Bapaume

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

a French in the department of Pas-de-Calais, 12 town miles S. of Arras. Here, on Jan. 2 and 3, 1871, took place two bloody struggles between the French Army and the Prussian "army of observation"; of the North the French were defeated, with heavy losses. It was again the scene of much and very heavy fighting during the World War (1914-1918) and changed hands several times. As a result the largest part of the town was destroyed. See ARRAS, BATTLES OF. BAPTISM from bapto, to immerse or dip), a rite (from the Greek baptizō, which is generally thought to have been usual with the Jews even before Christ, being administered to proselytes. From this however, baptism, ho that of St. John the B Baptist differed, because he baptized Jews also as a symbol of the necessity of perfect purification from sin. Christ himself never baptized, but directed his disciples to administer this rite to converts (Matt. xxviii; 19); and baptism, therefore, became a religious ceremony among Christians, taking rank a sacrament with all sects which acknowlas edge sacraments . In the primitive Church the person to be baptized was dipped in a river or in a vessel, with the words which Christ had ordered, generally adopting a new name to further express the change. Sprinkling, or, as termed, clinic baptism it was t , was only in the case of the sick who could used not leave their beds. The Greek Church and Eastern schismatics retained the custom of immersion; but the Western Church adopted or allowed the mode of baptism by pouring or sprinkling, since continued by most Protestants. This practice can be to the 3d century, before which its existtraced back certainly ence is disputed. Since the Reformation there have been various Protestant sects called Baptists, holding that baptism should be administered only by immersion, and to those who can make a personal profession of faith. The tanists in Africa baptized even the dead, Monand in Roman Catholic countries the practice of baptizing church bells-a custom of 10th century origin-continues to this day. Being an initiatory rite, baptism is only administered once to the same person. The Roman and Greek Catholics consecrate the water of baptism, but Protestants do not. The act of baptism is accompanied only with the formula that the person is baptized in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; but, among most Christians, it is preceded by a confession of faith made de by the person to be baptized, if an adult, and by his parents or if he be a child. The Roman Catholic form of baptism is far more elaborate than the Protestant. This church teaches that all persons not baptized are damned, even unbaptized infants are not admitted into heaven; but for those with whom the absence of baptism was the since. chief fault, even St. Augustine himself believed in a species of mitigated damnation. Protestants hold that though the neglect of the sacrament is a sin, yet the saving new birth may be found without the performance of the rite which symbolizes it. Naming the person baptized forms no essential part of the ceremony, but has become almost universal, probably from the ancient custom of renaming the catechumen.