Calicut

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

2026 Editor's Note: This page uses language about race that was commonplace when the book was published and is offensive by today's standards. The text has been left exactly as it was printed, rather than cut or softened, so that the historical record — including how ordinary such language once was — is preserved. (Ed: ET 2026-07-22) a seaport of India, in the presidency of Madras, on the Malabar coast, which was ceded to the British in 1792. It was the first port in India visited by Europeans, the Portuguese adventurer, Pedro da Covilham, having landed here about 1486, and Vasco da Gama in 1498. It has considerable export trade in timber and spices, and manufactures cotton cloth, to which it has given the name calico. Pop. about 80,000. A 124° B123° 122 ° D C O Pokerimo E Smith R Smith R Dorriso Klamath Henleyo R Beswick Selad. Valley Gasgu Rhettor Klamathon Ruby Brownell Tule Lake Crescent Nolton Ager Klamath Hawkinsville DEL Happy City Hamburg Dome Mt. ◎ Mt. Hebron Lava Madoc Beds o Yreka NORTE Camp Scott River Straw Little Shasta Montague Fort Jones Mt. Hoffman Régua S Gazelle Haystack Butte Glass Mt. Greenview Weitchpeklamath Etna Mills Edgewood. Black Fox Mt. Happy Klamath Somesbar Upton Mt. Shasta Sawyers Bar Sisson MeCloud Callahan Dodge, Shasta Springs So Algomah Orick Orleans Rollin Glazier Lookout Dunsmuir- HOOPA VAL Coffee Trinid Cinnabar Castella LINDRES. Danny Cecilville McArthuro Hoopa Hazel, Creek Little Riv 41 R. Cayton -Carrville Bayles Franels Trinity Gen. Blue Lake China Flat Elena Aroat Cassell Hawkinsbar Dedrick, Minersville Antler Eure Pineland Burney Bald Korbel tt Weaverville SHEASTA Freshwater Trinity R Coram Kennett Fields Lag Burney Mt. Lewiston Kneeland Douglas City Fortuna Copley Keswick Whitmore Crater Pk Sout TRINITY Yager Tayloro orndale Hydesviller Bella Vista Shasta Hayfork Viola 2 Redding Shingletown Lassen Scotia South Fork Pk. Igo Peanut Anderson Larrabee Menopsino Dyerville Gas Point Ruth Fk Anada O Mineral Jelly Paynescreek Chester Cottonwood Petrolia Knob Blocksburg Beegum Lyonsville ملی T HA M Zenia Prattville Phillipsville Dobsono Hunters Red Bluff Cr Caution of Mill Deer utte Meadows Shelter Co Hoaglin Mt Lynn S.Fork M Proberta Cr Garberville 40° Pt. Delgada Tehama Lowrey Corning Stirling City Paskenta Er ROUND A Monroe Thomas Kirkwood Magalia IND RES Nor Nord Hardy Millsaps Orland Covelo 0 Chico St.John Yankee Hur Westport Durham Cherokee Artols. Branscomb Fruto BUTTE acramento GLE 3 Sherwood No Nelson o Elk Creek Fort Bragg Gracy Willow Butte City Oroville Hullville • Willits Yo Palermo Noyo Norman Caspar Biggs . Mendocinobion Honout Onoue S ubaB Potter Valley Stonyford Sites Gridley eather Live Oak Nevada- Capella Little River Comptche Bartlett Sprs. Maxwell Ukiah Colusa LAKE Elk Valleye Z Williams Sveamore Upperlake CO-LUSA Yuba Marysville Philo Miller Clear L. Lakeport Arabella 39 Sear Sulphur Creek Manchester Wheatland fudor Hopland College-City Nicolaus Lincoln Point Arena Lowerlake Yorkville ELENA Middletown Blacks Sta. Rumsey Dunnigan GualalaCloverdale Quicksilver Capay Woodland Roseville Geyserville YOLO Folsom Cy. P Healdsburg Stewarts Point Monticello Calistoga Esparto Broderick Fort Ross SONOMA Winters Davis Cazadero SACRAMENTO 4 St. Helena Guerneville Santa Rosi Tulo NAP SACRAMENTO Hartley Dixon Yountville Swamp Erkgrove Occidental