More than one of these 7 encyclopedias carries each of the following subjects — but every one of them treats it in a sentence or two and then moves on. They are gathered here so the different accounts can sit side by side.
Cohesion
Aiton's Encyclopedia: the attraction or force by which the various particles of the same material cling together. The attraction between paint and wood is adhesion. The attraction between the particles of a copper wire is cohesion. If wires of the same size be tested for their strength of cohesion, that is to say, for their breaking strength, the relative results are about as follows: Gold, 15; silver, 19; platinum, 26; copper, 30; soft iron, 36; steel, 56. Heat diminishes attraction of cohesion. Liquids have less cohesion than solids. If a substance be heated sufficiently, attraction of cohesion may be entirely overcome and repulsion set up, that is to say, the substance may be converted into a gas. See Glue
Collier's New Encyclopedia: the force which unites two molecules of the same nature; as, for instance, two molecules of iron or two molecules of water. It is strongly excited in solids, less strongly in liquids, and not at all in gases. It varies not merely according to the nature of different bodies, but also with the arrangement of molecules in the same body; thus the tempering of steel alters the molecular arrangement in that substance, with the effect also of altering its cohesion. Tenacity, hardness, ductility, etc., arise from modifications in their cohesion.
Covered by Aiton's Encyclopedia and Collier's New Encyclopedia
Collodion
Collier's New Encyclopedia: Important: Safety Warning This page contains instructions involving gunpowder or other explosive or pyrotechnic compositions. Preparing explosives as described has caused severe injuries and deaths, and is illegal in most places. In addition, this page describes trade processes that use dangerously toxic materials such as cyanide solutions, mercury amalgams, or strong acids. These processes require training, equipment, and precautions far beyond what the text describes. This information has been left in for historical purposes but should not be acted upon. or COLLODIUM, a substance prepared by dissolving one part of gun-cotton in a mixture of 36 fluid parts of ether and 12 fluid parts of rectified spirit. The gun-cotton or pyroxylin used for making collodion is prepared by immersing one part of raw cotton fiber in a mixture of five fluid parts of sulphuric acid, and five fluid parts of nitric acid, for three minutes, then carefully washing it with water, and drying it in a water bath; it must be kept in a well-corked bottle. Collodion is used in photography; also in surgery, to form a protecting surface to the skin.
Aiton's Encyclopedia: . See Cellulose
Covered by Collier's New Encyclopedia and Aiton's Encyclopedia
Commodore
Aiton's Encyclopedia: an officer in the navy next in rank above a captain. In the navy of the United States , the rank was first created in 1862, but was abolished in 1899, when all commodores became rear-admirals. A commodore commands two or more ships, and ranks with a brigadier-general in the army. When three or more ships are lying at anchor together the title of commodore is given by courtesy to the captain longest in the service. It is also customary to call the president of a yachting club or an organization of boat clubs the commodore. The commodore's flag of the British navy is a white, swallowtailed pennant, with a red cross . In the United States the commodore's pennant may be red, white, or blue, with a single star in the center. The lower point is the longer.
Collier's New Encyclopedia: in the United States navy, formerly an officer ranking next above a captain and commanding a few ships when they th were detached for any purpose from the rest of the fleet. The grade was abolished by Congress in 1899, when all commodores became rear-admirals. The word is also a title given in courtesy to the president of a yachting club, or to the senior captain of a line of merchant vessels.
Covered by Aiton's Encyclopedia and Collier's New Encyclopedia
Common Schools
Collier's New Encyclopedia: a term used in the United States as equivalent to primary or elementary schools. The term is officially used to include public schools of the elementary grades, the first eight years of the course of study, and the secondary grade, which includes the 9th to the 12th years of course of study. Following are the principal statistics of the public school system of the United States in 1918: Estimated population 105,253,300 Number of persons 5 to 18 years of age 27,686,476 Number of pupils enrolled 20,853,516 Per cent. of population enrolled. 26.3 Per cent. of persons 5 to 18 years enrolled 75.32 .. Number of pupils in average daily attendance 15,548,914 Number of male teachers...... 105,194 Number of female teachers..... 545,515 Number of school houses.... 276,827 Value of public school property. $1,983,508,818 Total receipts of the year...... 736,876,442 Total expenditures. 763,678,089 Expenditures per capita of population 7.26 Total expenditures per pupil.... 49.12 The system which has produced the foregoing results in the United States is now extended to Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands.
Aiton's Encyclopedia: . See Schools
Covered by Collier's New Encyclopedia and Aiton's Encyclopedia
Compensation Pendulum
Collier's New Encyclopedia: a pendulum constructed of two different metals, as brass and iron, which so work against each other, that the expansion of the one downward is counteracted by that of the other upward. By this arrangement the pendulum does not vary in length, and consequently in frequency of vibration, whatever the temperature may be.
American Watchmaker and Jeweler: A pendulum in which the effect of changes of temperature on the length of the rod is so counteracted that the distance of the center of oscillation from the center of suspension remains invariable.
Covered by Collier's New Encyclopedia and American Watchmaker and Jeweler
Conclave
Collier's New Encyclopedia: the place where the cardinals assemble for the election of the Pope; also the electoral assembly of the cardinals themselves. Pope Gregory X., whose election had been delayed for three years, established in the council at Lyons (1274) the regulations of the conclave. The cardinals are shut up together in a particular suite of apartments in the palace where the pontiff dies, and they are supposed to have no communication with the outside world during the period of the election. The companion, either lay or clerical, whom the cardinal is allowed to take with him into the conclave during the election of a Pope is called a conclavist. The office is one of great delicacy and trust.
Aiton's Encyclopedia: the college of cardinals assembled to elect a pope. The name is also applied to the apartment in which the election is held. The last conclave was held at Rome, July, 1903. It lasted for five days. Seven ballots were taken, resulting in the election of the patriarch of Venice, or Pius X. This was the first and only conclave in which a cardinal from the United States has ever taken part. See Cardinal; Pope
Covered by Collier's New Encyclopedia and Aiton's Encyclopedia