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Alabama

Alabama names 3 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.

Alabama a State in the South Central Division of the North American Union

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

a State in the South Central Division of the North American Union; bounded by Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, and the Gulf of Mexico; gross area, 52,250 square miles; admitted into the Union, Dec. 14, 1819; seceded, Jan. 11, 1861; readmitted, June 25, 1868; number of counties, 67. Pop Pop.. ( 1900) 1,828,697; ( 1910) 2,138,093; (1920) 2,348,174. Capital, Montgomery. Topography. The surface is highest in the N. E., where the Blue Ridge range of the Appalachian mountains enters the State. South of this the surface is almost level, and consists of plains forming a gentle declivity toward the Gulf. The State comprises four distinctive belts: the cereal, mineral, cotton, and timber; the first covering 8 counties, the second 28, the third 17, and the fourth, the remainder. Among the valleys, those of the Tennessee, the Warrior, and the Coosa are the most important. The principal rivers are the Alabama, Tennessee, Mobile, Tombigbee, Black Warrior, and Chattahoochee. A number of others, rising in Alabama, have their outlets in Florida. Bays comprise the Grand, Bon Secours, Perdido, and Mobile, the last being one of the most important in the country. Geology. All of the formations of the Appalachian region are found in this State, which has three geological divisions: (1) the northern, showing showing subcarboniferous rock masses and coal measures; (2) the middle, metamorphic, and calcareous rocks, silurian sediments, and coal measures; and (3) the southern, drift beds over cretaceous and tertiary rocks. Mineralogy. The State has large wealth in its mineral resources, which include coal, iron, asbestos, asphalt, pottery and porcelain clays, marble, granite phosphates, natural gas, gold, silver, and copper. The most valuable of these at present are coal and iron. Alabama produces a large amount of coal and iron. The coal production, which is bituminous, was, in 1918, 21,280,000 short tons. The shipment of iron ore from the State in 1917 was 6,121,087 tons, valued at $15,- 334,561. The production for 1919 was valued at $21,280,000. In the production of iron Alabama ranks third, being suronly by Michigan and Minnesota. passed passed The State is also an important producer of cement, coke, and pig iron. The rapid development of its mineral resources in recent years has greatly increased the industrial importance of the State, as is indicated by the rapid growth of several cities, notably Birmingham. The total value of the mineral products of the State in 1917 was $65,371,469. Soil. In the S. part of the State the soil is a light alluvial and diluvial; in the central, the cotton belt, limestone and chalk lands predominate; and in the N. part, which contains the Tennessee valley ley,, are exceedingly rich mineral lands. Besides the agricultural, mineral, and grazing lands, there are large tracts of valuable yellow pine forests. Agriculture. The production and value of the principal crops in 1919 was as follows: Corn, 62,843,000 bushels, valued at $99,920,000; wheat, 1,242,000 bushels, valued at $3,043,000; oats, 6,- 696,000 bushels, valued at $7,031,000; tobacco, 1,890,000 pounds, valued at $567,000; rye, 38,000 bushels, valued at $99,000; rice, 16,000 bushels, valued at $43,000; potatoes, 3,520,000 bushels, valued at $7,568,000; sweet potatoes, 14,- 194,000 bushels, valued at $16,139,000; hay, 1,367,000 