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United States (B In c Estimated d In e)

- - 12,688,467 8,151,810 140,268,987 415 6,163 102,970 a In 1889. b In 1888. c Estimated. d In 1888-89. e In 1887-88.

Besides these 415 colleges for liberal arts, there were in the States (1889) the following:- No. of Students.

Theological Law { Regular Medical Eclectric Female (Homœopathic Colleges.

Teachers.

Students. 145 765 7,053 54 352 4,518 98 2,716 13,830 9 120 721 14 178 1,169 179 2,299 24,851 In 1890 there were in special schools (for deaf mutes, blind, etc.) 12,500 pupils, and in reformatories, 14,846.

There were in 1890, 246 Indian schools, with an average attendance of 12,232, costing the United States $1,364,033.

The Education Report for 1884-85, issued in 1887 by the United States Bureau of Education, contains statistics specially collected in 1885-86 of 5,338 libraries " other than private," containing 300 or more volumes each, and 20,622,076 volumes in the aggregate; 2,357 of these libraries contain less than 1,000 volumes each; 2,139 between 1,000 and 5,000 each; 440 between 5,000 and 10,000; 355 between 10,000 and 50,000; and 47 more 50,000 volumes.

In 1889 there were in the United States 1,494 daily newspapers, with a total circulation of 5,713,750; 12,234 weeklies, with a total circulation of 19,588,000 ; 1,898 monthlies, with a circulation of 7,472,750; and 693 other periodicals. The total number of periodicals was then 16,319; in 1880 the total number was 11,403. A JUSTICE AND Crime The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Associate Judges have precedence according to the dates of their commissions, or, when the commissions of two or more of them bear the same date, according to their ages. In case of a vacancy in the office of Chief Justice, or of his inability to perform the duties and powers of his office, they shall devolve upon the Associate Justice who is first in precedence, until such disability is removed or another Chief Justice is appointed and duly qualified. The salary of the Chief Justice is $10,500 per annum, and the Associate Justices $10,000 each.

The Justices, besides their duties in annual sessions of the Supreme Court at Washington, have assigned to them each his own judicial circuit, these circuits having, in addition, their own circuit judges. Other courts are the Uuited States Court of Claims, the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, and the United States District Courts, many of the States being for judicial purposes divided into two or more districts. Each separate State has also its own judicial system with a Chief Justice and Associate Justices, who are appointed usually for terms of years, but in some States practically for life, or during good behavior. Most frequently they are elected by the people, though some times appointed by the Governor, with or without the Senate or Council. Their salaries vary from $2,500 to $7,500 per annum. Of In 1880 there were 35,538 convicts in the peniteniaries; in 1890, 45,233. the total in 1890, 30,546 were white and 14,687 colored; of the total white, 12,842 were born of native parents, 8,331 of (one or both) foreign parents, and 7,267 were foreign born. Of the total, 1,791 were women. In 1880, there were 11,468 inmates of juvenile reformatories; in 1890, 14,846.

PAUPERISM.

Although there are poor-laws in the States the statistics of pauperism, except for indoor paupers, are not recorded. The total number of indoor paupers in 1880 was 66,203; in 1890 the number was 73,045. Of the total in 1890, 66,578 were white and 6,467 colored; of the white, 27,646 were foreign born and 10,608 were born of (one or both) foreign parents. Of the total, 32,304 were women. The number of out-door paupers reported in 1890 was 24,220-probably far below the truth. The expenses of the alms-houses is given at $2,409,445.

FINANCE.