Agricultural Education

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

education in the theory and practice of agriculture has received much attention in present generation, especially in the the last decade. In addition to the regular by most schools of agriculture maintained of the States, all the State colleges and universities and many of the private colleges and universities maintain departments for agricultural training. The courses given in these departments include all phases of the agricultural industry and many The Association of immediate field. American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations exercises general supervision over the methods and material of instruction in the United States. Experiment stations are maintained in many parts of the continental United States and in the dependencies. Most of the State universities and agricultural ment colleges stations also maintain and great separate benefit has experi- resülted from the researches and experiments carried on. Much of the work is done in model farms which are maintained in connection with the course of instruction. The United States Government contributes sums averaging about $ 1,500,000 a year divided among the States for the maintenance of experiment stations. The total number of stations is about 70. Other countries, especially Great Britain and France, are also active in promoting agricultural education. This work, delayed naturally by the war, was taken up with renewed vigor at its close. AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY. See TOOLS AND MACHINERY, AGRICULTURE, the art of cultivating the ground, whether by pasturage, by tillage, or by gardening. In many countries the process of human economical and social development has been from the savage state to hunting and fishing, from these to the pastoral state, from it again to agriculture, properly so called, and thence, finally, to commerce and manufactures, though even in the most advanced countries every one of the stages now mentioned, excepting only the first, and, in part, the second, still exist and flourish. The tillage of the soil has existed from a remote period of antiquity, and experience has from time to time improved the processes adopted and the instruments in use; but it was not till a very recent period that the necessity of basing the occupation of the farmer on physical and other science has been even partially recognized. Now a division is made into theoretical and practical agriculture, the former investigating the scientific principles on which the culti vation of the soil should be conducted, and the best methods of carrying them out; and the latter actually doing so in practice. The soil used for agricultural purposes is mainly derived from subjacent rocks, which cannot be properly understood without some knowledge of geology, while a study of the dip and strike of the rocks will also be of use in determining the most suitable directions for drains and places for wells. The composition of the branches outside this soil, manures, etc., requires for its determination agricultural chemistry. The weather cannot be properly understood without meteorology. The plants cultivated, the weeds requiring extirpation, the fungus growths which often do extensive and mysterious damage, fall under the province of botany; the domestic animals, and the wild mammals, birds and insects which prey on the produce of the field, under that of zoology. The complex machines and even the simplest implements are constructed upon principles revealed by natural philosophy; farm buildings cannot be properly erly planned or constructed without a knowledge of architecture. Rents can be understood only by the student of political