tons, valued at $30,484,- 000; cotton, 715,000 bales, valued at $124,410,000; peanuts, 6,840,000 bushels, valued at $14,911,000. Manufactures. In 1914 there were 3,242 manufacturing establishments, with an average of 78,717 wage earners. The capital invested was $227,505,000; value of materials, $107,412,000; and value of the finished product, $178,798,000. Banking. In 1919 there were 95 National banks in operation, having $10,- 825,000 in capital. There were also 261 State banks, with $10,877,000 in capital, $81,576,000 in deposits, and $101,700,000 deposits, in resources. The exchanges at the United States clearing-house at Birmingham aggregated $146,918,000 in the year ending Sept. 30, 1919. Education. Alabama, in common with other Southern States, has had great difficulty in developing its educational system. The common schools of the State are fairly well equipped, and nearly all counties are provided with high 88° 87° A B TN E Dart Kendell Pruitton Belew Lexington Threet Hines Arkdell Arthur Westmoreland Corinth Cloverdaleo Watertoo LAUDERDALE Anderson Strange Elkmont Wright Gravelly Sprs. Killen Whitehend Lolao Gipsy Riverton Rhodesville Oakland Center ONeal/Harves Eastep Center Stogerviller LIMESTONE Petter Poplarcreek Athens • Margerum Smithsonia Sheffield Step TennesS Harton Pride Tuscumbia Riness Lorence Inka Ripley Ripley Cherokee o O Quidnung ( Belle Rowland Allsboro Leighton o Town Creek Quid Booneville Mynot Springvalley Fore of Mountainhome Trinity Cleaver Hillsboro Rockcreek Hunter Courtlando Wheeler Deentur Mand Mouresville Denton Littleville Mehamu Albany Hatton tankfort Dailey Yocomo Beeson Concord Pitt Cedarlake Woodland Pleasant Sits Russellville Newburg LAWRENCE Ella Somervi Baldwin Fordton Moulton Belgreen Rockwood Waco Mount Landersville MORGA dauRANKLIN Hartsells Redbay Leesdals Oakviile Elope Durleson Spruce Line Kirby Grenada Leola Grenade Leola Danville Falkville Sang Shingleo Travis Phil Cole Ins Atwood Hodges Campbell Gunter Basham Gumpon pipe Clifty Gumpon Op Up Clifty pond Ple Pshunity Battleground ebble Cranajaville Taverno Morelando Mill Wiginton Fulton Dull Min.Dev Tracy Hackleburg Bear ones Chapel Oakshade n. Tupelo tas Chalk Blu Bexaro ARION Delmar Biler Double Sprs. Eagle Haleyville Amos, Shadix o O Addison esmith Cullman Carpo Hamilton Thornhill Northington P WINSTON Barnesville Pearces Mills Haleys, Natural Bridge Motes Arley Cranehill BON Helicon Logan Goldmine Trade Pikesille Brilliant Parcoal Malta Mellville Wheat Stouts nro Sheridan Lynn Falls City Okolona Detroit Twin Baccus 34 Ardello Guin Stricklin Nauvoo Marylee Vidkry Bremen Galloway Beaverton Winfieldo Texas. Aberdeen Jo. Hal S. Lowell Powellville Arkadelphia Crews Depot Carbon Sizemore Glen Allen Kansas Saragossa Gravleetono Mansfield Dublin Pocahontas Sulligent Pocahontas WALKER Screen Sloan Blowhorn Watch Drycfeeko Townlyo Rias Aberdeen 10 obBorecko Jasper Empire Warrior Bedford encer Losscreek NewDiver (Spencer McCully America o Cordova Tomtigbee Kimberly Hugent VETTE Corona Marietta o Drifton burg Rhineo Muldon Aritclavon Vernon Dora manParrish paith Bayre LAMAROovin Fayette (Lederler Cardin Brookside Adamsville Millport Newtonr: Bankston Kirkwood Hightogy Stocks LODOO Bel Hico Banks Berry Gurganus neowoonblic Pal Crough Kennedy West Point Fernbank New Lexington Ridge Kuykendall Wiley Redbud Melborne Loco Birmugramo 2 Columbus Tierceo • Oregonia, JEFFERSON Stafford • Ethelsville Lubbub McConnells Bantha Moores Bridge rump R. Dolomite Woodward Cohart Binjon Starkville Carlotto Brighton Artesia Delmaville Stansel Gordoo 〇 Reform Bessemero Fox Glenn Johns Adger Medalla