Augsburg
Augsburg names 6 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Augsburg a celebrated city of Bavaria
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
a celebrated city of Bavaria. It takes its name from the old Roman colony established by Augustus about 14 B. C. In the Middle Ages Augsburg was a free, imperial city and the great center of traffic between Germany, Italy, and the Levant. The daughters of its merchants were considered fit wives for princes. The men of the Fugger family, in particular, raised themselves from the state of poor weavers to that of wealthy merchants, the Rothschilds of their age. They frequently replenished the exhausted treasury of Maximilian I and Charles V. Charles V held his famous Diets in this city. In 1530 the Protestant princes submitted the Augsburg Confession to the emperor for this approval. This was a reformed creed drawn up by Melanchthon. It is the present basis of the Lutheran faith. On account of its buildings and historical associations, Augsburg is an exceedingly interesting old city. The tourist is interested in the cathedral with fine stained glass windows, and altar pieces by Holbein the Elder; in the city hall, on the gable of which is fixed a large pine cone of bronze, the heraldic emblem of the city; in the Maximilian Museum, with collections of coins, medals, wood carvings, smith work, and relics from lake dwellings ; in the Fugger House, still the residence of a descendant of that family; and in a picture gallery in the old monastery of St. Catherine. The old walls of the city have been leveled to make room for fine boulevards. The present population is about 90,000. The city has a fine water power, utilized by means of a number of canals traversing the town. Citizens are engaged in a number of modern industries, including the manufacture of linen, cotton, woolen, and silk cloth, watches, jewelry, goldsmith work, scientific instruments, leather, chemicals, and type. The Algemeine Zeitung, or Augsburg Gazette, one of the most influential papers in Europe, is published here. See Bavaria ; Nuremberg
Augsburg a city of south Germany
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a city of south Germany, capital of Suabia, in the former Kingdom of Bavaria. It is situated on a large and fertile plain watered by the rivers Wertach and Lech, 35 miles N. W. of Munich. Augsburg was for ages one of the richest, most commer cial and powerful of the free cities of the German Empire. Among noted buildings are the cathedral, arsenal, Abbey of St. Ulric, and the town hall, one of the finest edifices in Germany. Augsburg's greatest commercial importance arose from its being, next to Frankfort, the chief seat of banking and exchange operations in central Europe. A large trade is carried on in engraving, printing and bookselling. Augsburg was once of much greater population and importance than it is at present. It was founded by the Roman Emperor Augustus, 12 B. C. In the Middle Ages it became early distinguished for its trade, and in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries attained to almost regal power and opulence. Augsburg has been the theater of many memorable events. In addition to the proceedings of the Diet, with respect to the memorable confession of faith, there, in 1530, was concluded the peace which guaranteed the full enjoyment of their rights and liberties to the Protestants. Augsburg continued to be a free city until 1806, when Napoleon ceded it to Bavaria. Pop. about 125,000.
Augsburg DIET OF, the most celebrated of the numerous diets
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
DIET OF, the most celebrated of the numerous diets, or parliaments, held at Augsburg, convened in 1530. Pope Clement VII. refusing to call a general council for the settlement of all religious disputes, the Emperor Charles V. summoned another diet at Augsburg, which met on June 20, 1530. On the 25th the famous "Confession" was read, and on Aug. 3 an answer was made by the Roman Catholics, whereupon it was proclaimed that the Protestants must conform in all points to the Church of Rome. Charles V. soon after delivered his decision, in which he gave the Protestants till April 15, 1531, to reunite themselves to the Mother Church. The Emperor engaged to induce the Pope to summon a national or general council and later announced his intention to execute the edict of Worms, made some severe enactments against the Protestants, and reconstituted the Imperial Chamber.
Augsburg CONFESSION OF, the name given to the celebrated declaration of faith
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
CONFESSION OF, the name given to the celebrated declaration of faith, compiled by Melanchthon, and revised by Luther and other reformers, which was read before the Diet of Augsburg, June 25, 1530. It consisted of 28 articles, seven of which contained refutations of Roman Catholic errors, and the remaining 21 set forth the leading tenets of the Lutheran creed. Soon after its promulgation, the last hope of inducing the Pontiff to reform the Roman Catholic Church was abandoned, and the complete severance of the connection followed. An answer by the Roman Catholics was read Aug. 3, 1530; when the Diet declared that it had been refuted. Melanchthon then drew up a somewhat different confession. The first is called the unaltered, the second the altered confession.
Augsburg LEAGUE OF, a league entered into and concluded at Augsburg
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
LEAGUE OF, a league entered into and concluded at Augsburg, July 9, 1686, for the maintenance of the treaties of Münster and Nimeguen, and the truce of Ratisbon. It was negotiated by William, Prince of Orange, on June 21, in the above year, for the purpose of resisting the encroachments of France. The contracting parties were the Emperor Leopold I., the Kings of Spain and Sweden, the Electors of Saxony and Bavaria, and the Circles of Suabia, Franconia, Upper Saxony and Bavaria. The league was to be in force for three years, and might then be renewed. England acceded to it in 1689.
Augsburg CONFESSION OF Augite was once suspected by many mineralogists
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
CONFESSION OF Augite was once suspected by many mineralogists to be essentially the same mineral as hornblende, differing only in this respect, that the former species resulted from rapid and the latter from slow cooling. But Dana separates the two, regarding hornblende as an aluminous variety of amphibole and not of pyroxene. Both are found in modern and in ancient volcanic products.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
When Aiton's counted "about 90,000" people in 1910 and Collier's "about 125,000" in 1921, Augsburg was still a compact industrial town; it is now Bavaria's third-largest city with roughly 300,000 residents. The bombing raids of February 1944 gutted much of the old centre, and the cathedral, town hall with its bronze pine cone, and the Fugger family's Fuggerei almshouses were all restored afterwards rather than surviving untouched. The canals that Aiton's noted as "fine water power" driving the mills were recognised by UNESCO in 2019 as the Water Management System of Augsburg, a World Heritage site spanning some 800 years of engineering. The Fuggerei still houses tenants at the token rent the Fuggers set in 1521, now well under one euro a year plus daily prayers.
Written for this edition, 2026.