economy. Finally, farm laborers cannot be governed or rendered loyal and trustworthy unless their superior knows the human heart, and acts on the Christian principle of doing to those under him as he would wish them, if his or their relative positions were reversed, to do to him. Notwithstanding the enormous expansion of the manufacturing industries in the 19th century, agriculture is still the greatest of the occupations of man. Historical and General Aspects. In all countries and ages, history records no instance of any civilization attained without noteworthy progress in agriculture. The relationship of agriculture to population expansion is one of the vital questions for economists. It appears that, in times so remote that their antiquity is only conjecturable, an excellent system of agriculture supported, in the valleys of the Nile and Euphrates, populations at least as dense as any existing to-day. The same agricultural perfection, attended by much the same exceptional conditions of the population which distinguished the oldest civilizations of the world, is still conspicuously characteristic of such Oriental countries as retain any national vitality, especially India, China, and Japan. For instance, Japan contains more inhabitants than the United Kingdom, and supports them without taking any food products from abroad (actually, (actually indeed, exporting considerable quantities of rice), whereas England imports foodstuffs to the value of hundreds of millions of dollars. In the Middle Ages, agriculture was almost wholly disregarded throughout Europe, and, consequently, civilization was generally at a low ebb. On the other hand, the era of the Saracens in Spain is memorable for civilization, and parsicularly for its admirable agriculture. Without exception, all the European nations that enjoy eminence to-day possess carefully developed agricultural systems, while in Spain, the one noticeably backward country, agriculture languishes. It is proverbial that the wealth of France is not in her luxurious capital, but in her provincial acres. Belgium and Holland, the richest regions of Europe in proportion to area, with populations correspondingly dense, owe their pre-eminence to the elaborate cultivation. The collapse of the Mohammedan power finds one of its chief explanations in the indolence of the Turk and his neglect of the soil. The first mention of agriculture is found in the writings of Moses. From them we learn that Cain was a "tiller of the ground;" that Abel sacrificed the "firstlings of his flock;" and that Noah "began to be a husbandman and planted a vineyard." The Chinese, Japanese, Chaldeans, Egyptians, and Phoenicians appear to have held husbandry in high estimation. The Egyptians were so sensible of its blessings that they ascribed its invention to superhuman agency, and even carried their gratitude to such an excess as to worship the ox, for his services as a laborer. The Carthaginians carried the art of agriculture to a higher degree than other nations, their contemporaries. Mago, one of their most famous generals, wrote no less than 28 books on agricultural topics, which, according to Columella, were translated into Latin by an express decree of the Roman Senate. Hesiod, the Greek writer, supposed to be contemporary with Homer, wrote a poem on agriculture, entitled "Weeks and Days," which was so denominated because husbandry requires an exact observance of times and seasons. Other Greek writers wrote on rural economy, and Xenophon, among the number, but their works have been lost in the lapse of ages. Columella, who flourished in the reign of the Emperor Claudius, wrote 12 books on husbandry, which constituted a complete treatise on rural affairs. Pliny ascribes the invention