The Meta-Encyclopedia

Canada

2 of the 7 encyclopedias on this shelf carry an entry for Canada. Both are reproduced below, so you can see where they agree and where they differ.

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

DOMINION OF, a Federal Union of Provinces and Territories, comprising all the British possessions in North America, excepting Newfound land; bounded by the Arctic, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans, and the United States, including Alaska. The area in square miles of individual Provinces and Territories, since the reallotment in 1912, is as follows: Prince Edward Island, 2,184; Nova Scotia, 21,428; New Brunswick, 27,895; Quebec, 895; Quebec, 706,834; Ontario, 407,262; Manitoba, 251,832; Saskatchewan, 251,700; Alberta, 255,- 285; British Columbia, 355,855; Yukon District, 207,076; Northwest Territories, 1,242,224; total, 3,729,665. Pop. (1911) 7,206,643; (1919, est.) 8,835,602; capital, Ottawa. Topography. Extending over so large a territory, Canada presents a great variety of surface. Along the Atlantic coast is a range of hills extending inland from 15 to 20 miles. About 60 miles inland, the Cobequid mountains, some reaching an altitude of 1,100 feet, extend in a line parallel to the coast from the Bay of Fundy, through Nova Scotia to the Strait of Canso. Nova Scotia is a long fertile plain. A third mountain range crosses New Brunswick from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the State of Maine. An extensive plateau intervenes between these mountains and the Cobequids. The central part of the Dominion consists of a vast undulating plain, extending W. to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. This section includes the W. half of Assiniboia and the whole of Alberta, and consists of three prairie plateaus. The E., 800 feet high, known as the Red River Valley and Lake Winlong-time predecessors were giants. nipeg region, contains about 7,000 square miles of valuable wheat land. The middle plateau has an area of 105,- 000 square miles, altitude, 1,600 feet, and includes the Qu'Appelle and Assiniboia river valleys. The third plateau extends 450 miles E. from the Rocky Mountains, and has an average altitude 4 of 3,000 feet. The Rocky Mountains are the most prominent physical features of the Dominion, and stretch from Alaska to California, some of the peaks attaining a height of 16,000 feet. Among the highest are Mt. Hooker, 16,760 feet; Mt. Brown, 16,000 feet, and Mt. Murchison, 15,700 feet. The Canadian Pacific railroad crosses the Rockies through the Kicking Horse Pass, just S. of Mt. Murchison, at an altitude of 5,300 feet. Between these mountains and the Pacific coast are the Selkirk Mountains, the Gold Range, a central plateau, and the Cascade or Coast Range. The Cascade or Coast Range is a continuation of the Sierra Nevada of California, reaches an altitude of 7,000 feet, and contains many extinct volcanoes. The Selkirk range has a glacier region of greater extent than that of Switzerland. The coasts of the Dominion have