Sebastopol Bloomfield Glen Ellen Napa Vacaville Arny Sonoma SOLANO okel Napa Jo. Fairfield Petaluma Tomales Suisun City umn Marshall Vista dodbridgeo Vallejo Rio Vistag Of Invernesso Ignacio Hercules Crock Lodi Pinole 38° Pt. Reyes Ba Stockton Drake' Canselmo San Rafael Concord Antioch Bolinas Bale Rightmond 00NTRA Brentwood Military El Cerito Clayton Herkeleyo OSTA Byron SAN Sausalito San Franciscoa San Ramon Oakland Alameda Altamonto Tracyn FARALLONE IS Daly San San Leando ward Livermore South S.San Francisep SAN Francisco Flay Pleasanton Colina San Bruno SAN Bay ALAMEDA Burlingameo San Mateo Miles 5 Westley Pillar Pt Irvington Redwood Cy. Menlo Park Half Moon Bay FoMayheln Woodside MATEO Palo Mt. Vietilpitas Mt.Hamiltone Alto Santa Clare ALS San Gregorio Sunnyval San Jose SANTA CLARA Pescadero Los Gatros Coyote Boulder Creek Perryo Morgan HIN 123° Gibba B San Martin 124° J 116° Santa Cruz Aptos Mariposa Watsonville Pajaro Hollister PANAMINT Monterey Bay San Juan BLACK MTS Castroville Paicines Del Monte Salinas 6 Pt. Pinpe Mulberry Pacific Grove Spreckels Pinerock Monterey Chualar SAN I alii Gonzales Amargosa Cr Carmel Ultron Soledad RANGE Sur lamesburg KINGS Pt.Sur Paraiso Surs. 36 Arbolado King Cy San Lucas Kingston Spr. 360 Lopez Pt. Lucia IP.RA. Lyons ON Brown Pk. Calada Kingston Owls Head I Gorda Lockwood AVAWATZ MTS. Granite Pk. Clark Pk. Monro Rosalie O 7 Black Crater Ivanpaho San Simeon Leastalk PROVIDENCE MTS Soda Lake Mt. Kessler o Purdy Desert Esteros ave Chase o Blackburn C Dunn Scott Epsom Ames Dry L. Kelso SAN BERON. Ash Hill Blake Burk✓ Borate Maniz Hinkley • Newberry Homer R. Marion Malia Needles San Fenner o • Hector Ludlow Barstow Edson Daggett Beal ARDINO Pisgaho Cottonwood Danby Klondike Siam Amboy TURTLE MTS. Stedman Cadiz 8 SHEEP BULLION MTS. Monument Dry Lake HOLE MTS Pinelake SAN San Bernardino NARL OBER Colorado Dry Lake Blythe Jo Highland Redlands-Grizzly-PKOKNO COLORADO Riverside Mt. RIV. Riverside Banning Whitewater Beaumont SAN INDIAN Dry Bed of RANGE Palm Springs Lakeview RES Soda L Drycamp Perris San Jacinto DE R E Blythe R Hemet JACINTO MTS Indio Ehrenburg Elsinore Thermal Salton Ancient Line Black Butte Sage Murrietta Cahuilla Temeculas Paloverde CHOCOLATE Bertram Nea Oakgrove Pala Cibola Black Pk. Salton Sealando Nellie Fall Brook Flowing Well a Bonsall Warner Calipatria SAN DIEGO R IMPERIA Mesquite Picacho Imperial Valley Rockwood ondido Colorado: Desert Rainona Julian Banner Ruthven Chimney Pk. Brawley Senator Cuyamaca Foster Imperial Holtville YUMA Del Mar Lakeside Descanso Ogilby IND.RES. Pacific Beaon O Knob C Carrizo Elenjoy Alpine Silsbee El Centro Yuma E.San Diego Meзb Jacumba San Diego Calexico B National Gy Potrero New C Coronas Chula Vista A I 117 MEX Nestoro 115° 116° K H 117° 120° F 119° 118° G 121 ° E N G O o Tule Lake Goose Willowranch Lake Olear Lake M Ft. Bidwell Bald Butte 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 Upper L Davis Creek ODOC. Lake City 60 80 100 Alturas Hackamore Canby Campo Cedarville Middle L. N Craig Centerville Eagleville Scheffer Mt Lower L. Adin Likely o itt Hat Pk. Bieber Canals County Towns Railroads Ashton Madeline Juniper Roscoe Haydenhill, Winnemucca Redrock Mt. Brockmans R. Fredonyer Pk. Waverly Observation Pk LASSEN WEST HUMBOLDI MTS Gallatin . Horse Laka Humboldt Horse Eagle L Secret Peak Merrillville Susanville Schaffer Pk Murray Coppervale Standish Amedce