I Mullenik Elber Masoud McShan Kellerman-Aubrey Rue Jolmano Humphrey Searles Abernunt Belle Sumter More Archer Bastico Byars Goethite Benford Carrollton Noland PoEled TUSCALOOSA Brookville o PICKENS Buh Northport Holts Brookwood Greeley Pickensville Dillburg University Cedarcore Cedarcore 8 • Hickory Hulsey o Tuscaloosa Cottondale Belle Vance Woodstock o elle Ellen Aldrie diney urnee Garden Fanelleo Coaling W. Blacktor rich Benevola Memphis Aliceville Jena Fosters Macon arnsey Pear Blocton Cochrane Bethan Mantua Boom Sylvan Phifer Duncanville Hargrove Piper Coleanor Hul Pearson Wilford Sikmile Brieffield Jett Vienna Prendant PreRidge Snoddy Ralph Griffin 33 Dang Data RoEoline BBB Ashby S Union Knoxv.werso Moundville Shuqualak GREENE Centerville Cypress Phipps Brento Panola W Greene Clinton ofStewart Sandy 'Warrio Vick Ro ( GeigerMt. 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Blalock DALLAS Hugo Safford Kings Landingo Berlin Yantley Pennington Kobjoin Naheola Myrtlewood Hugo Cromwell MARENGO Belknap Gastonburgo Alberta Rembert Tompkinsville Pushmataha Clematiso Octagon Enterprise Catherine Portland Lavaca Sweet Wata Miller. Magnolia Prairie Cyrll Ellis R. Pleasant Rider Lowello Stonewall Mobb Hintonwood Mt.Sterling Nanafalia- Shiloh Lamison Richmond Millers Fy Minter Fanninton Butler Wayne Arlington Annemanie Canton Bend Tilden Quitman CHOCTA Wutnam Dixons-Mills onimotough Wicholsville Claybill Ellison Furman Braggs 32 Camden Ackerville o ArnoldTeresita o Brightwater Ararat Pine WILCOX Snowhill Listman 30 Lusk Lou Mervin Bashi Akebo Woodbluff Glover by South Hill Melvin win o Glover Sunny South Capell Shawnee Allenton Tullino De Wimberley Cunningham Thomasville Hestle Nellie Neena Oakhill Cocoa Culpeppenwer Peach Fatama Caledonia Pine Blakeney Womackhi Shubuta Co Nettleboro Bello redenburg Emory Gilbertown Oestbendi En Alamed Tree o S Coffeevi Eustis Barrytowno Vredenburg Nadawah bo Fulton Landing Beatric Buena Vista Starlington Silas Branch ton Ismey Bladen Sprs. Beatrice Pineville Annex Stor Rescuevilattila Scyrene Chance River Ridge o Sovre Aquilla Franklin Forko Riley Crave COLAR Vaaht Manti anti Chapman Waynesboro Koentono Allen Suggsville o Finchburg Frankville Skinnert Harp Winno Whatley Mehaffeye Millry Bigbee Commerce MONROEP • Nealtor bugg Walker Spre o Gospor Healing Sprs. Finklea Sepulga Hixon Petermantoorjuu St.Stephens onroeville Monroe Diadem China Leroy Jackson Man 4 Mexia Rutan Prestwick Puryea Gregville o To Barlow Bend o rdue Hill Garsono Osierfield Evergreen Drewry Bermuda Doree Owassa Owassa Chatom Gainestowno Manistee 이 Chickasawhay S Rabb Wagar Rockville Excel WASHINGTON Nero Jones Mille ReptonCONECUHMt Yellow Pine Vondeo Avera O Cortelyoup Homewood Monday 0 Fruitdale Seaboard, Sunflower Choctaw Bluft Lenox Lee Sparta Mt. Pleasant Good way Range Marble McCreary Escatawpa O Hawthorn MeNet Carlton Little R. Hadien Lonnieo Castleberry Volinao Burbank Maintosh Blacksher Vinegar Bend Appleton Localo Ceylon Wallace Deer Park Sims Chapol Malcolm 0 Scranage Kirkland Teddyo Stendham.. Dwighto Fairfordo erdine Tensaw Sard Mortimer Lakesville Exalho Cedar Creek ESCAMBI A Bethea Calve Latham Lettie (Poarch Hammac Brewton Citronelle O Reiking f Robinsonville Ridgeway p Mt. Vernon Clare Rol Filmore Herrington Atmore A Nokomis Gulfcrest Lambert Perdido Stamis Capo Wawbeek 31 Pollard Stockton Dya Merrill Flomaton Pannie Chunchula Axiso RIBA R Carne Pascagaula Creola Oak Grove Bay Minette MOBILE Hurricane Perdida Wilmer Semmes Rushla Escambia • Whistlerd Bromley Stapleton Pierce Prichardo Orchard Brady Gates wood O Crichton Peadro Mobile BALDWIN Escatawpa