numerous indentations, the largest of which are the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Gulf of Georgia, the Bay of Fundy, and the Bay of Chaleurs. In the N. are many large bays or inland seas, of which Baffin Bay on the N. E., and Hudson Bay, near the center of the Dominion, are the largest. The lakes of Canada are the most extensive in the world; besides the Great Lakes, Superior, Huron, Michigan, St. Clair, Erie, and Ontario, there are many large lakes in the Northwest Territories and Manitoba. Among these are the Great Slave, 12,000 square miles; Great Bear, 10,000 square miles; Winnipeg, 8,500 square miles; Athabasca, 2,000 square miles; and Manitoba, 1,900 square miles. The principal rivers are the Mackenzie, Copper Mine, Great Fish, Slave, Fraser, St. Lawrence, Saskatchewan, and a part L of the Yukon. Mineralogy.-Canada is very rich in its mineral deposits. The most important minerals found are gold, silver, iron, copper, nickel, lead, and coal; besides manganese, cobalt, asbestos, pyrites, phosphates, building stones, marbles, petroleum, and salt. Gold is principally mined in British Columbia, Yukon Territory, and Nova Scotia. In British Columbia and Yukon Territory the deposits of the Klondike region and the Yukon and Fraser rivers are among the richest in the world. The Nova Scotia gold district extends over an area of 6,000 square miles, and the metal is extracted from the quartz in a very fine 118° 114° C. Kellett Wales Collinson Inlet C P Nel N Minto Inlet Darnley Bay C,Lyon Prince Albert Sound ring la Ronciere le Noury Dolphin and Union Hope Pt. Stapylton WOLLASTON B. LAND C. Krusenstern Rae R. Coronation O.Flinders Bois Dismal Gulf Bloody Falls Dease L. C.Bar. 007 Dease Bay Site of Artic Ft. Confidence Coppermine Sound Great Bear Lake Hood R. 18,024 Keith Bay St.Elas 60 Mt. Fairweather Kathawashaga Mt Burnside R. م L. R Me-Vicar Therese L Yakutat 156,287 56 Ommaney Mt.Loy Mackenzie Bay C. Spencer Icy S 10.539 LADear Cross Sd. Contwoy to L. KRUZOF CHICHAGOF YAKOBI 1. P 1. Point L. Blackwater L. L. Stairs BARANOF Frederick Mt.Crillon 12,750 L. Site of sek Ft. Enterprise L. Tache Paul 1.20 Backs R. Kusa L Chatham-chan its Chilkoot Pass Bon Gras KIUIU Great L. SKUPREANOF agway L. L Grandin Ft. Wrigley Dyen Lyon Snare ADMIRALTY Sarahk L. L. CoDouglas San N Nahanni Aly mer Highland Jaku R. Mackay R. Meadow B. la Martre Lac la Martre L. Camsell L. Clinton-Colden L. S. Nahanni Wrangell Fellowknife R Willow L. Ft. Rae Fawn L. R. Walmsley Birch L. egraph Cr. Ft. Simpson R. R. NZ Mink L. Stikine Inklin Iskut Beaver North R. Wards Liard Great Slave Choquette Bar Glenora Arm Site of Ft. Reliance Christie دل Little L Tuya Liard McLeod Bay R. Trout R Bay Ft. Providence Lake Wilson. Ft, Liard Kachika Trout L. L. Tathlina South Bay Lakete R. Beaver R. R. Black R F. Resolution Fort Hay River Post R Ft. Nelson Slave R. Sikanni R. L. Bistcho R. Ft. Smith 代 Grabam Landing Sikanni Chief R. Hay Finlay Loke Athobaska K PR Ft. Vermilion R Fond du Lac Peac. B.Co Halfway CE L. Claine Ft. Grahame lly