. A large piece of ice is needed for playing the game satisfactorily. The smallest ground allowed by the rules is 100 yards by 50 yards, and that only when a larger cannot be obtained. The ground should be quite free from snow, as even a thin layer spoils the game, and the snow should be swept off at once before it has time to harden.
Goals. The goals consist of two upright posts, 12 feet apart.
Number of Players. - The players are eleven a side, but if the field is smaller than 100 yards by 50 yards it is better to reduce their number; thus, six a side make a good game on a field of 75 yards by 35 yards.
The Bandy. The bandy used is a curved ash stick of about 1/2 inches diameter and 32 feet long. It is very similar to the stick used in hockey on land, except that the blade is not so curved, and is not, as in that game, rounded on one side, but has both sides flat.
The Cat.-The "cat" used is an indiarubber ball, about the size of a lawn-tennis ball. With such tools on a surface like ice tremendous hits might be given. To discourage this, and also to prevent accidents, the bandy in hitting may not be raised above the shoulder.
The Game. The rules of the game are in general the same as those of hockey on land, the rules of offside being the same as in Association football. There is, however, no rule that all hits must be made on one side of the bandy, or from the right hand; and, in fact, in dribbling the player keeps the ball well in front of him, pushing it forward, now with one side of the bandy now with the other, and often changing hands when dodging an opponent. The teams are ranged in the field much the same as in hockey and football, there being a goalkeeper, backs, half-backs, and forwards; and a combined game of passing across the ground is found effective, especially upon smaller grounds. On larger grounds the dribbling is a special feature of the game, and is far more brilliant and effective than BANDY] in the games above mentioned. The skilful player can run with the ball in front of him at very nearly his full speed, perhaps at the rate of from twelve to fourteen miles an hour, or even more, and can, almost without slackening his pace, dodge and elude a single player coming forward to "tackle " him; while it is almost impossible for the player when passed to turn round and catch him up again. The way in which a fast and skilful player will sometimes thread his course with the ball through his opponents is astonishing. These facts, and the rapidity with which the ball travels when and other clubs, is still preferred. On the artificial ice at the Ice Palace (Regent Street), where the space was of course extremely limited, a fairly good game was obtained by using a flat india-ruber disc (3 inches diam. by I inch thick) as the cat, and by prohibiting the bandy when used in hitting from being raised from the ice. " The kinds of skates used in the game are various. The members of the Bury Fen Club use ordinary "fen runners (wooden with flat blades), and by preference the Standard" skates (marked "S. B." with 66 A GENERAL VIEW OF BANDY. SWEDEN V. FINLAND. hit, make the game exceedingly rapid and exciting, and of keenest interest to players and onlookers; and it would doubtless become very popular but for the very limited number of days in the year upon which it can be played, the difficulty of finding a suitable ground, and the necessary uncertainty which attends every fixture, even when made only two or three days ahead, from the changes in the weather.
The game has been described as played in accordance with the rules of the National Bandy Association, which are given below.
But where the field of ice is very small a plain cork bung, covered with leather or bound with string, may be used with advantage; and in some places the thin hockey-stick with bent end of about six inches, formerly used by the Virginia Water crossed bandies), but the Virginia Water players, and many others outside the fens, use one or other of the varieties of figureskates with curved blades. The game, played with the restrictions imposed by the rules against high hitting, tripping, charging, &c., is both safe and delightful; and the writer, after considerable experience, hardly remembers a serious accident occurring. But if played in rude and unrestricted fashion, and in an illnatured spirit, it becomes dangerous. A great advantage is that it is played with enjoyment and success by men of middle age, and also by ladies, among themselves. The game has for some years been played by ladies on private pieces of water. Ladies should, however, use thinner bandies and a lighter ball than those above mentioned. A lawn-tennis or a string ball is suitable.
Among the principal bandy clubs are the Bury Fen B.C., who play on Bury Fen, at Earith (Hunts.); the Virginia Water B.C., who play on Englemere, near Ascot; the Winchester B.C., on Winnall meadows near that city; the Camberley club, on the "Staff" lake, and the Northampton B.C.
