Berwick
Berwick names 3 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Berwick or more fully
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
or more fully, BER- WICK-ON-TWEED, a seaport town of England, formerly a Parliamentary borough, but now incorporated with Northumberland, and giving name to a Parliamentary division of the county. It stands on the N. or Scottish side of the Tweed. It is surrounded by walls of earth faced with stone, along which is an agreeable promenade. The Tweed is crossed by an old bridge of 15 arches and by a fine railway viaduct. The chief industries are iron fou founding, the manufacture of engines and boilers, agricultural implements, feeding cake, manures, ropes, twine, etc.; there is a small shipping trade. In the beginning of the 12th century, during the reign of Alexander I., Berwick was part of Scotland, and the capital of the district called Lothian. In 1216 the town and castle were stormed and taken by King John; Bruce retook them in 1318; but, after undergoing various sieges and vicissitudes, both were surrendered to Edward IV. in 1482, and have ever since remained in possession of England. Pop. about 15,000.
Berwick JAMES FITZJAMES, DUKE OF
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
JAMES FITZJAMES, DUKE OF, born in 1670; was a natural son of James II., King of England, and Arabella Churchill, sister of the Duke of Marlborough. His first military service was under Charles, Duke of Lorraine, in Hungary, and he was present at the siege of Buda Buda, and the battle of Mohacz. He was created Duke of Berwick in 1687; accompanied James II. to France, at the Revolution, served under him in Ireland, and was at the battle of the Boyne. He became Lieutenant-General in the French army, was naturalized in France, afterward commanded in Spain, and by the victory of Almanza secured the throne to Philip V. He especially distinguished himself by the defense of Provence and Dauphiné, in 1709, against the superior forces of the Duke of Savoy. He was killed at the siege of Philipsburg, in 1734.
Berwick a borough of Pennsylvania
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a borough of Pennsylvania, in Columbia co. It is on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western railroad and on the Susquehanna river. The industries include iron works, silk manufactures, and manufactures of pipes, caskets, and pottery. Pop. (1910) 5,357; (1920) 12,181.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
When Collier's wrote in 1921 Berwick-upon-Tweed lived by iron founding, boiler and implement works and a small shipping trade; those industries are gone, and the town of "about 15,000" has shrunk to roughly 12,000, sustained now by farming, services and visitors drawn to the Elizabethan ramparts and the promenade the account praises. Its constitutional oddity has outlasted its factories: the border question still surfaces periodically, and Berwick's local government was reorganised again in 2009, when its borough council was absorbed into a single Northumberland unitary authority. The 15-arch Old Bridge and Robert Stephenson's Royal Border Bridge viaduct both still carry traffic, the latter on the East Coast Main Line. In Pennsylvania, Berwick's boom reversed: the railway-car works that drove its population from 5,357 to 12,181 in a decade closed in the 1960s, and the borough now has about 10,000 people; the entry on the Duke of Berwick, dead since 1734, needs no correction.
Written for this edition, 2026.