More than one of these 7 encyclopedias carries each of the following subjects — but every one of them treats it in a sentence or two and then moves on. They are gathered here so the different accounts can sit side by side.
Goodyear
Collier's New Encyclopedia: CHARLES, an American inventor; born in New Haven, Conn., Dec. 29, 1800. He failed as an iron manufacturer in 1830, but in 1834 turned his attention to india-rubber, the manufactured products of which had hitherto proved failures because of their liability in the heat of summer. to soften poverty and ridicule, sometimes in prison for debt, he patiently pursued the experiments which, after he had obtained a fresh idea from his assistant Hayward's use of sulphur, ended, in 1844, in the issue of his patent for vulcanized rubber. This process he afterward perfected. It required 60 patents to secure his inventions. He received medals at London (1851) and Paris (1855), as well as the of the Legion of Honor; though cross kept in continual litigation and consequent poverty by shameless infringements of his rights, he yet lived to see his material applied to nearly 500 uses. He died in New York City, July 1, 1860.
Aiton's Encyclopedia: Charles. See Rubber
Covered by Collier's New Encyclopedia and Aiton's Encyclopedia
Goshawk
Aiton's Encyclopedia: a fine, large hawk of the falcon family. The name is derived from an old English word meaning a goose hawk, or a hawk used to take geese. Falconers train the goshawk to take rabbits and hares as well. Unlike the falcon that strikes from above, the goshawk follows its prey in a straight line and strikes from behind. The female is about twenty-four inches in extreme length. The male is smaller. Both sexes are slaty blue on the upper parts. The under parts are crossbarred with dark color on a whitish ground. The American goshawk nests in Canada, but winters as far south as Virginia. It is bluer in color than the common henhawk. A naturalist says of this species: "It is the most daring of all the hawks, and while in pursuit of its prey is apparently less concerned by the presence of man than any other. It will dart down unexpectedly at the feet of the farmer and carry off the fowl." A pair of these hawks will exterminate a flock of prairie chickens or ptarmigans. See Hawk
Collier's New Encyclopedia: or GOSHAUK (properly goosehawk), Astur palumbarius, a bird of prey. It is brown above, white underneath, barred across with brown, with five browner bands on the tail; the eyelids whitish. It is abundant in parts of the European continent. It occurs also in this country, in the N. of Africa, in India, etc. It can be used, as it often is in the East Indies, for falconry.
Covered by Aiton's Encyclopedia and Collier's New Encyclopedia
Government
Collier's New Encyclopedia: the form of policy in a state; the mode of system according to which the legislature, executive, and judicial powers are vested and exercised; a constia system of laws and customs; tution. There are numerous forms of government; as aristocracy, democracy, despotism, monarchy, oligarchy, republicanism, etc. Also the council or body the administraof persons intrusted with tion of the laws; the management of home and foreign affairs, and generally the public business of a state; the administration; the ministry; the executive power.
Aiton's Encyclopedia: 2026 Editor's Note: This page uses language about other peoples, religions, or nationalities that was commonplace when the book was published and is offensive by today's standards. The text has been left exactly as it was printed, rather than cut or softened, so that the historical record — including how ordinary such language once was — is preserved. (Ed: ET 2026-07-22) the authority of the state. Savage people and defenseless people have been taken under the "protection" of the greater powers so completely that the types of government have been reduced to four. The approximate population living under each form is (1909): Republican 185,000,000 Constitutional 300,000,000 Autocratic 625,000,000 Colonies and dependencies 501,000,000
Covered by Collier's New Encyclopedia and Aiton's Encyclopedia
Gram
Aiton's Encyclopedia: or Gramme, the standard unit of weight in the French or metric system . It is the weight of a cubic centimeter of pure, that is to say, distilled water, at zero centigrade. The multiples of the gram are formed by the use of the prefixes deca, hecto, kilo, and myria, meaning ten, one hundred, one thousand, and ten thousand grams respectively. The tenth and hundredth parts of a gram are denoted by prefixing deci and centi respectively. The gram is equivalent to 15.43248 grains Troy, or to .00220464 pounds avoirdupois. See Metric System
An Encyclopaedia of Occultism: A magic sword thrust into a tree by Odin and pulled out by Sigmund. It bestowed upon its possessor exceptional powers and performed many miracles.
Covered by Aiton's Encyclopedia and An Encyclopaedia of Occultism
Granicus
1000 Classical Characters: A small river of Mysia, rising in Mount Ida, and falling into the Propontis (Sea of Marmora) east of Priapus: memorable as the scene of the victory of Alexander the Great over the Persians, B. C. 334, and, in a less degree, for a victory of Lucullus over Mithridates , B. c. 73. Gryps or Gryphus. A griffin, a fabulous animal, with the body of a lion and the head and wings of an eagle, dwelling in the Rhipaean Mountains, between the Hyperboreans and the one-eyed Arimaspians, and guarding the gold of the North. The Arimaspians mounted on horseback and attempted to steal the gold, and hence arose the hostility between the horse and the griffin. The belief in griffins came from the East, where they are mentioned among the fabulous animals which guarded the gold of India . Gyas or Gyes, or Gyges . Son of Uranus (Heaven) and Ge (Earth), one of the giants with one hundred hands, who made war upon the gods.
Collier's New Encyclopedia: a river of Bithynia, famous for a battle fought on its banks between the troops of Alexander the Great and those of Darius, 334 B. c., when 600,000 Persians were defeated by 30,000 Macedonians.
Covered by 1000 Classical Characters and Collier's New Encyclopedia
Grayling
Aiton's Encyclopedia: a slender fish of the salmon type. It is from twelve to eighteen inches in length. It has large scales and a narrow mouth with small teeth. It has the habits of the trout. The European grayling is found in the cold, pebbly streams of England, France, Italy, Switzerland, and Scandinavia, but is not found, it is said, in Ireland and Scotland. In his picture of the Brook, Tennyson speaks of Here and there a lusty trout, And here and there a grayling. A North American species, known as the blue fish by northern trappers is abundant in the cold, clear streams of the Mackenzie Valley and in Alaska. Another grayling is found in northern Michigan and the iceborn streams of Montana. They are fine game fish. They are mistaken readily for trout. See Salmon
Collier's New Encyclopedia: a genus of fresh-water fishes of the salmon family, distinguished from trout, etc., by the smaller mouth and teeth, and by the long, many-rayed dorsal fin. The genus is represented by inhabiting clear streams in , Asia, and North Amer- British grayling has a wide distribution. The back and silvery gray, with longitudinal ; the dorsal fin is crossed spots. Another well - known species is Th. signifer, a beautiful fish from the affluents of the Mackenzie river, called "Hewlukpowak," or "fish with the win-like fin," by the Eskimos, and "poisson bleu" by the Canadian voyageurs.
Covered by Aiton's Encyclopedia and Collier's New Encyclopedia