Hay L. 2Ft. Chipewyan Pine Germansen Birch Loon R Gauder By Hudsons Hope R. Cree R Red R. R Athabaska R. hty R. Peace 770 Spirit River hers Tacla L. R. Ft. St. John R. Paranip Quick Babinet. McLeod o Peace S Ft. McKay Cree L. Walcott Dun unvegan Perow Ft. McMurray H.B.Co. Peace River Crossing Burns Lake Savory Ft. St. James 0 Clearwater Webster Smoky Grand River Francois L Ft. Fraser McLennan Methye Por. CH.B.Co. HB.Co. Engen Vechako R. La Loche L. Wabasha Sturgeon Sawridge R. Giscome Lesser Slave SHIT L Tsinkut A apiti Hutton Clear L LBERTA Cho Nichol Leismer o Smoky Blackwater R. Guilford Pelican L Buffalo H.B.Co. George Dian Cle Dean Prince Smoky UMBIA Laay R Margico Trout Lake Athabask PP HUNTER 1. Lindup Smith L H.B.Co. L. Ne a la Kidd CALVERT 1, Tieland Athabaska Lac la Biche Queen Charlotte Sa. Pitlochrie Little Rb Entwistlo Crosse Nemeiben L. Rid Quesnel hite Coury St.Ann Lac la Chil Soda Creck Legra Primrose Bickerdike SCOTT I5 Oivekano Plonge Boyle Edson G Quesnel R. Qucsnel Pyramid L. cotin Ro Stanley Tete Jaane Edmonton L. Leaman C. Scott esplendent ed Cold L. Dore L. SASKATCHEWAN Cardiff Je Quernel Saskatchewan Quatsino Ed. E Beaver Forks Bliss Embarras Hanceville Fraser Hawes Lovett Pe mline Saskatche Jackman R. ille Bathgate Stratheona Ft. Pitt DeLaronde Albreda C. Cook MESS L Jeeper Mine Park ht L. Thunder R Dog Creek Montreal Chilko Wetaskiwin Vegreville Leduc Vermilion Lloydminster Big River L. Hobbema VANCOUVER Riley Dumble Clem instone Str. Campbell Camrose Bruce Trout Cr. Avola Bute Clearwatero Boulder • Fenton Ponoka Merwin Shell Brook R.o • Canwood Prince Albert NOOTKA 1. Craigellachre Lacombe Monitor Cadogan, Battleford V.Battleford Inlet/ Nordegg o • Stettler Kinam Columbia Beavermouth Irma • Wainwright Cattle Hardisty Clinton Dunn R. Maidstone Burbank Six Mile Cro Edam Lilloet Lamoral Ashcroft Golden Field Lochear Roddick North Hill allecillewact Twin Butte Alix Spennes Bridge Red Dee Sicamous 6 Ross Penk Revelatoke Basythe Glacier Carltono NewporWonuock Shuswap My Kinistino • St. ourtenay Innisicil Lairdo Rosthern Dona VARGAS 1Ladysmith Bowden Huxley • Castor Port Alberni Lytten Laggan Unity EXAR Guichono Kanaka Semlin Fielding Nightingale o Hanna LOD ancour North Bend Kamloops Okanagan Lag Wilkie Spatsum Banft Didsbury o Keelers Macklin Barkley Sd. Munson Warman Saskatoon en Youngstown Rural Biggar • Humboldt Canmor Irricana Dana Ed. Ottert Larkino Spuzzum Armstrong Melfield Str.of Georias Nicon gewater Lo Colonsay Arrowhen Nicola Okanagan Suma Corley Netherhill Delkle Dundurn Young Dodsland Fairmount Kinley Merritt Vale C Hope Yoctor Cochrane pper d Loverna Dirbean Esquimault Mictoria Strathmore Allen Juan de Finica Brodie Milli Otono Huscar C. Flattery Str. of Bent Calgary Q Outlook Nokomisowar Alderside Gleichen • Lomona Bassano Cassils S. Saskatchewan Aikin Lanigan Elrose Elbow Mortlacho Jenner Glidden Ruby Cr Rosetown Lower Kirkealdy Lardo Davidson Gowan gassiz Myra ocan River Brant 10 Penticton urogdon is Kootenay Nantono Keron Trow Nelson Staveley Carmangay Tillay