Mr. Bryant's lake at Stoke Poges, and the Duke of Marlborough's lake at Blenheim are also fine bandy grounds. The game was introduced in 1890-91 into Holland, and there are clubs at Haarlem, Amsterdam, and other places. In 1894 Mr. C. G. Tebbutt introduced it into Norway. It is also regularly played in the season at Davos Platz, and at St. Moritz in Switzerland by the English visitors. Further information may be obtained from Mr. A. Tebbutt, Claramond, Winchester, hon. sec., pro. tem., of the Bandy Association.
ARNOLD TEBBUTT.
GLOSSARY.
Ball. Of solid indiarubber, diameter between 21 and 22 in. Usually red.
Bandy. The club from which the game is named. Shaped like a hockey-stick, only with the blade flat on both sides. Length along the outer curve, not more than 4 ft. Width, not exceeding 2 in. at any point.
Corner-hit.-A free hit, given to one side from the corner next their opponents' goal.
Dribbling.-Pushing the ball along with the flat of the bandy, as opposed to hitting.
Goal.-(1) Two posts 12 ft. apart, connected by a tape or lath 7 ft. above the surface of the ice. (2) The scoring unit, obtained by driving the ball through the posts.
Ground. A rectangular sheet of ice, measuring not more than 200 yds. by 100 yds., and not less than 100 by 50.
Offside. Same as in Association Football.
Team.-Eleven players on each side.
Time. Usually one hour and a half for each match.
RULES OF PLAY. 1. A bandy team shall consist of eleven players. 2. The ground shall be a right-angled parallelogram, 200 yards long by 100 wide; but when it is not possible to provide so large a ground it may be reduced, and also the number of players, by mutual agreement, provided that the ground be not less than 100 yards by 50 yards. The longer sides to be called side lines and the shorter lines goal lines. A line, or mark, parallel to, and equidistant from, the goal lines shall be called the centre line. (The usual and best size for play is 150 yards by 100 yards.) 3. The bandy shall be of wood, not exceeding 2 in. in width in any part, or 4 ft. in length as measured along the handle and round the curve; and shall have no metal fittings or sharp edges. 4. Players must wear the colours of their side on the playing arm or bandy. 5. The ball shall be of solid indiarubber, not less than 24 in., nor more than 24 in. in diameter.
It is desirable to have it coloured red, and to be the present lacrosse ball. [BANDY 6. The goals shall be in the centre of the goal lines, and consist of two uprights or goal posts 12 ft. apart, connected by a horizontal tape or lath 7 ft. from the ice. 7. The choice of goals shall be tossed for at the beginning of the game; and at half-time, and then only, the teams shall change ends. The time during which a match is to last shall be agreed upon beforehand by the captains, the recognised time for play being one and a half hours. 8. To start the game, and after each goal is made, each team being on its own side of the centre line, play shall be commenced by the referee or one of the umpires throwing up the ball perpendicularly in the air from the centre of the ground, and when the ball has reached the ice it shall be in play. 9. A goal is scored when the ball has passed between the goal-posts or under the tape or lath. 10. When a player touches the ball, any player of the same side who at that moment is nearer his opponents' goal-line is offside, and may not touch the ball himself, nor in any way whatever prevent any other player from doing so, until it has been touched by another player; unless there are at least three of his opponents nearer their own goal-line. No player can be offside when within his own half of the ground. 11. Whilst the ball is in play, and when a player strikes at the ball, his bandy may not during any part of the stroke rise above his shoulder. 12. The ball may be stopped with any part of the body or bandy, but not with the hand on the ice, except in the case of the goal-keeper; nor must it be picked up, carried, kicked, thrown, or knocked on, except with the bandy. No charging, kicking, collaring, shinning, tripping, throwing the bandy, or rough play shall be allowed. Fencing or hooking bandies shall not be allowed. 13. On the occasion of a free hit, no member of the offending team shall be within five yards of the spot where such hit is made, but he shall not be compelled to go behind his own goal-line.
