More than one of these 7 encyclopedias carries each of the following subjects — but every one of them treats it in a sentence or two and then moves on. They are gathered here so the different accounts can sit side by side.
Great Bear Lake
Collier's New Encyclopedia: a large sheet Mackenzie of water in the basin of the river, northwest Canada. It derives its name from the fact that it lies partly within the Arctic Circle, beneath the Great Bear constellation. It is about 250 miles east of the Rockies, covers an area of about 12,000 square miles, and has very irregular shores. Its surface is frozen during six months of the year, but in summer it is peculiarly clear and abounds with many varieties of fish.
Aiton's Encyclopedia: . See Mackenzie
Covered by Collier's New Encyclopedia and Aiton's Encyclopedia
Griffin
Aiton's Encyclopedia: or Gryphon, in Grecian legend, a fabulous creature with the body and legs of a lion and the head and wings of an eagle. Griffins were supposed to be natives of India, where, it was said, they guarded hidden treasure, and built their nests of gold and watched them vigilantly to keep them from plunderers. They were believed by the Greeks to flourish in the Rhipaean mountains, between the Hyperboreans and the one-eyed Arimaspians of Scythia. They guarded the gold of the north. The figure of the griffin was used frequently as an ornament in works of art. It signifies a union of the lion's strength with the swiftness and agility of the eagle. It is an emblem of watchfulness and courage.
Collier's New Encyclopedia: a city of Georgia, the county-seat of Spalding co. It is on the Central of Georgia and the Southern railroads. Its industries include cotton mills and towel manufactories. It is the seat of a State agricultural experiment station. Pop. (1910) 7,478; (1920) 8,240.
Covered by Aiton's Encyclopedia and Collier's New Encyclopedia
Groat
Aiton's Encyclopedia: the name of an old English coin. The term literally means great, and was applied originally to large copper coins worth more than a penny. In the reign of Edward III a silver groat of the value of eight cents was coined. Three groats made a shilling. It has not been coined since 1856. Like our cent, the term has passed into proverbial use to denote a small sum or little value. It appears in "Not worth a groat," "I care not a groat," etc. The term groats, applied to hulled oats or meal used for food, is of very different origin, being allied to grit. See Coin
Collier's New Encyclopedia: a name given in the Middle Ages to all thick coins, as distinguished from the "bracteates" or thin coins of silver or gold-leaf stamped so as to be hollow on one side and raised on the other. The silver groat current in England, introduced by Edward III., was equal to four pence. The coin was revived in 1836-1856 in the modern fourpenny piece. Groschen, the German equivalent of groats, were till 1873-1876 current in the N. of Germany, and equal in value to one-thirtieth of a thaler, worth 24 cents, United States currency.
Covered by Aiton's Encyclopedia and Collier's New Encyclopedia
Guitar
Collier's New Encyclopedia: a musical stringed instrument, somewhat like the lute, nar ticularly well adapted fon ing the human voice, and much esteemed in Spain and Italy. It was first introduced into the former country from the East by the Moors. It has six strings, and the sound is produced by the fingers of the right hand twitching the strings, while the fingers of the left hand make the notes of the music on the fingerboard, which has frets across it. The three highest strings of the guitar are always of gut, and the three lowest are of silk spun over with silvered wire. The greatest virtuosi on the guitar have been Giuliani, Sor, Zocchi, Stoll, and Horetzsky.
Aiton's Encyclopedia: gi-tar', a stringed instrument of the lute class. There are six strings, three of catgut and three of silk wound with fine silver wire. They are stretched over a violin body having a long neck and finger board. They are plucked with the fingers of the right hand and fingered like those of a violin with the left hand. The guitar has a soft, particularly agreeable tone, suitable for accompaniments. It is the favorite musical instrument of the Spanish and is popular in all countries. See Lute
Covered by Collier's New Encyclopedia and Aiton's Encyclopedia
Guiteau
Collier's New Encyclopedia: CHARLES JULIUS (ge- ), an American assassin; born about tō' 1840; became a lawyer in Chicago. In 1880, after the election of James A. Garfield to the presidency, Guiteau went to Washington presumably to secure the office of United States consul at Marseilles, but did not succeed. Owing to this failure and the fact that the new President was opposed to the "Stal warts," led by Roscoe Conkling, Guiteau became greatly incensed. On July 2, President in the wait- 1881, he shot the ing room of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station in Washington; and on Sept. 19 the President died from the fect of his wound. Letters taken from Guiteau after his arrest showed that he had planned to "remove" the President. He was indicted for murder on Oct. 7, was found guilty after trial on Jan. 25, 1882; and was hanged in the District of Columbia jail, June 30, following.
Aiton's Encyclopedia: ge-to, Charles, the assassin of President Garfield. He was born in French Canada in 1840. He settled in Chicago as a pettifogging lawyer. After Garfield's election he went to Washington to seek office, but, failing of an appointment as consul to Marseilles and excited by the political contest between Garfield and the Stalwarts led by Roscoe Conkling, he shot the president in the Baltimore and Potomac station, July 2, 1881. He was hanged in Washington June 30, 1882. See Garfield
Covered by Collier's New Encyclopedia and Aiton's Encyclopedia
Gun
Aiton's Encyclopedia: a strong metal tube designed to direct the flight of a bullet or other projectile. The bullet is expelled forcibly by a gas due to the ignition of gunpowder or other explosive. In its original sense the term includes not only pistols, revolvers, shotguns, rifles, muskets, and firearms of every description, but the largest cannon as well. Guns, that is to say, small cannon, or firearms, were used in warfare for the first time at the battle of Crecy, 1346. See Firearms ; Cannon
Collier's New Encyclopedia: See AUTOMATIC GUN; FIREARMS; ORDNANCE; ARTILLERY; MACHINE GUN; EXPLOSIVES.
Covered by Aiton's Encyclopedia and Collier's New Encyclopedia
Gymnastics
Collier's New Encyclopedia: exercises of the body and limbs which tend to invigorate and develop their power. Gymnastic games are of very ancient origin. They are mentioned in the second book of the "Ili "Iliad," where playing at quoits and javelin hurling are mentioned. Later on games of this kind were dedicated to the gods, and the rewards being called "athla," gave origin to the name "athletes," applied to those who contend for them. Shortly before the time of Hippocrates, gymnastics were made a part of medicine, and gradually they were reduced into a complete system. Public buildings, called "gymnasia," were erected for the purpose, and officers for their superintendence were appointed by the state. Among the exercises practiced in these gymnasia were dancing, wrestling, boxing. ing, running, leaping, quoit-throwing, hurling, riding, driving, swimming, rowing, climbing ropes, swinging, mock fights of various kinds, etc. It is only since the commencement of the 19th century that gymnastic exercises have been revived as a science. GYNECOLOGY (jin-ē-kol'ō-ji or ginē-), that branch of medicine which treats of the diseases of women.
Aiton's Encyclopedia: . See Athletics
Covered by Collier's New Encyclopedia and Aiton's Encyclopedia