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Rise of Modern Science

FROM A. D. 1843, et seq.

Astronomy.

Physics and Mechanics. Chemistry. 1843-49. Joule on 1845. Division of Biela's comet. equivalent of heat; dynamical theory of 1845-46. Adams and heat.

Leverrier work out the position of Nep- on heat. experiments planet.

Physical Geography and Geology. 1847. Boucher de tune; Galle finds the 1847. Helmholtz, con- 1848. Wöhler Perthes disservation of energy. 1850. Lamont, peri- 1850. odicity of magnetic disturbance.

Foucault and Fizeau on velocity of of light. 18-. Clerk-Maxwell and others on molecular theory of gases.

Helmholtz and Sir W. Thomson on vibrations of molecules. 1852. Thomson, Sir W., dissipation of Hodgson, sun-spot 1859. Carrington and and magnetic disturbance. energy.

Four new metals discovered by spectrum analysis. makes or- covers flint imganic ele-plements at ments artifi- Abbeville. cially. 1850 et seq.

Advances in chemistry of organic compounds. 1859. Lescarbault sees 1861. Bunsen and 1861. intra-mercurial pla- Kirchhoff discover net. 1862-66. Schiaperelli, Adams, and Leverrier, discover the orbits of comets and meteor systems. 1862. Travelling stars studied by the spectroscope. 1874. Expeditions to observe the transit of Venus. 1875. Leverrier's analysis of the orbits of the planets. 1877. Discovery of satellites of Mars, by Asaph Hall. 1878. Watson sees two intra-mercurial planets. the meaning of the lines in the spectrum. 1862. Huggins and Miller, spectrum analysis of the stars and nebulæ. -Alexander Herschel, spectrum of falling stars. 1872. Graham Bell, the telephone.

Metals in the atmosphere of the sun and stars discovered by spectrum analysis.

Biology. 1840. Müller, Sachs and others on structural botany. 1853. Discovery 1853. Von Mohl of Swiss lake on protoplasm. dwellings. 1858. Theory of natural selection by Darwin and Wallace. 1858. Humboldt's "Cosmos" published; death of Humboldt. 1862. Andrews on 1863. "Antiquity critical of man." points in gases. 1877-78. Pictet and Cailletet liquefy the permanent gases. 1878. Abney on 1879. Crookes photography at the red end of the spectrum. on ultragaseous state of matter. 1859. Darwin's "Origin of Species." -Structure of carnivorous plants. 1852-72. Discovery of intermediate fossil forms. 1860-79. Advance in our knowledge of fertilization of plants. 1878. Professor Marsh's discoveries of gigantic fossil forms in America.

ABRIDGED CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF SOME OF THE CHIEF MEN OF SCIENCE. Greeks.

Middle Ages.

From the Time of the Greeks to the MIDDLE of the Nineteenth Century. Astronomy.

Physics and Mechanics.

Thales, Anaximander; Euclid.

Pythagoras; Anaxago- Archimedes. ras; Democritus; Eudoxus; Aristotle; Aristarchus; Hipparchus ; Ptolemy.

Anaximander. Ptolemy.

Ebn Junis.

Chemistry.

Gerbert; Ben Musa; Al- Marcus Græcus. hazen; Roger Bacon; Geber.

Physical Geography and Geology.

Anaximander.

Pythagoras.

Eratosthenes.

Ptolemy.

Strabo.

William Smith. De Saussure. Humboldt.

Biology.

Hippocrates; Aristotle; Theophrastus; Erasistratus; Herophilus; Galen. famous.

Vesalius; Fallopius; Eustachius; Gesner; Cæsalpinus; Fabricius. Arabian medical schools Columbus.

Vitellio; Flavio Gioja; Roger Bacon.

Leonardo da Vinci.

Vasco di Gama.

Magellan.

Copernicus.

Baptiste Porta; Gilbert; Paracelsus.

Gesner.

Sixteenth Century. Tycho Brahe.

Roger Bacon. Van Helmont.

Van Helmont.

Palissy.

Giordano Bruno.

Marcus Græcus. sendi; Horrocks; Seventeenth Century.

Geber. Paracelsus.

Bacon; Drebbel; Torricelli; Guericke; Leonardo da Vinci.

Beecher. Stahl.

Steno.

Beecher.

Scilla.

Stahl.

Young; Malus; Fresnel; Newton; Huyghens ; Halley.

Archimedes.

Lagrange; Laplace; Eighteenth Century. Herschel; Maskelyne.

Nineteenth Century.

Piazzi; Olbers; Encke; Gauss; Sir J. Herschel; Airy; Adams; Lever- Ptolemy. Albategnius.

Schiaparelli; Secchi; Piazzi Smyth; Lockyer; Stone.

Galileo; Stevinus. hazen; Roger Bacon; Snellius; Descartes; Bacon; Drebbel; Torricelli; Guericke; Boyle; Hooke; Huyghens; Roemer. Du Faye; Celsius; Fahr- enheit; Reaumer; Watt; Franklin; Galvani; Vol- ta; Rumford; Sauveur; Bernoulli; Chladni. Arago; Oersted; Amenheit; Reaumer; Watt; Franklin; Galvani; Volta; Rumford; Sauveur; Bernoulli; Chladni.

Bergmann; Cavendish; Werner.

Priestley; Scheele; Hutton.

Rutherford; Lavoisier. William Smith.

De Saussure.

Young; Malus; Fresnel; Wollaston; Berzelius; Bi- Humboldt. Arago; Oersted; Am-ot; Dalton; Thomson; Buckland.

Tycho Brahe. Giordano Bruno.

Copernicus. hofer; Kirchhoff; Huggins; Mayer; Joule; Wheatstone; Sir W.

Sixteenth Century.

Middle Ages.

Gay-Lussac; Davy; Lyell.

Faraday; Liebig; Wöh- Agassiz.

Halley.

Graham; Andrews; Sedgwick.

Avogadro; Berzellius; Von Buch.

Eighteenth Century.

Seventeenth Century.

Harvey; Asellius; Rüdbeck; Malpighi; Leeuwenhoeck; Grew; Ray; Willughby; Tournefort.

Linnæus; gins; Mayer; Joule; Wheatstone; Sir W. ler; Hunter; Bonnet; Spallanzani; Buffon; Daubenton; Jussieu; Sprengel.

Lamarck; Goethe; G. St.- Hilaire; Cuvier; Von Lockyer; Stone. es; Darwin; Wallace, Agassiz; Auguste de Candolle; R. Brown; Von Mohl; Sir W.

Hooker; Owen; Huxley; Parker; Balfour; Hæckel; Gegenbaur. 1