Milton Belforest Rosinton Daphne R. Willard Theodore Mobile Montrose Montrose Robertsdale Volanta Silverhill St. Elmo McGowin Fairhope 5 Battles Wharf Seminole Bay Kiplingo Marlow Point Clear Barnwell Foley Grand Mon Louis Ocean Spre. Pensacola Bay Pensacola Lillian Bay Swift Magnolia Sprs. Delchamps Bayou Lab Perdido Beach Coden orlon Scranton Oak Josephine Bon Secours Mississippi Sound n LeGour GULF OF B Dauphin la F Gasque Palmetto Beach- B 880 Longitude 87 ° A 86° 85° C E D -E Chattanooga E E S S Sunset Bridgeport Plev Francisco Long Island Hazelgreen Newmatke, Estillfork Grays pe owso Bass Sta Bryant Ringgold Milan Blueridge Toney Redfield Hyo Olalee Rash Gladstone Deposit Larking Smilax Trenton Princeton Maxwell vensen Mooney Eliz R. Lawhon Meridianville Fabius Ligdon Jeff Chase Bell Factory Altoo Mudcreek Hymer G LO Kosh Eult Hollytree Kyleso Normal Ryland Facklerueca Dalton Huntsville Brownsboro renton Boxcove Parth JACKSON Houder Springplace Greenbrier Madhoney Mina Whitesbure Sandrock Ellijay Hollywood Julver Pisgah Sulphuresers Lafayette Lim Rock Larkinso ville CrScottsboro Pearidge, Battelle rossroads Merigold Swearencia Langston Valley Arlade Poplarride Lowe Paint Rock o Woodville Collum Bitch Henager Kaolin Triana Section Mentone Swancott Head arkaus Sylvania Bankhead cah 10 Mill Lacey Taylors New HopeGrain Hardin Lahur Oostanarula Calhoun 1 nsville Uptoro Columbus Gy Melton endere DEKAL B Spr Lamont Keel Chesterfield Summerville O NBean Rock Jasper Fyffeo Chavies Ft.Pay Stringer Florette Auston MARSH A / L Load Groveoak Hughes Jamestown Collbran Blanche South Fill Centergrove Guntersville Peter Jinko nion Roadway Sigsbee On Hurley Lacon Eva Rogers Portersville Loovo Fullerton Arab Minorville Loveless Congo Joppa o Cartersy wah Canton ance Painter Dawson Baileyton Diamond Bluepond Cedar D Albertville Collinsville Rome Bluft Farill St. Bernard Summit CULLMAN Brightstar MeLarty Round Mounta no Horton Boaz Pondo Brooksville ksville Mountainboro MOL CHEROKEE St Center Howells Crossroads Keener O Murrycross of Slackland Bomar Carlisleo Hanceville Blountsville Churro Johnson Cross Libertyo Gaboo Suead Sligoo Crudup Maplegrove Plano Run Rup Sta. Ricks co Coloma Clarence le Walnut Groje ETOW ob Cedartown Garden City Cleveland Altoona Attalla Alabama City Hokes-Bluff Pleasantgapo Pope 34 Marietta Contiacon Gadsdel Reaves O Rockmart BLOUNTNI Gator Spring Garden ecumseh Oneonto CuroSt Steele Lagardeo Cobb Collins Palestine Bangor Dallas Ladig Blount Sprs. Reads Piedmont Bordek Sprs. Whitney Inland o Merrellton dal Tredegar Adville uke Ashville dale Selfville Gonidale Austell Caldwell Springville Lock Taree Francis Wellington Lo-Grayton Buchanan Rem Dale St.Clair Spis Ragland Jacksonville S I R Morris OALHOUN Muscadine Tallapoosa ST CLAIR Alexandria Weaver Wymond Doulasgsville Fruithurst o ATLANTA Rinson Castle o Ago Blue Mountain Edwardsville Waco Odenville Ironcity Heflin Con Cy Anniston Watson Chattahoochee ico New Choccologeo Bell Mills Davis Bronchville Barside on Benum Hobson Coldwater Cooks Sprs. Be Hopewell Eastinke Crompton Eden Oline De Armanville Fairburn Oxford CLEBURNE Pello Seddon Merall Carrollton Irondale/Deeds Easonville o Orepwell Jenifer o Silverrun Abel Hightower Jonesboro 2 Plaeview Woodlawn Wolfcreek Munford D Me Elderry Talladegn shinbon Sh Delta Kaylor Graham Newell Fayetteville Vaudiver Renfroe Laman Olronaton 600 Cambridge Sterrett ge Sewell TALLADEGA, Dean Pyriton Hat ReveQuito Vincent o Newman Swago Wae Lanier Nottingham Flatrock Alpine Clairmount Springs Linevill Linoville Wedowee drep Coalville Harpersville Lineville Tolbut Corbin