of manures to the Greek King Augeas, and Theophrastus not only mentions six kinds of manures, but declares that a mixture of soils produces the same effects as manures. Cato, the Roman censor, equally celebrated as a statesman, orator, and general, derived his highest and most durable honors from having written a voluminous work on agriculture. In the "Georgics" of Vergil, the majesty of verse and the harmony of numbers add dignity and grace to the most useful of all topics. Varro, Pliny, and Palladius were likewise among the distinguished Romans who wrote on agricultural subjects. It is interesting to note here that irrigation had an influential advocate as long ago as the time of Vergil, who in his "Georgics" advises husbandmen to "bring down the waters of a river upon the sown corn, and, when the field is parched and the plants drying, convey it from the brow of a hill in channels." To the credit of the Romans let it be remembered that, unlike many conquerors, instead of desolating they improved the countries which they subdued, and first of all in agriculture. Recent Progress. From the details of primitive agricultural methods given in ancient writings and represented in monumental inscriptions, it is evident that not till the 19th century had anything very material been done toward the creation of a distinctive agricultural science. The original arts of husbandry, practiced ages ago, have simply been adapted, with little improvement till very lately, to modify conditions. Most of the mechanical appliances to which our ancestors were restricted-the plow, roller, hoe, sickle are found pictured in the Egyptian inscriptions and paintings. It is also known that the Egyptians were familiar with the advantages of rotation in crops, and that they were exceedingly intelligent and systematic in the administration of estates and the regulation of all rural concerns. Within the last hundred years, however, the foundations of an entirely new agriculture have been securely laid. The two active agencies in this change have been chemical science and invention. Chemical science, as applied to agriculture, is based on very simple elements. The arable surface soil becomes exhausted if grain is sown upon it in successive years, this exhaustion being occasioned by the removal of the mineral substances necessary to the life of the grain. By the system of rotation, a cereal followed by a so - called green roots of which penetrate deep subsoil and extract from it a of the needful minerals; thus of the surface soil is renewed produces an abundant grain The fundamentals of the economy are to secure ductiveness on the agricultural a whole, by a comprehensive of a great variety of fertilizers studying the needs of the soil to them the particular adapted to their nature. The tions of experimental chemistry directions have been so agricultural science has of the leading subjects of vestigation, receiving the actual agement of all civilized The energetic spirit stimulated latest teachings of chemical reflected constant advance in departments of scientific agriculture as drainage, irrigation, the of breeds and plants, meteorology Agricultural Interests and ment. The growth of the evolution of enlightened administration have uniformly in hand. The great distinguishing acteristic of the Dark Ages was the crushing oppression of population. The lifting of the burdens resting on the agricultural has in all countries marked the of the era of enlarged civil of diffused intelligence. The progress of the United States all the result of the rapid lands by its own native citizens industrious immigrants from From the earliest period the ernment, having enormous occupied lands at its disposal an extremely liberal policy to