Janesville Honey L. Mt.Stover Liegan PYRAMID LAKE Greenvilleo Kettle Pk. Milford Seneca Crescent Mills Lovelocks INDIAN RES. Winnemucca Chilcoot PLUMA L. Pyramid L. Tk Keddie Taylorsville A D A NAA Spanish Ranch Orizzly Pk. Long Valley Middle Johnsvilleo Blairsden o Hawley Chat Quincy Mt. Ararat Fk. Mohawk Chilkoot Plumas Jc. Haskell Pk. Purdy Downieville Loyalton SIERRA Wadsworth Reno Still water Sierra City Sierraville Sawberry Willow Val. Alleghany O Austin Camptonville Graniteville - Boch Bloomfield Floriston A Truckee Virginia Cy. Oy.ED Emigrant Garpluto Mt. Brockway Dutch Flat R Grasso Iowa Hills Westville Tahoe MTS Lake CARSON CITY R. Walker Glenbrook Michigan Bluff Tahoe TOQUINA Foresthil Talla Georgetown Emerald Bay Monument Pk. SHOSHONE Bijou Garden Val. Auburn Lotu Valu Echo Woodfords Rocklin F American R ㅇ Fredericksburg Colome Placerville Walker L. E LODORADO Markleeville Fairdak Diamond Spr. o Grizzly Flate Pk. Loope Topaz Latrobe Dogtown Mokelumne Pk 20 ALPINE 10 Hawthorne Plymouth Coleville Lookout Amador Cy. ERAS Mt. Clinton Sonora Pk Clay Sutter Cr. Galt Hone Rhodes Bridgeport Big trees Sheeg Mokelunne Hill Castle, Pk Candelaria Bodie San Andreas Murp Tonopah Conlin Tower Pk. Mono L. Lockeford O TUOLUMNE Milton Lundy Angels Camp Warmspring ச 0 Farmington Hodson Sonora Cafters Mono Lake Jamestown JOAQUIN Knights Ferry Mt. Dana Ro Groveland Sequoia Lathrop Chinese Big Onk Flat Mill Benton Mt.Luel WHITE MTS Stanislaus Oakdale AUS Manteca Goldfield Coulterville El Portal Komite, Hammil Modesto NATIONAL PARK Waterford Tuolumn Miner Banner Mt. Bear Valley Merced Phi Ceres Hickman Turlock Oasis Chalfant RMARIPOSA Double Ph Crows Snelling Wawona Landing Hornitos Mariposa Laws Round Valley Mer Livingston Patterson Atwater Fresno Flats Newmang Bishop Poleta Merced Lewis Raymond North Fork Mt Abbott Gustine Coarsegold MERCED Knowles Bigpine Alvord Volta Plainsberg O Shaver Gold Bald Pk. Le Grand Owens Los Banos San O O'Nealso R Bates Auberry Tinemaha Aberdeen Berenda Split Mt. Pineridge Friant Lost Joaquin Canal Fulare Dos Palos M Madera Sentinel Valley PK. PANAMINT RANG San Joaquin Clovis Independence Borden R Firebaugh Citrus Lake Millwood DEATH SRS Dunlap Reward Kingriver Tres Pinos GEN GRANT Mendota Collis Squaw Val, NAT'L PARK Mt.Tyndall o Owenyo Jamison Fresno Canal Emmett Panoche MT. WHITNEY Lone Pine Fowler Reedley Badger Oleander Selma Selma o 0 Mt Whitney MIL. RES. IN Kingsburg, Dinuba Auckland SEQUOIA BENITO Inyo Caru Keeler Threerivers NATIONAL San Benito Traver F Laton Owens L Metz SO Hernandez Idria o Bald Mt. Pinto Pk. Wheatville Manford Goshen Visallaone MTS. Lemoncove PARK Armona Farmersville Exeter/ Modock Sugar Loaf Darwin JUNTO Alca Lemoore Bitterwater TULA A Huron Lonoak Guernsey Tulare Lindsay Daunt Priest Valle Coalinga DPABLO RA Tulare Corcoran Porterville MONTEREY Poplaro Plano, TUL Lake Angiola San Ardo KPNG Jolon Valleton Pixley . Esperanza Parkfield Hot Spri Bradley Pleyto Orris Dudley Antelope Plain Delane Estrella Cholame San Miguel Nood o Annette Paso, Robles Shandon M Famoso Semitropic Cambria Templetonston Atascaderoo Eaglet or Dove Oil center Kern R. Ae Bedale Pt Cayucos Buttenwillow MOOR SAN LUIS Simmler Esteros Bay Morro Pozo O Asphalto La Panza Oligo Santa Margarita erstield- MeKittrick San Luis Obispo Gosfe Taft Pt. Buchon Buena Vista L Musick OBISPO Port Harford Caliente Arroyo Grande Luis Obispo B. Maricopa