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Most Important Inventions and Discoveries Of All Ages: Etching

Encaustic painting known to the ancients. Reinvented in Europe by Lukas Cranach Encaustic painting perfected by Count Caylus Equinoxes, precession of the , Etching, art of, Albert Dürer Etching (in relief) art of, was known and used for ornamentation in the Middle Ages. Senefelder used it on stone Etching on metal, for printing (Eberhard, at Darmstadt) Extract of meat (Liebig) FATS, their nature, discovered by Chevreul File-cutters were in Nuremberg .

Fire-arms, first used in the battle of Crécy Fire-engine (Ktesibios) Fire-engines (land) manufactured at Augsburg Fish-culture, scientific (Jakobi), since A. D. 1410 1516 1753 B.C. 400 400 A. D. 1512 • 1809 1824 1865 1823 1419 1346 B. C. 120 A.D. 1518 1773 Fish-guano in Norway Flint-lock in the musket, invented in Italy • 1858 6 1650 Fluoric acid, used for etching by Schwanhard at Nuremberg Fraunhofer's lines, first determination of them (by Fraunhofer) • 1670 1815 French system of measures 1790 Foucault's proof of the rotation of the earth on its axis 1850 Fulling-mills known about 1000 Fulminating-gas engine by Lenoir 1858 Fulminating gold, by a monk named Valentine, at Erfurt 1413 Fulminating powder (Pachenius) 1666 Fulminating silver (Berthollet) 1788 GABELSBERGER'S system of stenography 1817 Galvanism (Galvani) .. 1790 Galvanography (Kobell) 1847 Galvano-plastic process (Jacobi and Spencer) 1813 Galvano-plastic plating with gold and silver 1840 Gas, combustible, made from coal, was known in England as early as 1820 Gas, for cooking, recommended by Clayton 1739 Gas, as a means of lighting, proposed by Joachim Becker 1685 Gas cooking stoves 1824 Gas-lighting, first instance of, on a large scale carried out by Murdoch (Watt's Engine Factory) Gas-lighting secured by patent (Winzer) Gas-lighting introduced into Germany (Lampadius at Freiberg) Glass, cast-plates (Thewart) Glass, crown-glass, (Philip de Caqueray) Glass (Crystal) Palace, the first in London (Sir Joseph Paxton) Glass-cutters, at Nuremberg, about Glass, flint-glass (Ravenscroft), about Glassmaking described (Theophilus) Glassmaking known in Egypt Glass-painting, in Germany, about Glass windows are met with about Glass windows, painted, known since Glassworks, the first in England Glyphography (Palmer) Gold-beating, known to the ancients; the present method in Nuremberg Golden number (Meton, Enktemon, and Phœnnus) Goniometer Grape-vine introduced into Germany by the Emperor Probus Gravitation, law of (Newton) A. D. 1816 1330 1851 1150 1700 900 B. C. 1600 A. D. IO000 220 999 1557 1840 • 1150 B. C. 432 B. C. I200 A. D. 276 1665 Greek-fire (Kallinikus) about . 678 Guano brought to Europe 1802 Guitars in Germany since 1788 Gun, as a fire-arm, known at Augsburg 1381 Gun-cotton (Schönbein and Böttger) 1846 Gun, rifled, used at Leipsig 1498 Gunpowder, known to the Chinese as early as 80 Gunpowder, a kind of, applied to the blasting of rocks in the Hartz Mountains about 1200 Gunpowder, in Germany (Berthold Schwarz [Anklitzen]) 1318 Gunpowder, known to Roger Bacon 1320 Gun-rifle, Minié (Minié at Vincennes, Norton at Liverpool) 1855 Gutta-percha introduced into Europe 1830 HACKBOARD musical instrument (Hans Haydn) 1610 Harmonica, glass, improved by Franklin 1765 Harmonica, glass, keyboard for it (Röllig) 1786 Harmonica, glass, with glass tubes (Chladnij) 1790 Harmonica, glass, with glass plates (Quandt) 1790 Harmonica, glass, clavicylinder (Chladnij) 4 1799 Harp, a very ancient instrument; pedal harp (J. P. Vetters, at Nuremberg) Harp, Æolian, (Athanasius Kircher) Harp, giant Æolian, by Gattoni, at Milan Hartzberg mines opened about Hearing-trumpet (Athanasius Kircher) Herrings, the curing of them known in Pomerania Herrings, the curing of them improved by Beukels Hop-gardens in Germany as early as Hose for fire-engines (Van der Heyde, at Amsterdam) Hose without seam (Bok, at Leipsig) Hydrostatic balance Hygrometer (Molineux) A. D. 1648 1397 820 1672 9 1720 45° 1679.

Hygrometer (De Saussure) 1783 INDIA-RUBBER had become known in Europe through Condamine 1755 India-rubber in threads (Stadler) 1820 India-rubber tubes (Grassart) 号 1791 Indigo-dyeing, known to the ancient Egyptians و B. C. 2400 Infusoria discovered to be real animals by Leeuvenhoek و A. D. 1757 Ink-roller, elastic, in printing (Cannal) 4 1819 Inoculation for the smallpox in Europe, made known by Emanuel Timonus 1713 Inoculation for the smallpox in England, made known by Lady Montague 1721 Iodine discovered by Courtois 1811 .