settlement. Thus, in a brief section of the country was the foundations of a great were laid. With the vigorous enterprise and thrift after the and the steady advance of the epoch of abundant, fertile tainable for a nominal price to its close; and the intense witnessed at the opening of Territory was a demonstration practical termination of the tlement. In a new country, which has been accessible to all ers have not been prompt to attention to the strictly scientific of agriculture, yet the manifested appreciation of the the age and the needs of the crop is its generous provisions for the founding crop, the of agricultural colleges, and by its adinto the mirable system of agricultural experifresh supply ment stations. The latter, like the agrithe vigor cultural colleges, are modeled upon the and it again technical institutions originated in Europe crop. for scientific investigation concerning all the branches of agriculture. The Federal new rural Government makes an annual grant for maximum proexperiment station purposes to each State lands, as and Territory in which an agricultural utilization college is in operation, and some of the , and, by States also contribute to the support of , to apply the stations. The Department of Agriculfertilizers best ture of the National Government is exceldemonstralently equipped for the promotion of agriin these cultural interests in both practical and effective that experimental aspects. Its Weather Bubecome one reau, Bureau of Animal Industries, and practical invarious divisions, are constantly performencouring work of much value, and a great varigovernments. ety of useful information is systematiby the cally disseminated. science has all other The following tables give the acre- , such improvement age, value, and production ( 000 omitted) , etc. of the principal agricultural crops in the Govern- 1919: agriculture and BARLEY governmental Total gone hand Acreage Production farm value State charin Europe Bushels Dollars Acres Maine... the rural 168 286 6 New Hampshire. arbitrary 47 25 1 14 630 Vermont. 420 class New York... 2,486 3,381 113 beginning Pennsylvania .... 502 16 392 liberty and Maryland. Virginia. marvelous 244 198 6 15 375. 488 is above Ohio .... 3,150 3,938 125 Indiana. absorption of 1,687 1,430 55 5,724 6,926 Illinois.. and by 212 Europe. Michigan... 5,320 280 6,278 Federal Gov- Wisconsin.. 512 13,568 16,417 910 18,200 Minnesota 21,112 tracts of un- 315 8,996 8,032 Iowa.. , pursued Missouri. 11 429 330 encourage time, every North Dakota... 1,300 14,950 16,146 875 South Dakota. 19,250 22,138 peopled and Nebraska... 5,577 5,577 217 commonwealth Kansas.. 600 16,200 16,200 revival of Kentucky. 157 100 4 Civil War, 176 317 Tennessee. 8 immigration, 875 25 980 Texas... lands ob- Oklahoma.... 50 1,500 1,830 90 540 756 was brought Montana. 525 919 35 rivalry Wyoming. Oklahoma Colorado.. 4,680 3,900 200 680 of the New Mexico. 748 20 1,102 1,543 Arizona. 29 era of set- 1,015 720 Utah. 24 the soil of Nevada.. 630 420 12 , the farm- 4,704 120 3,360 Idaho.. turn their 4,140 5,589 Washington..... 138 aspects 2,829 1,886 pects Oregon.. 82 government has California... 30,000 42,300 1,000 spirit of 7,420 165,719 200,419 United States.. future by Acreage Production State Acres Bushels Maine. 1,100 20 New Hampshire. 1,050 21 Vermont. 2,120 40 Massachusetts.. 44 2,640 Rhode Island.... 495 11 3,300 Connecticut..... 55 35,260 820 New York... 10,800 New Jersey.. 270 Pennsylvania... 72,192 1,536 6,900 230 Delaware. 28,413 693 Maryland. 44,800 1,600 Virginia. 24,990 West Virginia... 735 55,100 2,900 North Carolina.. 2,340 37,440 South Carolina.. 69,890 Georgia. 4,820 840 Florida. 12,600 3,700 Ohio... 162,800 4,750 175,750 Iniana. 8,600 301,000 Illinois. 1,650 64,350 Michigan. 