omeos Empress minster Graham Macleod. O Carmy Bulyea hobson locan Cranthrocko Kininvie/Prussia Rush Ld Current Suffield Lemsford Herberto Rossland Aylesbury.. Erpfold OCSC Rouleau Chaplin cho Abby Orane Log Blumenliof Winnifred o Medicine Sideswood E Pincher Warner Caron petor Burdett Seward Swift • Lumsden Midway Antelope O Craven reenwood Moyle Tahdo Grand Forks geu Hato C Regina Ⓡ Sourdo Scot بابا Sny ward Cowler Cardston Warner Stirling Lethbridge Mocsejaw Kipr F Nest Yhak Dunmore Forres Whitla Walsh WAWAS Pasqual R. Maple Or. Moosbank Settle Shiff Foremost Vanguard o Kimball MIL River Gravelbourg SHINGTON Gravelbourg Je Kootenay Admiral Aneroid Kincaid Woodriver Shaunavon ◉ Olympia Forward Easiond Melaval Yellow 1 Ravenferat Greas Viders Spokane Assiniboja P Wayburn Excel gema Bengough Neptune R. N Great Falls 44 Columbia U Miscoula R. Missouri M ONTANA Helens N DOMI INION OF CANADA • Butte R. A I Yellowstone Miles City AND T NEWFOUNDLAND Weiser H YELLOWSTONE Yellowstone L. Boise SCALE OF MILES 49 100 200 240 Aladdin o NAT. PARK 0 40 80 Shoshone 160 O WYOMING 118° 114° 110° 106° 110° 106° 102° 98° 94° Melville Sound 90° 86° 82° M'Clintock/Channe Swinbur Admiralty Bγρώη OF Inlet Creswell Bay Franklin Strait Bellot Str C. Kater Gulf of Booths C. Rendell C. Palmeston BOOTHIA GATESHEAD Ross Strait C. Englefield-ury and Heola, Str. C. Alfred COMIRALTY 1. 1. + Magnetic Victoria 3C. Collinson Richards C. Adelarde Har. Pole VICTORIA Albert Bay C. Miles LAND Edward C. Chapman AD Victoria Str. MATTY Garry B. Bay PENINSULA C. Crozier KING Dease Strait . Colborne Rae C. Richardson C. Colville Peli WILLIAM 1. MELVILLE Committee) HELEN SIMPSON KENT PEN. herd. B LIND I Melville Ba PEN. Selkirk B. Simpson MELBOURNE 1. C Anderson Bay Shep Murchison R. Dease Pts. PENINSULA Campbell B O'REILLY 1. ADELAIDE C. Croker IDE Pt. Ogle White Bear B Lefroy B. Ogden B. WALE C. Britannia Inlet PEN. Bathurst LONA MONTREAL 1. Blackwood Pt. C.Simpson C. Barclay PROGager Ross B. Hop Hayes R. 17 ARCTIC L. Franklin L. Macdougall Repulse Bay CIRCLE Backs R. Garry L. Pelly Beach Pt. ozen R. York Roes Wicome Wager Bay Brechey L. B Back& Schultz L. Aberdeen L. C. Fullerton STR SOUT R. Baker L. North B. Wharton Vinchester 0. Chamberlain Kendall Chesterfield Inlet La Perouse Inlet L. Thelon Campbell Point Chamberlain FIRWAY L. Nutarawit Kaminuriak Dubawnt L MAIBLE I. Ranken Inlet L. Nicholson Fergusin R. L. Yathkyed L. Tulemaluguetna Corbett Inlet L Carey L. Angikuni Barlow L. Dubawnt L. Dawson Inlet Kazan Maguse Boyd L. Maguse R. L. Tatinnai C. Eskimo L. Wholdaia Ennadai L L. Tha-anni A Kasba R. Driftwood Pt. Selwyn Nueltin Thlewiaza R. Ja Klokot L. L. L. HUDSO Todatara L. Baralzon L. Black L. Sandy L Hubbard Pt. Kazanjerri Black R. C. Churchill Du Brochet R. R. Seal Churchill Waterfound Cochrane R. Wollaston L Seal R Etawney R. L. Owl R. Moss L Port Nelson Port Nelson Du Brochet Geikie North Indian Reindeer C. Tatim South Indian L. Pink Ro Lake L Churchill York Factory R Foster Lakes Washałowaka R. Granville L L.. B.Co. Nelson مينا R. Assean