Omaha ◎ Franklin G Hom Helena Calvary Creswell Sta Rendalia Wilson Childersburg Sycamore Almond Quenelda Ashland BRANDOLPH Vaughn ford Pelhain Tenant Cornhouse SHELBY ville Leroad Pittman Levon Peary Hoanoka Rack Mills Savina Muria aw Oldfield ehadkee Millervilleo Columbiana Wynette Sylachuga Fayetteville O Longview Mavlene Mellow Valley O Gantts Quarry Shelby Spis O Goldville W Lime Zebulon Wadley Viola Thurman Talladega Sprs. o Warm Sprs Montevallo Shelby Wel hoobranding Rock Truetto Hollins Batson Yates O Calera Billitown. Strou Daviston Wilton Greenville Marble Valley Clodd Ocampo Doun Woodbine Good Water Codso 。 bin Hanover Fosheetonite Denver Bosworth Fivepoints Lagrange 33 Weogufkao Woodbury Thelma Kellytono Fredonia Hilyer 0 Jemison Harris Marcoot, Buffalo Bull Crew Alexander Quinsey Dudleyville CHAMBERS COOSA Thorsby City Hishop acksore Gap Rizico Rockford o osikes Lanett Randolph Lomax Dollar Dadeville Lafayette lar Salter Lauderdale Clanton Travellers BestNixburg R Boyde Tank Langda Camp Ozella Hill Hill Sturkle Cusseta CHILTON Rushton Schley Equality River View Welona Equality Muplesville Cooper Verben Hamilton Robinsons obinsons Fy. Oakbowery Glass99 Mary Sykes Mills Tallapoosa Pletcher Mountain Cr. itus Byck Kowaliga Irm Thornton Waverly.o Gold Hill Blanton Talbotton Loachapoka Auburn Opelika Bazzate Wadsworth Marbury Roxana Riddle Centralo Jordan Obed Eclectic Deatsville Dexter in Hillside Hindi Haynes Video Hoar Devi MORE E Panstone Panstor Paschal Chewacla Salem Motts Mill Spur Kingston Speigner Claud Carrville Notasulga. CAUTAUGA Elmore Wetumpka Smiths Sta o Tullassee E. Tallassee Independence Robinson Spra 3 skegee Institute Phoenix Columbus Coosada Gabbett 15 Mulberry Booth Grandview Duo Tuskegee Marvyn Marvyn Girard P Milstead Ware Prattville Autaugaville ugaville Uhland Brickyard sonville Shorter MaACON Kolmia MONTGOMERY • Wauge Chesson hill Uchee Heard Mitcheno Hard Warriorstand Borom Hatchechubbee Mt. Meigs, با Ft Mitchell Cusseta St.Clair O Pike Scotia R Jupiter tehall OBL Buenavista Myrtie O Roba Hannon mstrong Lowndesboro O Barachias Ceci O Bentor Gordons MONTGOMERY Hertsboro Hayneville Morganville Mathews RUSSELL Hope Hull Showdoun M Fitzpatrick Thompson Heronthomuspension Guerryton Rutherford Collirene OkPittsview Hooks Sprague Legrand Union Springs Peachburg Coleridge Glenville Cottonton D HillLOWNDES Flata Ada Orme Richland BULLOCKaw Vaughn 10 Jernigan Farmersville Devenport Mt. Carmele Sellers High Ridge Bughall Threenotch Oakwood Letohatchee Cowikee Fostoria Jame Preston Comer Hawkinsville Lumpkin Ramer Macedonia Calhoun • Palmyr Ft. Deposit Inverness Pinegrove 32 Riv. Pine Lev Howe Batesville Grady Omega o Mt. Andrew "Highland Home Lapine Curry Saco Clayton Eufaula Perote Sybilerey Linwood Shady Grove o Searcy Forest Manningham Home Georgetown Honora Bradleyton Ansley Herring Whiteoak Spra. Green ville ville Petrey Shellhorn Josie FREN'S HA Gainoo Cottonmill Troy Banke Patsalig Saucer BARBOUR Youngblood Dawson dersprings Roddock Spra. kleville Oateston o Belcher Pateburg PIKE Pronto Louisville B O BUTLER Rutlede Pateburg Armor Brundidge Cuthbert ✓Alston Bakerhill Clio Glasgow Goshen Virdie Bolling Luverne Pigeon Elamville Hilliardsville Henderson Pigeon awhatchee Tenmile Shorterville Fort Gaines Blue Sprs Georgiana Glenwood Countyline Johnson Avant Chattahoochees Grace Jacksontown Newtopia Clopton Shell o Veracruz Dozier cul Bullock Rodney Java Oaky Streak Theba Bu Brantley O Dunham Ariton Abbeville Morgan Garland McKenzie Norwood Capps 4 Victoria Adair New Brookton Shreve HENRY Ozark Herber Red Level Gem Brooks th Hawridge Searight! O