Bruno
Bruno names 3 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Bruno GIORDANO, an Italian philosopher
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
GIORDANO, an Italian philosopher, one of the boldest and most original thinkers of his age, born in Nola, about 1550. He became a Dominican monk, but his religious doubts compelled him to quit his monastery and Italy. ly. He embraced the doctrines of Calvin at Geneva, but doubt and free discussion not being in favor there, he went to Paris. He gave lectures on philosophy and, by his avowed opposition to the scholastic system, made himself many bitter enemies. He next spent two years in England, and became the friend of Sir Philip Sidney. In 1585, he went again to Paris, and renewed his public lectures. After visiting and teaching in various towns in Germany, he returned, in 1592, to Padua, and went afterward to Venice, where he was, in 1598, arrested by the Inquisition and sent to Rome. He lay in prison two years, and, on Feb. 17, 1600, was burned as a heretic. His works in Latin and Italian are numerous, and abound in bold and noble thought and rich eloquence. Spinoza was indebted to Bruno for some of his theories. Among the works of Bruno are the following: "Della Causa," "Principio ed Uno," "Dell 'Infinitio Universo e Mondi," "La Cena delle Ceneri," "Specchia della Bestia Trionfante," etc.
Bruno ST., the Apostle of the Prussians
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ST., the Apostle of the Prussians, born in Querfurt, in 970. He was of a noble Saxon family, converted the Emperor Henry II., and was assassinated by the pagans of Lithuania in 1008.
Bruno ST., the founder of the Carthusian order of monks
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ST., the founder of the Carthusian order of monks, born in Cologne about 1040; died in Calabria in 1101.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Collier's 1921 account of Giordano Bruno's end is compressed: he was in fact seized by the Inquisition in Venice in 1592, sent to Rome in 1593, and held for some seven years rather than two before being burned in the Campo de' Fiori on 17 February 1600. The trial record itself was thought lost until a summary compiled from the proceedings was identified in the Vatican archives by Angelo Mercati and published in 1942; it showed the charges turned mainly on theological points — the Trinity, the Incarnation, the transmigration of souls — rather than on Copernican astronomy, which has tempered the nineteenth-century picture of Bruno as a pure martyr for science that lies behind entries like this one. In 2000, on the four-hundredth anniversary, the Vatican publicly called the execution a sad episode while not reversing the condemnation. The two saints named Bruno stand much as described, though Bruno of Querfurt's death is now generally dated to 1009, and the account of it in the Quedlinburg annals carries the first written mention of the name of Lithuania.
Written for this edition, 2026.