1,820 85,540 Wisconsin 2,950 118,000 Minnesota 10,000 416,000 Iowa... 5,756 155,412 Missouri. North Dakota... 508 16,764 3,200 91,200 South Dakota. 7,030 184,186 Nebraska. 4,475 69,362 Kansas.. 3,300 82,500 Kentucky. 3,250 74,750 Tennessee. 4,334 62,843 Alabama. 59,700 3,980 Mississippi. 1,850 32,375 Louisiana. 6,760 202,800 Texas. 3,100 74,400 Oklahoma. 2,707 Arkansas. 48,726 Montana.. 128 1,728 Wyoming. 48 768 Colorado. 11,206 671 New Mexico..... 7,200 240 1,287 Arizona. 39 432 Utah.. 24 90 Nevada. 3 24 840 Idaho.. 1,620 45 Washington. 1,860 71 Oregon.. 2,871 87 California. United States. 102,075 2,917,450 FLAXSEED Acres Bushels Wisconsin... 63 6 320 2,880 Minnesota. 152 16 Iowa... Missouri. 48 5 North Dakota 3,800 760 South Dakota... 1,160 145 15 Nebraska. 3 Kansas.. 14 88 410 697 Montana. Wyoming. 16 4 Colorado. 1,683 8,919 United States.. Total Total Acreage Production State farm value farm value Dollars Acres Bushels Dollars 2,145 Maine.. 12 502 228 1,785 Vermont. 12 252 572 3,710 524 24,032 New York.. 11,178 4,541 New Jersey. 4,316 109 1,962 921 Pennsylvania. 1,664 29,055 62,758 5,940 Delaware. 145 3,706 1,740 58,532 Maryland.... 790 10,665 22,930 16,524 Virginia.. 28,018 1,060 12,508 106,122 West Virginia... 11,880 400 5,400 10,005 North Carolina.. 16,834 850 7,225 39,778 4,737 South Carolina. 1,836 204 75,712 Georgia... 240 2,520 6,628 40,984 Ohio.... 54,440 115,413 2,860 101,935 Indiana. 96,642 2,886 46,020 73,757 4,150 137,918 Illinois.. 65,675 111,824 Michigan.... 1,035 42,497 20,237 17,640 Wisconsin. 549 15,814 7,355 196,988 Minnesota 4,015 94,276 37,710 219,688 1,700 47,350 Iowa.. 23,675 391,300 Missouri. 4,296 57,886 120,982 88,803 North Dakota... 7,770 53,613 129,207 106,925 South Dakota.. 3,725 30,175 72,420 141,600 Nebraska. 4,384 60,675 122,564 499,200 Kansas.. 11,624 151,001 324,652 214,469 Kentucky. 1,046 12,029 25,381 23,470 Tennessee. 16,184 810 7,290 108,528 Alabama. 3,043 138 1,242 224,707 Mississippi. 504 1,260 36 97,107 1,900 Texas. 62,700 31,350 127,875 Oklahoma. 3,760 52,640 107,912 117,358 Arkansas. 6,525 340 3,230 99,920 Montana. 2,221 10,729 25,214 95,520 Wyoming. 284 8,497 4,008 48,562 Colorado.. 1,459 17,645 35,643 239,004 New Mexico..... 6,100 12,200 283 94,488 Arizona. 43 1,204 2,709 79,911 Utah.. 304 3,682 7,732 2,851 Nevada. 1,429 29 668 1,267 15,913 Idaho... 18,705 1,030 38,345 Washington.... 2,440 40,100 85,814 10,872 Oregon... 43,449 20,495 1,126 2,574 California....... 900 16,335 33,323 648 126 United States.. 73,243 940,987 2,024,008 1,386 2,997 COTTON 2,883 5,139 Dollars Acres Bales Virginia...... 3,934,234 22 3,850 42 North Carolina.. 1,568 875 154,000 South Carolina. 2,881 1,475 263,288 Georgia. 5,288 1,730 309,670 3,570 Florida... 117 17 Alabama. Dollars 2,621 124,410 715 Mississippi... 2,950 271 177,375 946 Louisiana. 1,532 52,500 12,816 300 10,346 638 Texas. 2,700 472,500 Arkansas. 215 151,060 2,563 830 16,758 49,915 4,930 Tennessee. 775 298 Missouri. 111 10,200 60 Oklahoma. 2,341 930 163,680 60 334 California. 3,067 167 21,930 102 116 Arizona. 19,125 75 56 Other. 1,250 11 7 .... United States.. 33,344 11,030 1,967,148 39,145 Total Acreage Production farm value State Bushels Acres Dollars Maine.... 5,746 5,286 New Hampshire.. 1,038 1,221 33 3,564 110 3,960 Vermont..... Massachusetts... 570 513 15 Rhode Island.... 65 68 2 Connecticut. 546 620 20 New York... 29,580 24,551 1,160 1,968 2,460 New Jersey.. 82 Pennsylvania. 1,189 29,487 36,859 115 104 Delaware. 5 Maryland..…………… 1,492 1,820 65 5,280 5,280 Virginia... 240 West Virginia.. 4,750 4,322 190 North Carolina. 3,767 3,993 322 South Carolina.. 12,903 510 11,730 10,800 Georgia..... 12,420 540 1,140 Florida. 1,368 60 Ohio... 51,858 37,338 1,548 41,555 Indiana. 1,825 60,225 4,102 123,060 86,142 Illinois. 