Clintonville DALE Newville Arlington Haleburg o Richburg Gantt . Union Newton Midland o Headland COFFEE Douglas Blakely Heath Sanford Melroseo City Loango River Falls Poley Pinckardo Damascuso ن Andalusia Babbie Opp Ing. Ladie Enterprise pale Grimes Webb Daleville Columbia Brooklyn Leverett. Feng COVINGTONPK Chancellor Dothan Cowarts Zeru Huggins Greenbay Colquitt o Ashford Taylor Pausey • Bellwood Coffee Sprs.o Gordon Iola Lowery Mason Rome Pera GENEVA Slocomb HOUSTON Pera Sellersville hord Libertyhill Dixie Harper Grafton R Bondeo 1020 Cottonwood o Herudon Crosby Ganer Geneva glack Roberts C Bradier Palog Lockhart Florala Granger Lucy Hichnote 31 Vaughanville Zoe Graceville Bainbridge ALABAMA Flint F Marianna Chipley SCALE OF STATUTE MILES River Jo. 40 60 70 20 50 30 10 0 SCALE OF KILOMETERS Quincy 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 0 5 Blountstown Railroads County Towns Bristol Ocklockonee R Apalachicola Choctawhatchee Bay 7 MEXICO 86° Greenwich D 850 E West from C schools. The percentage of illiteracy is high, but is steadily decreasing. The large percentage of negro population accounts in a large measure for the low average of literacy. The school population is about 750,000. The total enrollment in the schools is about 450,000. There are about 8,000 teachers in schools for white children and about 3,000 in of 6-feet draft. schools for colored children. The principal universities and colleges are the University of Alabama (opened 1831; in Etowah co. non non - - sectarian); the Tuskegee Normal and and sectarians the uses Normand Southern, ; ham Southern College, Woman's College railroads. of Alabama, Spring Hill College, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Howard College, portant St. Bernard College, Judson College, found in Athens Female College. Churches. The strongest denomina- cotton mill tions numerically in the State are the Baptist; Methodist Episcopal, South; Roman Catholic; Methodist Episcopal; and the Protestant Episcopal. Railroads. The total railway mileage in the State in 1919 was 5,420. During the year there were built about 12 miles of main track. Recent developments in the coal, iron, and manufacturing industries have greatly stimulated railroad construction and extension. State Government. The governor is elected for a term of four years. Legislative sessions are held biennially and are limited to 50 days each. The Legislature has 35 members in the Senate and 106 in the House, each of whom receives $4 per day and mileage. There are 10 representatives in Congress. In politics, the State is strongly Democratic. claims at issue. History. Alabama was first settled by Bienville, in 1702. The region N. of 31°, which belonged to France, was ceded to Great Britain in 1763, transferred to the United States in 1783, and attached to South Carolina and Georgia till 1802, when it was organized as the Mississippi 31° which Territory. The region S. of 31°, belonged to Spain, was seized and joined to Mississippi Territory in 1812, and LL. D. with Florida was purchased from Spain in 1819. The great Creek Indian war of 1813-1814 was waged within the present limits of the State. After Alabama was admitted to the Union, it became one of the strongest slave-holding States in the Union. It was one of the first of the Southern States to favor secession, and Montgomery, its capital, became the first capital of the Southern Confederacy. During the Civil War its soil and waters were the scenes of memorable conflicts, especially the Federal naval operations against MOBILE (q. v.). Since the war, the State has had an era of uniform prosperity.