A goal cannot be scored from a free hit, unless the ball first touches another player. 14. On the occasion of a free hit, a corner hit, or when the ball is hit off from a goal line, or thrown from a side-line, the striker or thrower shall not touch the ball again until it has been touched by another player. 15. When the ball has passed the side-line, it shall be immediately struck or hit in from where it crossed the line, in any direction, except forward, by one of the opposite team to that of the player who last touched it. No other player shall be within five yards of the side-line. 16. If the ball is passed beyond the defenders' goal-line, but not through the goal, by the attacking team, it shall be hit out into play by one of the defenders, from any point on the goal-line within ten yards of the nearest goal-post, and on that side crossed by the ball, the attacking side being at least twenty-five yards from the said goal-line. But if the ball has been last touched by one of the defending team before crossing the goal-line, a player of the attacking team shall have a free hit from any point on the side-line within a yard of the nearest corner; and at the moment of such hit, all the defenders must be behind their own goal-line. 17. The penalty for any breach of these rules shall be a free hit by one of the opposite team, from the spot where the rule is broken. 18. Two umpires and a referee should be appointed, each captain appointing one umpire, and the umpires so appointed choosing the referee.
BARBARY SHEEP] When there are only two umpires and no referee, each umpire shall act in one half of the ground as divided by the centre-line, and give decisions only in that half. The two umpires shall not cross over at half-time. In case of umpires disputing, the decision of the referee shall be final. In case there is only one umpire, his decision shall be final. Should there be no umpire, or umpires, the captains shall be arbitrators in all disputes.
Nubia. It has become known within the last few years that this sheep is to be met with in suitable localities through the Egyptian Soudan nearly as far south as Khartoum actually up to some hill country within fifty miles north of that city. 19. A match is won by the team which scores the greater number of goals. 20. In the event of an appeal for any supposed infringement of the rules, the ball shall be in play until a decision has been given. 21. The referee shall have power to stop the game for such time as he may think fit, whenever he may deem it necessary to do so; and he shall deduct any time which he considers has been wasted, owing either to an accident or other cause. 22. In the event of any temporary suspension of the play from any cause, the ball not having gone beyond the side-line, or behind the goal-line, the game shall be restarted by the referee throwing up the ball at the spot where the play was suspended; and when the ball has reached the ice, it shall be in play. [NOTE.-"Touching" touching the person or bandy.] in these rules means BARBARY SHEEP. - This fine wild sheep (Ovis lervia) is known to the Arabs of North Africa, from Morocco to Tunisia, as the Udad, in southern Algeria its native name is Arni, and in Tripoli and Fezzan Wadan. A good Barbary sheep will stand at the shoulder from 3 ft. 3 in. to 3 ft. 6 in., and the rams are very stoutly built. The general colouration is a russet or chestnutgrey. Both sexes carry a fringe of long hair on the throat, chest, and fore-limbs, but the males are especially remarkable for the masses of hair found on these parts.
The tail is longish, and carries a fringe of long hair towards the extremity. The horns are stout, slightly annulated, and have a backward and downward curve. The ewes carry somewhat heavier and bigger horns than are ordinarily noticed among the females of wild sheep. The horns of old rams are usually much worn, and the ridging or annulation will be found to have almost vanished. A good pair of horns of this wild sheep measure about 25 inches over the curve; but exceptionally fine heads reach 27, 28, and 29 ins., and the record, a head in the possession of Mr. Julius Jeppe, procured in Algeria, attains no less than 3354 ins. over the outer curve.
The habitat of the Barbary sheep is a wide one. Found in the mountains of western and central Morocco, chiefly in the Atlas mountain region, or its spurs, its range extends through Algeria to Southern Tunisia and Tripoli. It is reported from most of the mountain regions of the Sahara Desert, and is found among the ranges of Despite its high withers and heavy shape, the Udad is an extremely active beast, and, possessing the wary habits characteristic of all wild sheep, it affords excellent stalking.