L. Nelson House Nelson L. Burntwood Sissipuk L. Stanley Shamattava R. MANITO 7 Churchill Lacla Ronge Miron L R. Amisk Bear Severn Kississing L. Setting L. L. Sipiwesk Sachigo Deschambault L. Reed H.B.Co. L. L. Lewiston Cormorant MinagsR. Wekusko House Gods Cross L. Limestone Cumberland L. L. Merry L.. ROSS L. Saskatchewan Sachigo Moose H.B.Co. Norway House L. The Pas L. • Star-City Carrot Gunisao R. Westrav Hudson B.. Cedar R. o o Bannock Peesane Island Melfort Brieur Tisdale L Westgate Grand Gunisao of Rapids H.B.Co. L. Severn Sandy L. Lake Poplar R. Maleking St.Gregor Pask weg in Rosco Lake innipegosis Winnipeg Watson Berens River Littles Wynyard REINDEER 10 • Gypsumville • Quinton • Leslie Mar Grand Rapids 08heal L. McCream Steep Rock The Narrows Berens Tiny Pel Cat H.B.Co. Insingor Margo Mikado Benite o Cowan R Fairford Balearras Yorkton Winnipegosis Lipton Jasmin Simon Je • North Jo Dauphin O Broadview Langenburg Bloodvein sabin ake R Red Trout L. R. Qu Appelle GLAN Riverton Rapid Cy. Neupewa Amaranth Hodgson Melyille EricksonOchre R Wolseley Grenfell Stockholm Dubuc • Farlane Lac Seul LSt Porta Marquette Victoria Bin-carth Esterhaz N L du Booneit inglish A Superior Manitoba Indian Hd. Birtle O Minnedosn Whitemouth B Darwi Moosomin O'Brien Brandon Carberry Charles Winnipeg Stoughton Kelso Arcola Keewatim Taggart Peebles Crelman Telford Ingold 9 Kenora Duna Rivers Banning Ignace Bonheu Carlyle • Manor Prairie Eagle o Vermillion Bayo Tache a Raleigh Vinden Souris Gienboro St. Bonilace Edison Oxdrift R. Barciay Giroux indian Dufresne Holland Elm Cr Dinorwic Carndun LeptonO an Bay Ant'era Alumeda Somerset Carm Dutrost Marchan Halbrita pestone South Jodger xton Macoun Roland Hartney Je Greenway Word Aborris Napinka Woods Estevan Boissevain Carievale Nay Manitou Killarney Morden Portal R Sundown Vita pay merson Sprague Warroad Glen E Delorai Lyleton Atikokano Windygates Rosen Gretna Pembina Beaudette Rainy River Kawe Rainy R Ft. Frances Souris MINNESOTA Grand Forks NORTH DAKOTA Dul D R Bismarck Hankinson o Missouri Mubridge SOUTH DAKOTA Pierre Sioux Falk R. 1 102° Longitude 98° West DO land Can Port Chacon cu C. Muzon Dixon Entrance F Stewart Nass Biu Ft. Conn B Cedarvale Hazelton SOD of Kitselas Bort Simpson Phelan Skeer PORCHE Prince Wupert Hecla Strait PITT 1. Dov Vanaredol Sir Shames Houston Essington Salvus Skeena Cv Jouglas Guritater Hit 52 BARNABY ISLANDS I C R 70° 66° River Clyde 62° F 58° C. Kater 54° Home Bay Merchants Bay CUMBERLAND PENINSULA C. Dyer STRAIT S C. Walsingham Koukajuak Nettilling AND Lake Cumberland Sound hester C. Mercy LAND FOX C. Weston Amadjuak Lake er Gordon Kings C Bay MILL 18. SALISBURY I. Frobisher Bay LOKS I. HUDSON NOTTINGHAM let CHARLES 1. C. Pembroke RESOLUTION Wolstenho DIGGES 18 S 1. MANSEL RAIT 1. BUTTON 18. C.Chidley C.Smith SMITH 1. Mosquito B. Payne L. Payne R. H.B.C. Nachvak B. Ungava Bay C. Katlaktok Saylek B. Ramah Hebron BA YOTTAWA H. B.Co. C. Jingford IS. North R.Pokkak R. Koksoak R. H. B.Co. Portland George Leaf Ft. Chimo Promontory TWO BROTHERS. SLEEPERS