Baldwin
Baldwin names 4 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Baldwin BALDOUIN, or BALD- UIN
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
BALDOUIN, or BALD- UIN, the name of a long line of sovereign Counts of Flanders, of whom the most celebrated was Baldwin IX., who became, afterward, Emperor of Constantinople. BALDWIN I., the son of Baldwin VIII., Count of Flanders and Hainault, born in Valenciennes in 1170. In 1200, he joined the crusaders with his brother Thierry, and, in 1202, aided the Venetians in their attack upon Constantinople, of which city he was crowned Emperor, May 16, 1204. In the next year Baldwin was taken prisoner by the King of Bulgaria, and, it is said, died in captivity in 1206. He was much esteemed by the Greeks for his charity, temperance, and justice. BALDWIN II., the last Frank Emperor of Constantinople, born in 1217. He was the son of Pierre de Courtenay, and succeeded his brother Robert in 1228. He was twice besieged in his imperial city, and being too weak to defend his dominions, repaired to Italy to seek aid from the Pope. At the court of France, Baldwin was favorably received by the king, St. Louis, to whom he presented a crown of thorns, which was held by all Christendom to be the genuine relic. Baldwin, in 1239, set out for Constantinople with a body of crusaders, who, however, soon quitted him, and took the route to Palestine. He succeeded, ultimately, in raising new forces in the West, and regained his capital; but, in 1261, Michael Paleologus invested it, and entered Constantinople on the 29th of July. Baldwin fled to Sicily, where he died in obscurity, in 1273. BALDWIN I., King of Jerusalem, was the son of Eustace, Count of Bouillon, and accompanied his brother Godfrey of Bouillon into Palestine, where he gained the sovereignty of the state of Edessa. He succeeded his brother on the throne of Jerusalem in 1100, and for 18 years waged war against the Turks, the Arabs, the Persians, and the Saracens. He secured for the Christians the coast of Syria, from the Gulf of Issus to the confines of Egypt. He died at Laris, in the desert, in 1118, and was buried on Mount Calvary. BALDWIN II., King of Jerusalem, son of Hugh, Count of Rethel, was crowned in 1118, after Eustace, brother of Baldwin I., had renounced all claim to the vacant throne. In 1120 he gained a great victory over the Saracens, but, in 1124, he was taken prisoner by them, and was ransomed only by giving up Tyre. In 1131 he abdicated in favor of his son-in-law, Foulques of Anjou, and retired to a monastery, where he died. The Order of Templars, for the defense of the Holy Land, was instituted in his reign. BALDWIN III., King of Jerusalem, son of Foulques of Anjou, whom he succeeded in 1142, under the guardianship of his mother. He took other places; but under his reign the Christians lost Edessa. Born in 1130; died at Antioch, in 1162. He was succeeded by his brother, Amaury I. BALDWIN IV., son of Amaury, succeeded to the throne of Jerusalem on the death of his father, in 1174; but being leprous, Raymond, Count of Tripoli, governed the kingdom for him. He afterward resigned the throne to his nephew, Baldwin V., in 1183, and died in 1185. BALDWIN V., King of Jerusalem, son of Sibylla, sister of Baldwin IV., was called to the throne when five years old, in 1183, and died of poison, supposed to have been administered by his mother, in order that her second husband, Guy de Lusignan, might enjoy the throne . The following year, 1187, the Christians lost Jerusalem, which was taken by Saladin.
Baldwin JAMES MARK, an American psychologist
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
JAMES MARK, an American psychologist, born in Columbia, S. C., Jan. 12, 1861; educated at Princeton College, Leipsic, Berlin, and Tübingen Universities; was, successively, Instructor of German and French at Princeton in 1886-1887; Professor of Philosophy in Lake Forest University in 1887-1889, and in the University of Toronto in 1889- 1893; Professor of Psychology at Princeton University, 1893-1903; Professor of Philosophy and Psychology at Johns Hopkins University 1903-1909; Professor at the National University of Mexico, 1909. He was Vice-President of the International Congress of Psychology at London in 1892; Honorary President of the International Congress of Criminal Anthropology at Geneva in 1896; President of the American Psychological Association in 1897-1898; Judge of Award at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893; was awarded a gold medal by the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences of Denmark, in 1897, for the best work in ethics; was elected a member of the Institut International de Sociologie, in 1898, and President of International Congress of Psychology at Geneva in 1909; and was a member of many other domestic and foreign scientific societies. He has lectured at Oxford and at French universities. He is the author of "Handbook of Psychology" (2 vols., 1889-1891); a translation of Ribot's "German Psychology of To-day" (1886); "Elements of Psychology" (1893); " Thoughts and Things" (1906-1911); ); "Individual and Society" (1910); etc. He was also editorin-chief of the "Dictionary of and Psychology," and a contributor of Philosophy articles on psychology to "Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia" (1892-1895). He received the degree of D. Sc. from Oxford University in 1900.
Baldwin SIMEON EBEN, an American public official and jurist
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
SIMEON EBEN, an American public official and jurist, born in New Haven, Conn., in 1840. He graduated from Yale University in 1861 and after studying law was admitted to the bar in 1863. From 1869 to 1872 he was instructor in law at Yale, and in 1872 became professor of law at that university. He was associate justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court from 1893 to 1907, and from 1907 to 1910 was chief justice of the State Supreme Court of Errors. In 1911 and in 1913 he was elected governor of Connecticut on the Democratic ticket. He was a member of commissions to revise the general statutes and the tax laws of the State, president of the American Bar Association in 1890, and a member of many other historical, legal, and economical associa tions. His publications include "Two Centuries' Growth of American Law" (1900); "American Railroad Law" (1904); "The Relation of Education to Citizenship" (1912); etc. BÂLE. See BASEL. BALEARIC CRANE (balearica pavonina), a handsome species of crested crane, inhabiting N. W. Africa.
Baldwin EVELYN BRIGGS, an American explorer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
EVELYN BRIGGS, an American explorer, born in Springfield, Mo., in 1862. He graduated from Northwestern College in 1885, and from 1887 to 1891 was principal of a high school, and superintendent of city schools in Kansas from 1892 to 1900. From 1892 to 1900 he acted as observer of United States Weather Bureau and inspector-atlarge of the signal corps of the United States. He accompanied Peary on his North Greenland expedition in 1893- 1894, and was meteorologist and second in command in Walter Wellman's expe- 1 dition to Franz-Josef Land in 1898-1899. In the latter year he discovered and explored Graham Bell Land, organized and commanded the Baldwin-Ziegler polar expedition in 1901-1902, and later carried on other explorations on the northeast coast of Greenland. He was the author of "Search for the North Pole"; "Franz-Josef Land" (1898); "North Greenland Expedition" (1894); etc.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
The crusader Baldwins are as Collier's described them in 1921, though historians now treat the poisoning of the child-king Baldwin V by his mother as gossip rather than fact. The living entries have moved on: Simeon Eben Baldwin, whom Collier's caught in mid-career, had already served as Governor of Connecticut from 1911 to 1915 and died in 1927. James Mark Baldwin's polite entry stops abruptly at "Professor at the National University of Mexico, 1909" without saying why he left Johns Hopkins — he resigned after being caught in a Baltimore brothel raid, which effectively ended his American career; he died in Paris in 1934, and his idea of "organic selection" is now taught as the Baldwin effect. A reader today would also expect two Baldwins who came later than these volumes: Stanley Baldwin, three times British prime minister from 1923, and the novelist James Baldwin, born in 1924.
Written for this edition, 2026.