Its rufous-yellow coat, worn alike by the males, females, and young, blending as it does admirably with the mountain region in which it is found, renders this sheep somewhat difficult of discovery, even by the [Photo. by W. P. Dando, F.Z.S.
BARBARY SHEEP. keenest native eye; and excellent glasses and extreme care and precaution are needed by the sportsman who wishes to procure the horns of this species. The sheep run in small troops or family parties. In the hill country, which they make their own, they are extraordinarily active and sure-footed; on more level ground they run with huge bounds at a great pace. The mountains among which the Udad range are for the most part in desert country, where water is scarce. The Barbary sheep is, however, one of the thirst-resisting animals of Africa, and can exist for several days-natives say for four or five days together-without drinking. The flesh of young Barbary sheep is fairly good eating, that of the old rams by no means palatable. In Algeria, owing to recent game legislation by the French Government, the Udad is not now so accessible to British gunners as was formerly the case. In Southern Tunisia, however, as well as in the mountain regions of Egypt and the Soudan, fair sport is to be obtained with these animals. Tripoli is little-known ground to the European hunter; but a visit to the interior of this region would be likely to yield fair results with these sheep. Morocco, owing to the recent French occupation of coast towns, is not now very accessible to European gunners.
As these troubles disappear, however, and the interior becomes more settled, the wandering sportsman ought to be able to find good sport with these fine wild sheep, more especially in the country fifty or sixty miles inland from Mogador. The Moors are keen sportsmen, but it will be found necessary to procure the friendship of local chiefs before attempting to shoot in that country.
H. A. BRYDEN. [BARBARY SHEEP fin with a narrow, dark outer edge. The other fins of a reddish colour.
BARRACOUTA (Thyrsites). A name locally applied to more than one family of sea-fish. The finest species, both for sport and food, is found in the waters round Tasmania, where it is caught from a boat up to a weight of 10 lb. with what is called the "Maori-jig," a simple tackle consisting only of a piece of red wood pierced by a tent nail. The boat is kept in motion and the fish, which seize the bait greedily, are jerked on board by means of a short, stout rod and line.
BASEBALL. - Many writers, when chronicling the merits of their own particular sport, seem to consider they cannot do it justice unless they prove by arguments, more or less convincing, that it dates from almost prehistoric times. Baseball, I may BARBEL (Barbus vulgaris).- [See say at once, does not belong to Ancient ANGLING (COARSE FISH).] MEASUREMENTS, &c. -Length of head, 4 to 434, of caudal fin 434, height of body 5 to 6 times in the total length. Eyesrather high up, situated in the middle of the length of the head, 8 to 10 diameters in the length of the head, 3 to 4½ diameters from the end of the snout, and 3 to 4 apart.
Dorsal profile more convex than that of the abdomen, which is almost horizontal.
Snout produced and somewhat overhanging the jaws, the maxilla much longer than the mandible. Lips thick. Barbels-two thick pairs, the maxiliary ones extending to beneath the middle of the eye, while the rostral pair are somewhat shorter. Teeth pharyngeal, curved, hooked at their extremity and pointed, 4, 3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 4. Fins -dorsal commences about midway between the angle of the mouth and the base of the caudal fin, the extent of its base 1/4 shorter than the third undivided dorsal ray, which is the longest, osseous, strong, and serrated along its posterior margin: last ray of the fin half the height of the longest anteriorly.
Pectoral inserted low down, broad, and about four-fifths as long as the head, but not reaching the ventrals, which latter do not extend to the anal. Anal narrow, the length of its base being only two-fifths of its height. Caudal deeply forked. Scales -about thirty-five rows anterior to the base of the dorsal fin, and seven between the later-line and the base of the ventral.
Lateral-line-complete, continued to the base of the caudal fin. Gill-rakers-short.