Whale R. R Erlanson Naino Fraser R H.B. L. Minto KING GEORGE, Zoar L. L. Manuan IS. Icedam Nastapoka Kaniapiskau Otelnuk L. R. Sound Great R. BAKERS" Long L. Lower Seal DOZEN IS. Clearwater Death R. L. Lakes Methy L. Wakuach Shipiskan Richmo N.BELCHER IS.. Clearwater L. Seal L. Gulf L. R. R Whale Askigamish Naskaupi S.BELCHER IS.." Machistau Little R. Mishikamau Petitsikapau L. Wab B. L. Big Otter Pt Lake Dyke L. Great Whale C. Lookout L. Grand Falls Beaver R. H.BCQ R. Henrietta Maria Male Webstick Sandy Otter Egg L. LONG 1. Ossokmanuan Hamilton L Bishop Roggan R. Kaniapiskau C. Jones White L. Big Winter L. Sutton L. L. Ft.George R. JAME Ş H.B.Co. Burnt L. Attikonak R. Ekwan Big Ashuanipi L. Nichikun L. R. AKIMISKI ON.TWIN 1. Attawapiskat B Ariawapiskat Mistinik BS.TWIN I Opinaka R. Eye L. E R. Romaine Moisie Ste. Marguerite B BAY Magpie Ft. Albany Ishimanikuagan East Main Kapiskau Pletipi Eastmain R B L. CHARLTON L R. + Mingan Pentecote Onturde Rupert Rupert Albany Rav House Rupert Manikuagan MINGAN IS. Marten R R. Martin Falls Moose Factory Hannah West Cape - English L Moisie L. R. Moose R. Seven Islands B. Broadback R Allanel SEVEN IS. Mandan Nottaway R. Mistassiv Evans Current R. L. L. English River Peribonka H. BIO Missinaibi R. Lobster Mistassini R R. hit R. Harricanaw Missakami Pipmaukin B. Grant Metis Ste. Anne des Monts Gaspe C.Caspe River L. Kenogami Pagwa R R Abitibi R. Mont Louis L Waswanipi Mattagami Camau Bersimis R. Ashwapmuchuan Hearst Mattaga New Post on MacheyR. Lon L. o Kitigan o Cameron • Strickland Coppell Caplin R. ☑ Opqwika R. Rossport : S 2 New Carlisle lent Long R. St Moise Newport Bell wrence R. Rimousapbca Escuminac Hale Kapuskasing Cochrane Jackfish Nagag Kennedy H. B.Co. Kenogami Chicoutimi BMISCOU Mania Dalhousie Car Goodwin Gurney St. Gedeon Gravel Peninsulas Bagotville Kirke Chaleur 2 Melgund o Trudeau Dou gogama O'Brien Bie • Montizatib • Brember Gand Chamberdㅇㅇ우 Tadcussac Uniacke L.St.John Sacre Coeur Oba White Riv O'Brien Pokmouche Je Shippigan Mills Saguenay R St, Simon Robervala St Arsene Matapedi hatham Stokes Chutlo Tracadie Middleton Campbellton R. OL. Bouchette Fraserville Whitworth t Tarrien Miramichto Abitibi L Famundston Grand Clova Bathurst Ste. Rose Otter Parent Timmins St. Leonards. Ste Helene zie Miss Grand Falls Bartibogo NEW Girdwood Matheson Franzo • Kiskisink Nairs Falle Michipicoten Esher Tombs B Summit St. Paul Elgin Road ur Nemegos Bade Plaster am Mallett Mashkode Kinogu Ft. Mata O Pearl Lake Beaudett LE Blackville Kentico MICHIPICOTENY UPERIOR Ste. Anne Ridon Ramsey Rob ppee R. Earlton • Capt Connors Rock La Tuque Ottawa Victoria Buctouche Bik Lake o Tourmente Blissfield C Quebec Lep La Tuque, Je Raymond Pangis BRUNSWICK Chinman Shediso L'Islet Ruel Haileybury H. B.Co. R. Perth L.Kakabonga Riv. a Pierre Jo Montmagny Cardigan L. Timiskaming Keueenaw Pt. L. Cobalto Z. 2 Heyden Biscotasingo Logina Timagami Gouing Achigan NS St. Damien Lipawa ing but Gagetown Elgin • Forks Timiskaming Gatineau Dorchester St. Thecle Mont Laurier Bellevue • Desbarats