1,475 Michigan. 36,875 26,181 Wisconsin.. 54,686 2,339 78,123 90,160 Minnesota. 57,702 3,220 5,670 125,556 196,182 Iowa.. 1,417 27,164 Missouri. 38,259 North Dakota... 38,400 25,728 2,400 53,650 South Dakota. 33,800 1,850 45,475 69,962 Nebraska. 2,133 1,574 44,229 32,287 Kansas.. 440 9,900 9,009 Kentucky... 9,200 8,556 400 Tennessee... 7,031 6,696 Alabama.. 372 5,446 5,282 Mississippi. 278 1,650 1,650 Louisiana. 75 94,500 60,480 2,250 Texas. 34,650 49,500 1,500 Oklahoma... 9,240 8,131 420 Arkansas. 6,120 6,569 612 Montana.. 5,670 6,350 Wyoming. 315 6,524 5,872 Colorado.. 249 2,340 New Mexico.... 2,223 65 533 533 13 Arizona. 2,448 2,399 Utah... 72 384 384 Nevada.. 12 7,546 7,700 Idaho.. 220 11,904 Washington. 12,800 320 11,104 10,216 347 Oregon.... California... 5,040 5,250 175 42,400 1,248,310 895,603 United States. POTATOES Bushels Dollars Acres 24,480 102 34,272 Maine. New Hampshire. 4,200 2,400 20 3,125 4,906 Vermont. 25 5,643 2,970 Massachusetts.. 33 Rhode Island.... 425 765 5 Connecticut..... 1,680 3,276 24 39,567 57,372 New York.. 363 10,560 110 17,846 New Jersey.. 25,400 39,116 Pennsylvania. 254 913 1,141 Delaware. 11 55 5,170 6,721 Maryland... 11,495 18,047 121 Virginia. 8,978 West Virginia.. 57 5,130 POTATOES-Continued Total Acreage Production farm value State Dollars Bushels Acres North Carolina.. 4,930 8,036 4,590 South Carolina. 2,295 27 Georgia.... 3,494 1,610 23 3,830 Florida. 1,824 24 Ohio... 17,856 9,300 150 8,580 Indiana. 4,400 100 15,798 Illinois. 8,060 155 Michigan.. 38,729 28,688 326 39,480 Wisconsin. 28,200 300 39,933 Minnesota. 26,100 300 4,945 9,494 115 Iowa.... Missouri... 15,180 8,250 110 North Dakota... 9,072 5,670 9.0 South Dakota. 4,500 8,550 90 Nebraska... 12,018 115 6,325 9,819 5,168 Kansas.. 68 10,584 Kentucky.. 5,040 72 5,366 3,120 Tennessee. 48 7,568 Alabama.. 44 3,520 Mississippi 2,830 1,530 18 Louisiana. 3,520 1,600 25 7,972 Texas. 3,796 52 Oklahoma. 7,216 44 3,520 Arkansas. 6,808 41 3,321 4,512 Montana. 47 2,820 Wyoming. 5,016 2,640 33 Colorado... 18,768 11,040 92 New Mexico. 940 495 11 Arizona. 350 682 5 Utah 3,284 2,397 17 Nevada. 1,350 900 6 Idaho.. 8,154 5,400 36 Washington. 10,512 7,250 58 6,345 Oregon 45 4,230 California... 19,412 11,352 88 4,013 357,901 577,581 United States. BUCKWHEAT Dollars Bushels Acres Maine.... 714 408 17 New Hampshire. 52 81 2 Vermont... 225 382 9 Massachusetts... 70 44 2 Connecticut. 200 100 5 5,126 7,433 New York.... 233 198 297 New Jersey 11 Pennsylvania. 5,530 256 7,742 173 Delaware. 108 6 Maryland. 14 499 322 Virginia... 475 736 25 1,499 West Virginia... 42 882 North Carolina.. 293 11 209 Ohio... 963 26 621 Indiana 14 346 231 Illinois.. 130 4 72 Michigan. 907 662 48 Wisconsin 502 753 31 Minnesota... 312 240 15 166 Iowa.... 98 7615 Missouri. 90 166 Nebraska. 16 29 135 90 Tennessee. 16,301 United States.. 24,026 790 Total State Acreage Production farm value State Acres Bushels Dollars Vermont. Iowa... 26 17 1 Missouri. Massachusetts. 201 5 115 Connecticut... 440 11 220 North Dakota New York. 2,898 1,932 120 South Dakota 2,074 New Jersey..... 1,296 81 Nebraska. Kansas.. Pennsylvania... 3,648 5,727 228 Kentucky. Delaware... 42 26 2 Maryland....... 685 420 30 Tennessee... Virginia.. 1,408 828 72 West Virginia... Alabama. 260 429 20 Mississippi. Louisiana. North Carolina.. 1,701 810 90 South Carolina. 502 Texas.. 170 17 Georgia. 800 294 33 Oklahoma 2,735 Ohio.. 115 1,886 7,448 Arkansas.... 5,320 Indiana. 380 Montana. 5,362 Wyoming. 4,125 Illinois.. 25 Colorado. Michigan... 17,280 13,500 900 Wisconsin 11,032 8,295 525 10,179 New Mexico 7,830 Minnesota. 522 1,469 Arizona.. Iowa...... 1,113 70 Utah... 1,080 Nevada. Missouri. 720 60 18,828 North Dakota. 15,560 1,945 8,125 Idaho.... South Dakota. 500. 