Alabama one of the Gulf States

Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)

one of the Gulf States. It is bounded landward by Mississippi, Tennessee, Georgia, and Florida. A western extension of Florida occupies three-fourths of Alabama's natural seacoast. The general shape of the state is oblong with an extreme length of 336 miles. Greatest width, 200 miles. Area, 52,250 square miles. The Tennessee River flows across the northern part of Alabama, and is a part of the drainage system of the Mississippi River. With this exception the waters of Alabama flow directly into the Gulf. The system of naming rivers, inherited from the Indians, is peculiar and a little confusing. Instead of one name for the main stream throughout its course we find, for instance, that the Etowa and the Oostenaula from the Coosa; the Coosa and the Tallapoosa-the names once mastered are quite musical-form the Alabama; the Alabama and the Tombigbee form the Mobile, forty-five miles long. The state has fine waterways. Steamboats ascend the Alabama and its largest tributary to a distance of 800 miles. The Tombigbee River is navigable for 500 miles. CLIMATE. The highest point in the state is 2,407 feet above Gulf level. The healthfulness of the climate increases with the altitude. The upland towns are acquiring no little reputation as winter resorts for northern invalids. Temperature varies with season and elevation. The limits of winter temperature are placed at 18 degrees and 82 degrees Fahrenheit. In summer the thermometer ranges from 60 degrees to 105 degrees. AGRICULTURE. The surface may be divided roughly into four agricultural belts of unequal and varying width, crossing the state from east to west. The most northerly, a region of cereals and fruits, follows the sweep of the Tennessee. It is a country of red clay and heavy timber-oak, poplar, chestnut, hickory, and elm. Oats, corn, whet, clover, and timothy thrive. Fruits, both orchard and small fruits, including apples, pears, and especially peaches, do well. This is the nursery section of the state. Between 200 and 300 cars of nursery stock, including nearly 2,000,000 young apple trees, and large shipments of roses and other ornamental shrubs, are sent out each year from Huntsville. MINERALS. South of this come mountainous foothills, the rough and rolling piedmont, the mineral region of the state. The red clay soil of the river valleys and creek bottom is fertile, and produces excellent fruit and field crops. This belt is characterized, however, by vast deposits of coal and iron ore and magnesian limestone; these three essentials for the production of iron lie so conveniently together that Birmingham, the center of the industry, is said to be able to produce iron ware more cheaply than any other manufacturing city in the world. Natural gas, clays valuable for porcelain, tiling, and crucibles; and quarries of emery, graphite, lithographic stone, sandstone, marble, slate, and ocher add to the wealth of this region. THE BLACK BELT. South of the mineral region comes a belt of prairie with dark soil, part of the "black belt" of the South, noted for cotton. The mineral section gives Alabama about the third place in the Union in the production of coke, coal, and iron. The cotton of the black belt, the chief farm crop of the state, gives Alabama the fourth place in the production of cotton. Over a million bales are produced annually. THE GULF SECTION. The Gulf section of the state has a sandy, light soil, and is covered with a natural forest of magnolias, long-leafed yellow pine, loblolly, canebrake, and saw-palmetto, affording the usual yield of pitch, tar, lumber, and resin. The low lands are well adapted to rice growing. The sandy loam of this section is remarkably well suited to the needs of the market gardener. Mobile, the metropolis of the state, and the commercial center of the district, reports an annual shipment to Northern cities of several hundred cars of early fruits and vegetables, including cabbages, peas, string beans, potatoes, radishes, and strawberries. Figs, grapes, and persimmons do well, the Gulf coast being less than seven degrees from the tropics. The wilder bayou and forest regions still shelter the alligator, terrapin, partridge, quail, turkey, bear, fox, deer, and wolf. The southern woods abound in birds of brilliant plumage. Many summer birds of the North, as the robin, snipe, and hawk, winter in Alabama. The waters are well stocked with fish. HISTORY. The first white people to visit the state were doubtless the Spaniards under De Soto. They found a courageous Indian tribe well settled in permanent villages. The house of one chief is said to have been one hundred and twenty feet in length, and a temple or council house on the Savannah was as large. Mobile was fortified by the French in 1702 and was occupied by a settlement in 1711. It was the capital of Louisiana for fifteen years. When the country came into the possession of the United States , Alabama was regarded as a part of Georgia and then as a part of newly organized territory of Mississippi. In 1813 General Jackson punished the Creek Indians severely in the Horse