Goodwino Pione R Oceano Nipomo Santa Berros Isabella b Maria R. Havilah Kernville 35 Piute Ricardo Cameron Guadaloupe Santa Maria Wasioja Paris Sisquoe R. SAN Weldon Casmalia 8 SANTA BARBARA RAFA issell Careaga Los Alamos MTS. Mojave N Owens Pk. Dry Salt L Los Olivos Surf Pk. Rardsburg おく Santa Yne Castle Rock Fremont Honda Lompoc Santa Freeman Dry L. ncz Searles Gaviota Naples R. Concepcion St. Elmo Parker Lake Pond Dry Bed of Pt. Concepcion Santa Barba Kramer Johannesburg Argus BARBARAN SANTA Mt.Argus A Hinkley Barstow ☑ Mohave Borax Works RNARDINO SLATE SAN MIGUEL I Catinel Pk SAN Dry L Ballarat Needle Pk. R Black Crater Halleck 34 N SANTA ROSA 1. Granite Pk. Cottonwood (To Santa Barbara Co.) 06 9 Borate Daggett R Marion 36 7 35 N 00 33 H Gila R. -33 10 L.L. POATES ENGRIG E Needle Pk. COS ancha Dome Pk. Capital Pk. Milispaugh ND RES, ngg -White River Glennville O S S Division of the North American Union, bounded by Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, Lower California, and the Pacific Ocean; land area, 155,980 square miles; admitted to the Union Sept. 9, 1850; number of counties, 58; pop. (1890) 1,- 208,130; (1900) 1,486,053; (1910) 2,- 377,549; (1920) 3,426,861; capital, Sacramento. Topography. The surface of the State is very mountainous, being traversed by two ranges extending in a N. W. and S. E. direction. The Coast Range, consisting of a number of broken ridges, has an average width at the base of 65 miles, and varies from 1,000 to 8,000 feet in height. The highest peaks are Mt. Ripley, 7,500 feet, and Mt. Downie, 5,675 feet. The Sierra Nevada Mountains join the Coast Range and extend along the E. border of the State for about 450 miles, with nearly 100 peaks exceeding 10,000 feet in height, the highest being Mt. Whitney, 14,898 feet, Mt. Tyndall, 14,386 feet, and Mt. Shasta, 14,350 feet. Between these ranges is a basin, at some early time the bed of a lake, about 450 miles in length, the N. section known as the Sacramento Valley, and the S. section as the San Joaquin Valley. This valley valley contains Tulare Lake, and is drained by the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. The coast line is irregular, with numerous capes and bays, affording many good harbors. San Francisco Bay is the largest and best harbor on the Pacific coast. Geology. The mountainous parts of California consist almost entirely of volcanic rocks, with many extinct craters. Tertiary and cretaceous sandstones are found in the foothills and along the coast range, while the central mass of the Sierras and their highest peaks are of granite. Metamorphic formations are found in the N. W., and extend along the Sierra and San Bernardino mountains and the detached triassic and jurassic fields bordering the Sierras are known as the auriferous, or gold belt. Mineralogy. California was for many years the first State in the Union in the production of gold, but it has now dropped to second place. As early as 1841 gold was obtained by washing near the San Fernando Mission. In 1848, the discovery at Coloma of large gold deposits started the up-building of California. At first mining was carried on by washing the river gravel, and in 1851 sluices were built through which the water was passed. These sluices were filled with blocks of wood or stones, which collected the gold as it sank. Digging was carried on also, and in 1852 a hydraulic system was introduced, by