Colours-olivaceous, shot with gold, lightest along the sides and lower surface. Dorsal History. What matters if whether the game originated in the days of Alfred the Great or simply dates its birth somewhere in the last half century? If the skill and science of the pastime appeal to the athlete, what does it matter for its antiquity? I may frankly admit then that Baseball, as Baseball, is not yet half a century old.
Similarity to Rounders. -An Englishman, witnessing the game for the first time, will immediately exclaim, "Why, this is nothing but Rounders!" To a great extent the Englishman is right. Baseball is Rounders made scientific. Using Rounders for their groundwork, our brothers on the other side of the Atlantic started to build the edifice of America's national game.
Rules and regulations were made to govern the game. Each year saw something added, something amended. The rough edges were hewn off, the rough surface in time was polished. Useless rules were abolished and useful ones evolved. The result has been that Baseball can now take its stand amidst the finest forms of athletics and its followers can boast of as much skill and science in their pursuit of the game as do the devotees of Football or Cricket in the better known winter and summer sports at home.
The Theory of the Game. -Eighteen players are required for a Baseball match, nine on each side. The aim of each team is the same as in Cricket--viz., to make as many runs as possible. To score a run a player must make a complete circuit of the bases, but not necessarily on one hit. For instance, with his own hit he may only get as far as first base. He may get to second BASEBALL] base whilst the pitcher (the equivalent of the bowler in Cricket) is delivering a ball to the succeeding batsman. Third base may be reached on the hit of the batsman; and he may reach home plate on a hit by batsman number three. So he would score a run. There are other methods, of course, of getting from base to base, but the above will suffice for an example.
The captain of the home team has choice of innings. To the cricketer such a proceeding would seem to give the visiting team the worst of the bargain. Did the game take as long to decide as Cricket, the argument might hold good; but, as a Baseball position for the home-base, more commonly called the home-plate, drive a peg in the ground and attach the line to it. Carry the line straight out in the direction in which you intend to bat, and knot number three will give you the position of second base.
Great care must be taken that the cord be quite taut and absolutely straight from the peg at the home-plate to the centre of the second base. Whilst the cord is so held, the knot at sixty feet five inches will mark the centre of the pitcher's plate. Let one end of the cord be held at the home-plate, the other at second base, and let someone holding the knot at ninety feet, which, of course, F.L.
L.F.
T.B C.F. 2 S.S.
S.B.
R.F.
KEY TO THE DIAGRAM.
C. Catcher) the P. = Pitcher 1.
F. B. 2.
S. B.
T. B.
First Base.
Battery.
First Baseman.
Second Base.
Second Baseman. 3. = Third Base.
Third Baseman.
S.S. Short Stop. c.B. 3 F.L. •U.
P. 1 F.B.
H.P.
BB C.U.
Ci PLAN OF GROUND. match as a rule does not last more than two hours and a half at the most, it would be hard to say that either side is unduly favoured. One team takes the field, and the members of the other take their turn at the bat in regular order. When three men are put out the innings is finished, and the other team then takes its turn with the bat.
The game consists of nine innings for each side, and the team having the greatest number of runs at the finish wins.
To Lay Out the Baseball Field. - The simplest method of marking out a Baseball field is as follows:- Procure a heavy cord one hundred and eighty feet in length. In it tie three knots, one at sixty feet five inches, another at ninety feet, and a third at one hundred and twenty-seven feet four inches.
When you have found the most suitable F. L.
C.B.
F.L.
KEY TO THE DIAGRAM.
L. F. Left Fielder.
C.F.
Centre Fielder.
R. F. = Right Fielder.
F.L.
Foul Line.
C. B.
Coacher's Box.
B. B.
Batsman's Box.
H. P.
Home Plate.
U. = Umpire. is the exact centre of the cord, walk out with it to the corner of the diamond where first base is to be situated, and when the line cannot be carried further without bringing it away from the home-plate or second base, there fix your first base. Repeat this in the opposite direction and mark third base, and there you have your diamond complete. Herewith is appended a diagram of a Baseball field showing the positions of the fielders, the foul lines, bases, &c.
