Baden
2 of the 7 encyclopedias on this shelf carry an entry for Baden. Both are reproduced below, so you can see where they agree and where they differ.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
a grand-duchy of the German Empire . It is a country of irregular shape and width extending along the eastern bank of the Rhine from a point below Mannheim to Lake Constance. Its area is 5,823 square miles with a population (1905) of 2,010,728, or 345 to the square mile. The ruler and one-third of the people are Protestant, the rest are Catholics. The archbishop resides at Freiburg. The Gothic cathedral built of red sand-stone is considered one of the most beautiful examples of architectural art in Germany. The chief commercial city, Mannheim, is situated at the head of regular navigation on the Rhine. Heidelberg, just above, is the seat of the university of that name, and is noted for the ivy-clad remains of Heidelberg Castle, the most impressive ruins of the sort in Europe. The buildings face the castle yard, and include the finest example of Renaissance architecture in Germany. They divide the visitor's attention with a cellar at one corner containing the famous Heidelberg Tun, a monster wine cask. It is the largest in the world, and is capable of holding 49,000 gallons. The university has been one of the most renowned in all Europe. Melanchthon, Helmholtz, and Bunsen were professors here. It still has a large library and an able faculty. Many American scholars have studied at Heidelberg. Carlsruhe, meaning Charles' rest, is the capital of the grand-duchy. The head of the government is called a grand-duke, instead of a king. His castle stands in the center of the city. Streets radiate from it in fan fashion in all directions. There are a number of beautiful buildings, including a parliament house, a palace, and a town hall. There are several valuable museums, including an unrivaled collection of birds and a gallery of paintings. The warm springs of Baden-Baden have been noted since the time of the Romans. There are thirteen springs having a temperature of from 130-degeree to 150-degree-F. Baden is, of course, the German word for baths. The compound Baden-Baden is used like our New York , N. Y., to distinguish it from the Baden near Vienna and that in Switzerland. It is a town of 15,000 people. There are several hotels, pleasure gardens, and other fashionable attractions. It is a noted watering place. The season lasts from May until October, but is at its height in August, when there are about 40,000 visitors. The gaming tables once maintained here have been driven away to Monte Carlo . The surface of Baden is for the most part hilly. There are mines of coal, salt, iron, zinc, and nickel, and many mineral springs. About half the country is under cultivation; the rest is devoted to forests, meadows, and pastures. The people live in villages. The farms are small. They are devoted to the production of wheat, oats, barley, rye, hemp, tobacco, and sugar beets. The valleys of the Rhine and Neckar are noted for the production of wine. A large part of the famous Black Forest lies in Baden. Wooden toys, musical boxes, carved deer, inlaid tables, and the famous cuckoo clocks are made here. Canary birds are reared by the people of the Black Forest for export to all parts of the world. It is a region of shady, macadamized roads, picturesque villages, cool drinking fountains, and quaint, hospitable inns,--an ideal country through which to travel on a bicycle. Its railroads are owned and operated chiefly by the state. See Rhine ; Germany 2026 Editor's Note: The grand duchy is now part of the German state of Baden-Württemberg , formed in 1952 — home to the Black Forest, the cuckoo clock and the elegant spa town of Baden-Baden, whose name (literally 'Baths-Baths') once drew the crowned heads and gamblers of Europe. (Ed: BR 2026-07-04)
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
one of the more 1907. Baden was declared a republic important states of Germany, situated in the S. W. W. of Germany, to the W. of Württemberg. It is divided into four districts, Constance, Freiburg, Karlsruhe, and Mannheim; has an area of 5,823 square miles, and pop. about 2,200,000. Topography. It is mountainous, being traversed to a considerable extent by the lofty plateau of the Schwarzwald, or Black Forest, which attains its highest point in the Feldberg (4,904 feet). The whole of Baden, except a small portion in the S. E., in which the Danube takes its rise, belongs to the basin of the Rhine, Numer which bounds it on the S. and W. Numerous tributaries of the Rhine intersect it, the chief being the Neckar. Lakes are numerous, and include a considerable part of the Lake of Constance. The principal minerals worked are coal, salt, iron, zinc, and nickel. The number of mineral springs is remarkably great, and of these not a few are of great celebrity. The vegetation is peculiarly rich, and there are magnificent forests. The cereals comprise wheat, oats, barley, and rye. Potatoes, hemp, tobacco, wine, and sugar beet are largely produced. Several of the wines, both white and red, rank in the first class. Baden has long been famous for its fruits, also. The manufactures are important. Among them are textiles, tobacco and cigars, chemicals, machinery, pottery ware, jewelry (especially at Pforzheim), wooden clocks, confined chiefly to the districts of the Black Forest, musical boxes and other musical toys. The capital is Karlsruhe, about 5 miles from the Rhine; the other chief towns are Mannheim, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, with a Roman Catholic university; Pforzheim, Constanz, Baden-Baden, and Heidelberg. Baden-Baden has warm mineral springs, which were known and used in the time of the Romans. Heidelberg has a university (Protestant), founded in 1386. There are about 1,500 miles of railways, mostly owned by the state. History. In the time of the Roman Empire, southern Baden belonged to the Roman province of Rhætia. Under the old German empire it was a margravate, which in 1533 was divided into Baden- Baden and Baden-Durlach, but reunited in 1771. The title of Grand-Duke was conferred by Napoleon in and in the same year Baden was extended to its present limits. The executive power was vested in the Grand-Duke, the legislative in a House of Legislature, consisting of an Upper and a Lower Chamber. In November, 1918, a resolution forced the abdication of the Grand-Duke Frederick II. who had succeeded to the throne in Nov. 13, 1918, and in January, 1919, the National Assembly adopted a new constitution.