Burma

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

SIAM, Lingyuen Yungning Tszku Chantung FRENCH INDO-CHINA, Kinsha Tung-chwan N R Hweili Likiang Mekong Kweilin Tal Kutsing Hsing-i Yunnan Yung-chang Tien-sch C Chingkiang Liuchau Malungk Papienk Wuchau Kwangnan S Kiang TROPIC OF CANCER Nanning Mongtse 2 Kunlong Bao-lac Nam. Sip-son Cao-bang Taipin M.Mad Bac-ka Lao-Kare Vinthuy Sumao Kauchau Mt/Babe Lienchau Muong Laidon M.Hodo 6560 Dong-Dang OKI Langson Keng - hung CM.Wag-chau-that Moncay Tuyen-quang Muong Yang Van-bu Baominh Pt. Wallut Song-b PIRATE IS. Leichau M. Theng Sontay M.You A binh HAWOT Haifong Sing Koun ko STATES M. Het Hoa-binh str.. Keng - tung GULF OF M. Luong 20 Nam-dinh Nam Hy Ker Pu Limo NIGHTINGALE 1. Hainan Inleng-lap Lor PM.Soj Kiung-chau Song-ka Hsai Hong - luk Ninh-bình 19/(Red R.) - Kiang-kheng Ba lat Pak-ben Santai Thanh-hoa CHAINANE X.Sen San Ph TONKIN Kwang-kuong Luang9010 P.Tinh-gia Prabang Wanchau K.Hai HON-ME P.Qui-chu M.Tern Khouang Louang Pk. M.Pon M.Lang Pakmon P.Dien Prayao TRÀN-NINH 6528 Toum Pk. Yaickau Vinh ale M.Koung khom Borikan Vuong Har. MiNang Nakau Ha-tinh C.Bastion M.Liep P. Ha-tanh M.Sa kheut Lampun M. Hin Palaz 3 Chosorol P.Cho-don PARACEL IS Pon-pissal & REEFS 6560 Quang-binh Nong-khay Pre X. Khạn ma keng Outhen TIGER 1. Deua-ma-keng taradit Tarn Lakhon Loeul None han Lai-thuy Quang-tri M. Pitschal Kumpu-wapi Bakhon-lakhom Panon Thuan-an Churray Bay M.Sakotaip Savanaket M.Pitsanulok Hue Tourane A Calassim Mang dahanong khon Atouat Pk. Lome CU-LAO-CHAM muc-dahan Kampang Quang-nam Na A Si M.Kemmarat M.Saravan Ho-dong Tia-tuo M.Petschabun M.Suvanapumar.lot-so-ton Sapat 15 Pou Jong M. Ciom HONG KONG Quang-ngai M.Tschatapon/o-thai-song Kam-tong-noi20009 ramy - nam - po Nakon Sawan M. Ubon Pak-moun Pimum Lagree PHO Mo-duc Nam Mun Bua Sum M.Pimai M.Manorom M.Det Ba Bassac Monong M.Attopea Mt. Copra Binh-chuong M.Chainat TO N Kontouno Phu-My M. Promc Lopburi Sanka Binh-dinh Ta-li SUB. TEL. TO M.Sara-buri Kahin M.Supane C.Santo Khong Khon Avuthia Bang-pa-in Mang 4192 M.Chonkan Kan-buri Batong M. Melouprey Phu-Yen Pekin Nwatabo Sisophon pakna Petriuwatam Tay-hoa Siem-reap ban Tam-phong-son C.Varella Bot-buril Panat Roluos Sambor B.Don I 4 Bang pla-soi Meklon L. Ronle B. Metlalot ekong Battambang Hon-coe B. Kg.Thom Samboc Darlac Nha-trang Petscin buri Rayong | Pailino Moung Kraitié Khan hoa Pursat CAMBOMIA Kompong Chenang IM:Prion C.Liant SAMIT Shantabu Cam-ranh B. Dong-kia Djambra H Phan-rang Krai Chelong / Djiring Mt.Pan Oudong Tenasserim im Kuei PNUM PENH CHANG C.Padaran 3200 Thông Mt Nui-bang-thoum Tay-ninh Maw-daung P KOH KUT Binh thuan, 6904 M.Soton MINERVA BK. Kg Speu (SAIGON Phan tiet Khaw-Lwung H KOH KONG Ba-nam Sre-umbel 4327 C.Kega PO CECIR DE MER Color Baria Bang-tapan Chau doc C.Samit BKampot C.Ba-ke C.Chong-pra Compong-som Kho C.St.Jacques Ha-tien CATWICK ULF Putiu G SAPATOU Chumpon JULIA BK. TANG PHU QUOC Mouths of 1STHMUS OF KRAW Rach-gia TAU the Mekong + Lang-suon Tau Passage OF PULO WAY Bassac FL PULO DAMA c-traULO PENNAN Bac-lieu Bandon SAMUIE PULO PANJANG, CONDOR Mt. Sema M C Cha-ja A I Northeast Pt.S H Cua-lon B. Takmao BROTHERS Bandon C.Cambodia M. Takua pa PULO OBI HULL PR.CONSORT BK. Khao Luong Ligor, BANDA 10 ROYALIST Bk, Nakon Sitamarat (Lakon) 1.PANDJANG VANGUARD BK. Seheh SCAWFELL Patalung CHARLOTTE