Duties and Qualifications of Players.- The Pitcher. - The pitcher is in Baseball what the bowler is in Cricket, and consequently his first qualification must be thorough command of the ball. It is true that speed counts for a good deal in both games, but speed is practically useless if eight out of ten balls are sent to the batsa PITCHER'S DELIVERY FOR AN IN-CURVE. men in such a fashion that they can never be effective. The pitcher is not allowed a run, as is the bowler, preparatory to delivering the ball; but apart from that, his deliveries are practically untrammelled. He may pitch, throw, jerk, or hurl the ball provided he does it in such a way that the ball pass over the home-plate not higher than the batsman's shoulder nor lower than his knee. His aim is to deliver three balls answering the above description in such a way that the batsman cannot hit them, and provided he succeeds before he sends up four balls that are not of this nature, he retires the batsman. Should the batsman, however, strike at a ball not coming over the plate and miss it, the pitcher has attained his end just the same. A thorough command of the ball, then, is necessary. When he has got this, he must bear in mind the important fact that the true art of pitching is to deceive the eye of the batsman. That is to say, he must send the ball towards the bat in such a way as to lead the striker to believe that it is coming high when it is really coming low, that it is travelling direct for his chest when it is really going feet away from his body, that it is a fast delivery when in reality it is slow, and so on. the bowler in Cricket, if he wants to excel in the game he must use his intellect. Brute strength and fast pitching are all very well in their way, but unless allied to sound judgment, to all intents and purposes they are of very little avail. To keep his judgment, he must keep his temper. He must not, simply because his best deliveries treated with contempt, lose control of himself. When he loses control of himself, he loses control of the ball; and when that Like are BASEBALL happens, he had better vacate his position, or else he will soon lose his side the match.
The pitcher must, above all things, have a code of signals with his catcher. A movement of the hand, an elevation of the head by the latter, lets the pitcher know that this ball is to be an in-shoot, the other an outcurve. A movement of the head may mean that the pitcher is to throw to second base; a nod may mean that the ball is to be hurled to first base, and so on. They must agree upon their signals, and the services that the catcher will render the pitcher, who cannot watch the field as does the man behind the bat, will be invaluable.
It was doubted for some time in England that the Baseball pitcher could curve or twist a ball in the air. That the average pitcher does so there cannot be a doubt. It seems wonderful that anyone can do so without assistance from the ground, but a lesson or two from a good pitcher will give a likely man the knowledge of how it is done, and then constant, steady practice will do the rest. The beginner must be content with ordinary straight balls at first.
The science of pitching will be picked up in time. One thing I would impress upon the pitcher, and it is this, study the batsman.
If you find that he is timorous of the de- POSITION FOR A DROP CURVE. liveries that come near his body, you must attack his weak point. If you discover that he cannot hit a low ball, do not be anxious BASEBALL] to treat him to high ones. Study the weak points of your adversary. Find where his defence is weakest, and, when you have found the weak spot, turn your attention to scoring off it.
The pitcher, too, must be a man of pluck.
In his position the ball will be batted very often to him at lightning speed. He must not be afraid to face it. If he is nervous and timorous he is scarcely likely to pitch with judgment, for he will be so impressed with the idea of avoiding being hit that he will think of little else.
The Catcher. The catcher's position, to my mind, is the most difficult and most dangerous in the game. When there are not any men on bases the position is an easy one, but when "two strikes" or "three balls" are called, then the troubles commence. He must come right up behind the bat and face the fastest deliveries without flinching. It is position demanding courage. In addition to courage the catcher must have splendid judgment and a sure eye. His duties are akin to those of the wicket-keeper in Cricket, but considerably more varied. He must be able to hold every third strike missed by a batsman, or, if he drop the ball, he must be alert enough to pick it up in time to hurl it to first base a PITCHER'S DELIVERY FOR AN OUT-CURVE. so that it will arrive in the baseman's hands before the runner can get to the base. He is bound to keep a most watchful eye on CATCHER THROWING TO THIRD BASE. the base runners so as to cut them off when they endeavour to steal a base. To do this he must be a good fast thrower, and must throw with the greatest judgment, for a ball sent flying wildly over the baseman's head might be the cause of a run or two runs being credited to the opposing side.