6,500 7,648 Washington Nebraska.. 408 6,650 3,553 Oregon.. Kansas... 2,520 200 California. Kentucky. 1,302 744 62 558 United Tennessee. 279 31 Alabama. 99 4 38 Texas. 199 119 7 TOBACCO Oklahoma. 525 25 350 Arkansas...... 56 28 3 503 Montana. 68 272 District 454 Wyoming. 252 28 1,635 Colorado. 143 1,258 Utah... 252 126 18 New England Idaho. 135 236 9 New York. Washington 444 20 240 Pennsylvania 1,106 Oregon.. 582 60 Ohio - Miami ley... United States. 7,063 88,478 119,041 Wisconsin... Georgia and HAY (TAME) ida. Dollars Acres Tons Total cigar 1,456 27,227 1,120 Maine. New Hampshire. 16,200 675 450 II. CHEWING 29,266 1,456 Vermont. 910 17,712 Massachusetts.. 410 656 2,752 Rhode Island.... 57 86 Burley... Paducah... 16,429 Connecticut.... 544 340 Henderson 134,870 4,386 6,579 New York... One-sucker. 14,201 488 New Jersey. 325 Clarksville 4,318 103,632 Pennsylvania... 2,978 Hopkinsville 2,730 105 Delaware... 82 Virginia cured. 15,120 Maryland. 450 630 Virginia dark 39,105 1,650 Virginia.. 1,100 Old Bright. 31,104 1,215 West Virginia... 810 New Bright 25,168 1,040 North Carolina.. 800 Maryland 11,098 South Carolina.. 358 275 eastern Ohio 15,509 port. Georgia. 613 557 Louisiana 3,243 141 Florida 113 86,611 3,973 Ohio. 2,879 Total 66,528 3,080 Indiana. 2,200 smoking, 3,250 4,810 102,934 Illinois. and export All other.. 74,412 Michigan...... 2,650 3,180 2,677 4,738 96,181 Wisconsin.... Total. 3,800 55,100 Minnesota.... 2,000 HAY (TAME) - Continued Total Acreage Production farm value Acres Dollars Tons 3,140 5,181 90,149 2,810 3,794 73,983 ... 605 908 12,803 1,558 21,033 890 1,769 60,186 4,299 4,507 1,832 71,211 1,115 39,649 1,561 1,280 48,384 1, 2 1,367 30,484 1,367 405 13,284 648 250 450 10,350 1,258 22,644 662 .... 1,540 23,254 700 550 15,785 770 19,021 752 827 605 19,619 853 1,065 2,396 44,326 ..... 235 11,757 646 169 676 13,520 453 20,542 938 10,310 225 526 650 35,750 1,625 . 1,906 43,838 794 854 1,452 27,733 2,352 4,257 73,220 States. 56,348 91,326 1,839,967 BY TYPES AND DISTRICTS I. CIGAR TYPES Total Acreage Production farm value Acres Pounds Dollars .... 35.0 54,400 25,187 3.7 3,483 784 .... 54,120 41.0 9,200 Val- 40,000 40.0 6,000 48.0 60,960 13,533 Flor- 5,890 3,210 6.2 types. 172.9 218,853 57,914 , SMOKING, SNUFF, AND EXPORT TYPES 313.0 262,920 146,609 137.8 110,240 26,458 ... 106.5 87,330 17,466 47,5 37,050 6,132 and .. 126.0 100,800 26,006 sun- 13.0 8,320 2,271 ... 70.0 47,600 14,280 395.0 201,450 114,020 ..... 463.0 277,800 118,065 and ex- 33.5 6,874 24,120 .4 Perique 174 113 chewing, snuff, types 1,705.7 1,157,804 478,294 22.6 6,339 12,801 1,901.2 1,389,458 542,547 ........ Total State Acreage Production farm value larged Cæsarea Bushels Dollars2 Acres 1 North Carolina.. South Carolina. 3,700 Georgia.. 1,200 29 80 Florida. 110 2,000 42 55 Apostle Paul made his memorable de- Missouri. 600 23 Alabama.. fense (Acts xxvi). 600 16 43 Mississippi 3,300 182 96 Louisiana. 560,000 19,712 53,420 Texas.. 19,594 6,998 218,000 Arkansas.. 158,000 14,789 6,162 7,881 142,000 21,042 California. United States.. 1,089,800 41,059 109,613 1 Figures in full (000 not omitted). 2 (000 omitted). Statistics of other products not inthe town takes its name. cluded in the tables above are as fol- 50,000. lows: peanuts, 1,251,400 acres, production 33,263,000 bushels, value $79,839,- 000; ; beans, 1,018,000 acres, production 11,488,000 bushels, value $49,181,000; ground, when acted sweet potatoes, 1,029,000 acres, production 103,579,000 bushels, value $138,085,- 000; hops, 23,900 acres, production 29, 29,- 346,000 pounds, value $22,656,000. The total value of thirteen crops in all the States in 1919 was $12,421,342,000. The total value of live stock on the farms of the original exciting cause. in 1920 amounted to $8,566,313,000.