More than one of these 7 encyclopedias carries each of the following subjects — but every one of them treats it in a sentence or two and then moves on. They are gathered here so the different accounts can sit side by side.
Cinchona
Aiton's Encyclopedia: sin-ko'na, or Chinchona, a genus of evergreen trees. They grow chiefly on the eastern slopes of the Andes from Colombia to Brazil, at an altitude of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet. They are the sources of Peruvian or cinchona bark and of quinine. There are about forty species. About a dozen are valuable commercially. The bark is removed by the natives, and is brought in for sale in bales. The derivation of the name is interesting. A countess of Chinchona, so called from the town of that name near Madrid, Spain, was the vice-queen of Peru. In 1638 she was cured of a fever by the use of Peruvian bark. The countess advertised the curative qualities of the bark, and the botanist, Linnaeus, immortalized the countess by naming the genus chinchona. The first "h" is omitted usually. The cultivation has been encouraged by the British and Dutch governments. Extensive plantations exist on the mountain slopes of Jamaica, the Himalayas, Java, and Ceylon. The bark is valuable for the extract known as quinine. About 4,000,000 pounds of cinchona bark are imported by American druggists yearly. See Quinine
Collier's New Encyclopedia: a genus of trees found exclusively on the Andes in Peru, and adjacent countries, producing a medicinal bark of great Peruvian bark, Jesuit's bark, etc. The value known as Jesuits introduced it into Europe. There are many species of the genus.
Covered by Aiton's Encyclopedia and Collier's New Encyclopedia
Clearchus
1000 Classical Characters: A Spartan who distinguished himself in several important commands during the latter part of the Peloponnesian war, and at the close of it persuaded the Spartans to send him as a general to Thrace, to protect the Greeks in that quarter against the Thracians. But having been recalled by the ephors, and refusing to obey their orders, he was condemned to death. He thereupon crossed over to Cyrus, collected for him a large force of Greek mercenaries, and marched with him into Upper Asia , в. c. 401, in order to dethrone his brother Artaxerxes, being the only Greek who was aware of the prince's real object. After the battle of Cunaxa and the death of Cyrus, Clearchus and the other Greek generals were made prisoners by the treachery of Tissaphernes, and were put to death.
Collier's New Encyclopedia: a Spartan general who commanded about 13,000 Greeks in the army of Cyrus the Younger when he tried to conquer the throne of Persia from his brother, Artaxerxes II. When Cyrus was defeated at Cunaxa (401 b. c.), Clearchus and his chief officers were seized by treachery and put to death.
Covered by 1000 Classical Characters and Collier's New Encyclopedia
Clement
Aiton's Encyclopedia: a name borne by fourteen popes. The following are the more noted. Figures refer to the term of office. CLEMENT IV (1265-1268), was a protector of Roger Bacon. CLEMENT V (1305-1314). At the instance of the French monarch, he suppressed the order of the Templars and removed the seat of the papacy to Avignon. CLEMENT VII (1523-1534), a Medici. Refused to sanction the divorce of Henry VIII from Catharine of Aragon. CLEMENT XII (1730-1740), was the first pontiff to condemn freemasonry. CLEMENT XIII (1758-1769), was a warm supporter of the Jesuits against the demands of France, Spain, and Portugal for their suppression. CLEMENT XIV (1769-1774), was elected by anti-Jesuit influences and carried out the desired policy. Twenty-four thousand Jesuits and their missions all over the world were disbanded by order of Clement in 1773, nor was the order rehabilitated until 1814.
Collier's New Encyclopedia: JACQUES, the assassin of Henry III. of France; born in 1567, became a Dominican, and the fanatical tool of the Dukes of Mayenne and Aumale, and the Duchess Montpensier. Having fatally stabbed the king, he was at once killed by the courtiers; but the populace, instigated by the priests, regarded him as a martyr; and Pope Sixtus V. even pronounced his panegyric.
Covered by Aiton's Encyclopedia and Collier's New Encyclopedia
Cleon
1000 Classical Characters: The son of Cleaenetus, was originally a tanner at Athens . He managed to bring himself prominently before the people in B. C. 429, and to make himself a person of great political importance for some six years of the Peloponnesian war (428-422); but both Aristophanes and Thucydides speak of him as a vile, unprincipled demagogue. Aristophanes made many attacks upon him in his plays, especially in his comedy "The Knights." 2026 Editor's Note: Cleon was killed in 422 BC during the failed Athenian campaign to retake Amphipolis. His death in military defeat is absent from this account, yet it marks the end of his political career. Thucydides, who was a fellow general at Amphipolis, and Aristophanes both had personal reasons to dislike Cleon. Modern scholarship continues to debate whether their depictions of him as a demagogue reflect genuine historical assessment or personal bias. (Ed: BR 2026-07-13)
Collier's New Encyclopedia: an Athenian demagogue, originally a tanner by trade. He was well known in public before the death of Pericles, and in 427 B. C. distinguished, himself by the proposal to put to death the adult males of the revolted Mytileneans and sell the women and children as slaves. In 425 he took Sphacteria from the Spartans; but in 423 and 422 he was violently attacked by Aristophanes in the Knights and in the Wasps. He was sent, however, in 422 against Brasidas, but allowed himself to be taken unawares, and was slain while attempting to flee. Greek Queen of
Covered by 1000 Classical Characters and Collier's New Encyclopedia
Clipper
Aiton's Encyclopedia: a fast sailing vessel. The clipper is to sailing vessels what the ocean greyhound is to steamships, or the race horse to cart horses. The desire for speed led to the building of slender, graceful ships of great depth, for carrying fast freight. The superiority of steamships has caused the clipper to lose its place in public importance; but in the early half of the last century the record of the fastest clipper was of as much interest as the world's record for the trotting horse. An average of fifteen miles an hour for a long voyage was considered extraordinary.
Collier's New Encyclopedia: a name familiarly given to a ship built expressly for speed. A Clipper, as compared with an ordinary sailing ship, was longer and narrower; very sharp at the bows, which were generally hollowed more or less below the water-line; gracefully fined away toward the stern, which was usually elliptical; and altogether presenting the contrast of the race-horse to the beast of burden. Clipper ships were extensively employed in the South American, California, and China trade.
Covered by Aiton's Encyclopedia and Collier's New Encyclopedia