Shoe Bend of the Tallapoosa. In 1817 Alabama was organized as a territory, and was admitted to the Union with its present boundaries. In 1847 the capital was permanently located at Montgomery. The state officers are elected for a term of four years and are not eligible for reelection nor may the governor accept a state or national office until a year after his term expires. The legislature meets every fourth year for a session limited to fifty days. POPULATION. According to the latest figures Birmingham and Mobile have about 45,000 inhabitants each. Montgomery has over 40,000. In 1900 the population of the state was found to be 1,828,-967, of which the colored population was 827,545, or nearly one-half. The population in 1909 was estimated at 2,080,937. TRANSPORTATION. There are nearly six thousand miles of railway in the state. Birmingham is the chief railway center. Mobile is the center of steamboat lines plying on 1,500 miles of riverways, and extending along the coast as far as New Orleans . The rivers of the state are never frozen. The manufactures of the state, chiefly iron goods, timber products, cotton cloth, cottonseed products, coke, gristmill products, and leather, are now in excess of $100,000,000 a year. EDUCATION. With rapidly increasing wealth and material prosperity, Alabama is beginning to place its public school system on a more liberal basis. Only three states surpass it in illiteracy. In 1900 there were 31,614 white and 107,997 colored voters who were unable to read and write. A state university at Tuscaloosa, a polytechnic college at Auburn, 9 agricultural schools, 48 high schools, and 7,000 rural schools are supplemented by 18 denominational or private colleges, a number of normal schools, or seminaries, and over 60 private academies. White children and colored are taught in separate schools. One of the most celebrated schools for colored people is the Tuskegee Institute, an industrial school under the presidency of Booker T. Washington. STATISTICS. The following statistics are the latest to be had from trustworthy sources: Land area, square miles 51,540 Population 2,080,937 Birmingham 46,000 Mobile 43,000 Montgomery 41,000 Selma 12,000 Anniston 11,000 Number of counties 67 Members of state senate 35 Members of house of representatives 106 Salary of governor $5,000 Representatives in Congress 9 Presidential electors 11 Assessed valuation of property $450,699,653 Bonded indebtedness $9,057,000 State revenue $5,000,000 Crop Statistics- Acres under plow 8,654,991 Acres of cotton 3,439,000 Cotton, value of (1907) $61,000,000 Cotton, pounds 532,000,000 Corn, bushels (1908) 44,835,000 Wheat, bushels 1,092,000 Oats, bushels 4,230,000 Rice, bushels 63,000 Tobacco, pounds 283,500 Domestic Animals- Horses 160,000 Mules 234,000 Milk cows 283,000 Other cattle 539,000 Sheep 188,000 Swine 1,251,000 Manufacturing establishments 1,182 Capital invested $105,000,000 Operatives 62,173 Wages $21,878,451 Raw material $60,000,000 Manufactured goods, output $109,000,000 Cotton goods, output $16,760,000 Steel and iron output $24,687,000 Lumber products $15,940,000 Coal mined, tons 14,250,000 Iron ore mined, tons 4,039,000 Pig iron output $30,100,000 Clay products $1,754,000 Quarry products $828,000 Miles of railway 5,801 Teachers in public schools 7,405 Pupils enrolled 386,478 Percentage of male teachers 36 Average monthly salary of men teachers $44.65 Average monthly salary of women teachers $38.49 Average annual expenditure per pupil $10.52 See Mobile ; Cotton ; Iron ; Negro ; De Soto ; Creeks ; Tuskegee

Alabama a river in the State of Alabama

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

a river in the State of Alabama, formed by the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa above Montgomery, and uniting with Tombigbee to form the Mobile river; tortuous in its course; 312 miles long, navigable its entire length for small vessels, and for 60 miles of its lower course for vessels

What Has Changed in the Last Century

Collier's in 1921 described a state of cotton, coal and iron: 715,000 bales of cotton, over 21 million tons of bituminous coal, and an iron-ore output ranked third in the nation. That economy is gone — Birmingham's iron and steel industry contracted sharply after mid-century, and Alabama's largest employers now include automobile plants (Mercedes-Benz opened at Tuscaloosa in the 1990s, followed by Honda and Hyundai) and the aerospace work centered on NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center at Huntsville, established in 1960. Huntsville, unmentioned on the 1921 map's list of towns as anything notable, passed Birmingham as the state's most populous city in the 2020 census, when Alabama's population stood at about 5.02 million, more than double the 2,348,174 Collier's reported for 1920. The state's rigid racial order, which the entry passes over in noting the "great difficulty" of its school system, was broken by the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955-56, the Birmingham campaign of 1963 and the Selma marches of 1965; the capital is still Montgomery and the county count still 67.

Written for this edition, 2026.