The catcher must have a ready eye for the weak points of a batsman. He is in a better position to detect them than even the pitcher, and when he has discovered them he must bring the code of signals, of which I wrote above, into play to let the pitcher know exactly what kind of a ball to send in.
Some catchers make the mistake of throwing to a base whenever the baserunner makes a feint at stealing a base. Here the catcher's judgment must again be brought into play. He must know by intuition when the base-runner is feigning, or 66 bluffing" as they say in America, and when he is seriously intending to steal a base. He must, before he throws, first be sure of his baseman; secondly, be sure of his aim; and, thirdly, be sure that he times his throw well.
First Baseman. -The position of first baseman is the one for the tall man, for he has to stop all kind of throws, straight or wild. All basemen should be able to catch well, but the occupant of first base should especially excel in this line. More men are disposed of at first base than at any other position on the field. The ball is returned there from every part of the diamond, as the fielders all endeavour to cut off the baserunner at first base. As a result, balls are hurled in every conceivable way at the poor baseman. They come in every possible direction, and he is expected to stop them all. He is expected to catch the high, the low, the wide, and, if it is absolutely impossible for him to catch them, his fellow players consider that he is bound, at any rate, to stop them. No matter how fast a ball is thrown at him he must get in front of it, for if it passes him there is no telling the harm it may do the side.
Not only must he catch well, but he must be an expert thrower. He must throw CATCHER SIGNALLING FOR A STRAIGHT PITCH. straight and with speed. He must, too, have quick judgment to know in an instant when his own base is safe and where the ball is to be sent to do the greatest damage to the opposing side.
Second Baseman. -The second baseman, being the centre man in the field, is called upon to do his work quickly and reliably.
He must be a most active fielder, for being in a direct line with the batsman he receives some of his hottest drives, and must stop them unfailingly. Moreover, he is a target for the catcher, who throws more often to second base to cut off a runner than to any other position in the field. He must be at his base to accept the hottest throws, and prompt to touch at once the base-runner with the ball before that worthy can attain his haven of rest. Catching the ball and [BASEBALL stopping it do not cover the duties of second baseman. He must be able to take in the situation at a glance, and be able to throw surely and effectively the very moment the ball is in his hands. A cool head is needed for the position, with judgment and readiness enough to render him equal to any and every emergency.
He Short Stop. Short stop is a very difficult position. As regards fielding, I consider it the most important of any of the positions in the in-field. It is one which calls for a very active player to discharge its duties thoroughly. A very great number of batted balls come to this position, and more often than not they travel at a speed that would disconcert a player who was in any way faint-hearted. He must be a sure fielder and an unerring thrower, for very, very often in the game devolves upon him the duty of securing the treacherous grounder and sending it over to first base in time to cut off the swiftest runner. is also called upon to back up all the positions of the in-field. He must be behind second baseman when the catcher throws to cut off a runner; the same applies to him with regard to third baseman. He must be on the alert to pick up any ball that glances, when hard hit, off the pitcher's person or clothing. No player consequently is fitted for the position who is not quick and lively in his movements. Great judgment, too, is required in fulfilling the duties of the position. Above all things, he must not be liable to lose his head. He can do more harm by a wild throw to first base than any other fielder, for the simple reason that if he sends the ball out of the reach of first baseman he is sending it right away out of the field of play.
Third Baseman. -The position of third baseman involves duties quite as onerous as those of first and second baseman or short stop. In nearly every respect he resembles them. In catching, throwing, fielding, and in the exercise of good judgment he must excel. He must be more on the alert, if anything, than the other in-fielders, for the catcher and pitcher cannot give him warning of their intention to throw to him to catch a base-runner who has ventured too far from the base. Consequently he must be always on the qui vive. His fielding must be particularly good, as on it will frequently depend the increasing of the enemy's score. The third baseman, with short stop and first and second baseman, constitute what is known as the in-field.