BK. TINGEING a cora PROJECTED LOSIN LANTAR Tara Chana Kobatani MOHEA, LEBONG Palean dering U AλouKoля Baru Rahman TERUTAU Saiburi BUTANG IS.. Kelantan MALAK ta Baru PERHENTIAN IS. GR.REDANG CABLE Mt.Jeral Tomoh KEDA PERA Tringanu 0 PROV.WELLESLEY NORTH NATUNA Georgetown Prai Tingeran KELANTAN (Penang) TENG-GOL PR.OF WALES Mt Karbu Mt.Tahang NORTH NATUNA IS. Port. Weld Perak 216 C.Labuan 9840 BUNGURAN SELUAN Tpoh (GREAT NATUNA) Ka.Goyah Kemaman DINDINGS! K Tapan Ka. Lipis Lumut C.Gelang ANSORSTRAITS Telok A PAHANG Pahang R. MATA Pekan Deli ANAMBAS IS. SUBI IS. Ka. Kubu SIANTAN MIDAI SOUTH NATUNA IS. S Ka. Lumpur Mt. Temuan JEMADJARIABU JUMAN Api Passage SERASAN Klang SETTLEMENTS D TR Pt. Dicksono Tg. Bale RITTAN C.Datu Do BAUA Tangat o Soremban REPON TINGGI ST.P'ERRE Toba Malakka Mt.Ophir E Greenwich B0110R Mt.Blumut Singkel Balige Mahara 3280 Kota Tings na 15% from RUPAT Romania D East 100° Longitude SINGAPORE Singapore RIOU ARCH. BINTANG 90° Copyright. L. L. Poates Eng. Co., 1921 over 800 miles. In their lower courses the rivers often overflow their banks in the rainy season. Though its resources are almost entirely undeveloped, the country, as a whole, is productive, especially in the lower portions. Here grow rice, sugar cane , tobacco, cotton, amber, and jade are also obtained. Among wild animals are the elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, leopard, deer of various kinds, and the wild hog. Among domestic animals are the ox, buffalo, horse, and elephant. The rivers abound with fish. The most common fruits are indigo, etc. Cotton is grown almost the guava, custard apple; tamarind, الله M TEMPLE OF THREE HUNDRED everywhere; tea is cultivated in many of the more elevated parts. The forests produce timber of many sorts, including teak, which grows most luxuriantly, and is largely exported. Ironwood is another valuable timber ; and among forest products are also the bamboo, cutch, sticklac, and rubber. Burma has great mineral wealth-gold, silver, precious stones, iron, marble, lead, tin, coal, petroleum, etc.; but these resources have not yet been much developed. The chief precious stone is the ruby, and the mines of this gem belong to the crown. Sapphire, LIONS AT SAGAING, BURMA pine, orange, banana, jack, and mango. The yam and sweet potato are cultivated, and in some parts the common potato. The climate , of course, varies according to elevation and other circumstances, but, as a whole, is warm, though not unhealthful, except in low, jungly districts. The rainfall among the mountains reaches as high as 190 inches per annum . 12,000,000, made up of a great variety The population may be stated at about of races besides the Burmese proper, as Talaings, Shans , Karens, etc. The Burmese proper are of a brown color, with lank, black hair (seldom any on the face), and have active, vigorous, wellproportioned frames. They are a cheerful, lively people, fond of amusement, averse to continuous exertion, free from prejudice of caste or creed, temperate and hardy. The predominant religion is Buddhism. Missionaries are active in their efforts, but the Christian faith has not yet made much progress in the country. Polygamy is permitted by Buddhist law, but is rare, and is considered as not altogether respectable. Divorce is easily ١١٧١ ہے obtained. Women in Burma occupy a