They must all be in complete accord, and each must know the peculiarities of the others' play. They must work in harmony, BASEBALL and with true dependence on one another.
By means of this thorough concord and knowledge of each other's ways many brilliant plays may be brought off. In playing third base the aspirant to Baseball honours must be careful in his throwing. Let him before throwing collect his wits, and when he does throw, let the ball travel low rather than high, for a low ball can be stopped if not caught, whereas a ball overhead is calculated to give the opposing team a base or two. Let the third baseman be energetic and active. Indifferent players seldom trouble themselves to field a ball that does not actually come within their province, but a good player does not wait to consider whether the ball is in his district or not.
He goes after it and, if it is fielded by another in-fielder, he has the satisfaction of knowing that he is on the spot to rectify any error his brother player may make. great number of batsmen are dismissed by being caught by the left fielder. He must then be a good catcher, and he should also SECOND BASE FIELDING. be a good runner. Speed is a great help in left field, for the simple reason that often he has to travel from right out in the distance, to take a catch batted well over third baseman's head. He must be ready, too, to back up third baseman and short stop, for if the ball passes them, he must be behind them to avert serious consequences. Good judgment is necessary to calculate, immediately the ball leaves the bat, where it is likely to travel, and at what speed it is going. If his judgment tells him that the ball will not reach him on the fly, he must not wait for it to roll to him. He must run to meet it; and this remark applies to the other out-fielders.
The Out-fielders. - Left, right, and centre field constitute the out-field, and the occupants of these positions should be equal in their qualifications. Each should be able to throw well. A good long throw is anywhere in the neighbourhood of eighty-five or ninety yards. The out-fielders should not occupy one position all the time. They must use their discretion and judgment.
It would be silly to be as far out for the poor hitter as for the heavy slogger. They must study, too, the peculiarities of the batsman. One may have a habit of hitting always in the direction of left field. Another may have a penchant for driving the ball to the other side of the field. A third may have a knack of batting the ball close to the Centre Fielder. This player should act foul lines. A fourth may bat the pitcher's in support of the second baseman. If he deliveries just over second baseman's head.
All these details must be attended to. The out-fielders, too, must be good judges of flyballs. The ground balls are generally attended to by the in-fielders. In judging flyballs it is always safer to get well out for a long hit, as it is easier to run in to catch the ball than to run out with it and stand a great chance of missing it. When the outfielders get a ball, they should not hold it an instant. Throw it at once into the infield, for a man can never be put out whilst the ball is sojourning in the out-field. Let the novice remember this. No doubt he will feel perplexed at times as to where he should throw. Don't wait. Throw it somewhere into the in-field.
Left Fielder. The player occupying this position will find that the majority of the out-field hits are made to his part. Consequently be must not be lazy. Because he has not had a ball for some time he must not on that account go to sleep. A very OUT AT SECOND BASE. gives him good backing up there is no saying what an amount of good he can do for his side. He gives the catcher confidence to throw to cut off a runner, since he knows that even if the ball elude second baseman the centre fielder will be behind him to save serious results. If he plays his position A LEFT-HANDED STRIKER. well, he deters the base-runner from trying to steal from first to second base. Good eye and quick judgment are as necessary for him as for left fielder, and like all men in responsible positions and every position in Baseball is responsible-he must reason for himself. In conjunction with second baseman, if he but use his intellect, he can bring off some very tricky plays.
Right Fielder. - The hints given to left and centre fielders apply equally to this position. Sure eye and sure hands for catches, an intellect quick to discern the best possible thing to be done in all circumstances, and a wakefulness to his responsibility of securing the balls that manage to get by the first baseman into the outfield are requisite. So I finish with the fielders. Let us now briefly give a little consideration to the batsman.