much freer and happier position than they do in Indian social life. They go about freely, manage the household, and make successful women of business, conducting not merely retail trades but also large wholesale concerns. Education is very general, one of the chief occupations of the monks in the numerous monasteries being the teaching of boys to read and write. Many of these monastic schools are under government inspection. The Burmese are skillful weavers, smiths, sculptors, workers in gold and silver, joiners, etc. The ordinary buildings are of a very slight construction, chiefly of timber or bamboo raised on posts; but the religious edifices are in many cases imposing, though the material is but brick. Carving and gilding are features of their architecture. The Burmese language is monosyllabic, like Chinese, and is written with an alphabet the characters of which (derived from India) are more or less circular. There is a considerable literature. Burma is now divided into Lower Burma and Upper Burma, the former till 1886 being called British Burma, while the latter till that date was an independent kingdom or empire. Lower Burma was acquired from Independent Burma in 1826 and 1852 as the result of two wars terminating in favor of Great Britain. It comprises the divisions of Aracan, Pegu, Irrawaddy, and Tenasserim; area, 87,473 square miles; pop. about 3,000,000. Under British rule A VILLAGE IN BURMA it has prospered greatly, the population and trade having increased immensely, there being regularly a large surplus revenue. Roads, canals, and railways have been constructed and other public works carried out, as also public buildings erected. The total foreign trade is valued at over $120,000,000. The chief city and port is Rangoon, which is now connected by railway with Mandalay in Upper Burma. The government is administered by a lieutenant-governor, and a legislative council of 19 members. The Burmese Empire is of little note in ancient or general history. Since the 16th century the Burmese proper have mostly been the predominant race, and ruled the Peguans, Karens, etc., throughout the country. The capital has at different times been at Ava, Pegu, Prome, or elsewhere. In the latter half of the 18th century the Burmese Emperors began a series of wars of conquest with China, Siam, and Assam, through which treatment of them imaginative and they greatly enlarged the Empire. This brought them into contact with the British, and, in 1824, war was declared against them on account of their encroachments on British territory and their seizure of British subjects. The war terminated in the cession of the provinces of Aracan and Tenasserim to the British. Peace continued for some years, but latterly various acts of hostility were committed by the Burmese, and, in 1852, the maltreatment of British subjects occasioned a second war, at the end of which the British possessions were extended to include the whole of Pegu. The third and last war occurred in 1885 in consequence of the arrogance and arbitrary conduct of King Theebaw. The result was that Upper Burma was annexed to the British Empire by proclamation of the Viceroy of India, Jan. 1, 1886. The area thus annexed was about 200,000 square miles, of which half belonged to the Kingdom proper, and half to the semi-independent Shan states.