Eureka 9 Frede Nor on Newburg Grandes Piles Nomining Gar 18 SudburJS Maniwaki Sault Ste. Marie Spanish Cartier Garneau Jo Villeroy Beauce Larehwood Deux Rivieres Harvey Romford Jc. Dana Markstay Woodstoc Labelle Three River St. Joseph Mackeys Sta. ericton Canterbu dietgu % Marquette Mattawa Chalk River Ste Agathe MOT North Bay McAdam Je Hampton • Copper Cliggundridge Rock Lake Lyster Tring Jo St. Martinss Athabashuville Bissett of Petawawa Dean Lake Fr Sorel Drummondville St Evarist Nicolet St.Job undy Dayton Bruce Joliette Algoma Sault Ste. Marie Gracefield Ottawa Pembroke Waltham Vanceboro J Watt Montrea Steint he Richmond Megantic Naughton Mary Kazubazua Worthington Surks Kallso Jerome orth Channel asser C MAINE Middleton Actonale St. Stephen George St. Andrews Nipissing Wakefield Annapolis rengille Trout Cro Wilno Renfrewo Bay Madawaska GRAND ! Eganville Str. of Mackinaw Digby Bancroft OTTAWA R. Vaudre Faruhitu Lennos Bangor I poxville Georgian MANITOUUN CD.MANAN I Whitehall • Compton Huntingdon Weymout C. Hurday Arnprior Scotito Huntsville Church Pointo Rouse Pt. St. Albans Place Kempion~ Carleton HUR Faltenberg Haliburton Alpena o Pornwall ✓ Champlan Perth NEW HAMPSHIRE Auguste Barrieron Lindsayo Peterboro o Tweed aneville Hebron م Bracebridge Kinmount Deer Lake Burlington Wiarton: Midland Prescott IN Yarmouth Sharbot Lake -L Jco Brockville 30 L. MICHIG Lewiston Green Bay Atherly Jc. Madoe Owen Sound Meatord Falls Montpelier C.Sable Southampton Collingwoodo L. Since Pete ✔ Portland Saginaw Bay VERMO ananoque rrowsmith Kingston Chatewortho augeen Je Blackwater Ivanhoe R. G Kincardine Durham Saugeen Jet Beeton Teeswater Harriston Orangeville Whitby ande du Laco Lac Cobourg Pieton Concord Listowel Bransp-Toronto Oshawa ton Wingham Fergus Goderich Oswego Connerticut Clinton Bay City thener Guelph Kingston London Pt.Stan Woodstock Paris Galt DHO Stratfordo Utica Madison Rochester Grand Haven Saginaw Lucan Cross Brantford Niagara Catharines Lowell o Syracuse Milwaukee Sarnia Boston Caledoniao Albany Port Hurong Simere Ryuga C. Cod Grand Buffalo Welland So S R. St Thomas le Port Dover A Rapids Tillsonbu Fort Rowan M NEW L.St. Clair Chatham au Worcester Wallaceburg Providence Z Detroit Wand encoe Binghamton Dutton Lansing Hartford Rondea R NNOO ☑ NANTUCKET 1. Chicago Hudson Oomber Delaware ✓ Newport MARTHAS VINEYARD Erie idsor A Amherstburg Leamington New Haven Greenwich Scranton E 1. Soung Montauk Pt. Toledo Wilkes-Barre Cleveland lewarkew York LONG 1. 86° OHIOT PENNSYLVANIA 107 Susqueh NEW Reading Trenton hanna 82° Pittsburgh Philadelphi JERSEY A Wilmington MD. Baltimore 78° C.May 74° 70° 50° 46° E Fiske Fiord NL 42° Godthab AND 38° Sermilik C. Discora orne Ecund Bjorne Frederikshaab C. Farewell CERE 1. Julianchaab Arsuk Frederiksdal 56 N EA C. Harrigan C. Mokkovik 52 Hopedale 3 Hamilton Inlet D Rigolet L. Cartwright Bay Melville 3 C.St. Lewis R. H.B.CO C Alexi R. BELLE ISLE R. St. Augustine R. Eskimo R C. Bald Strait of Belle Isle Hare Bay C Ferolle BELL 1. P Pt. Hamilton Sound FOGO 1. Mekattina Mekattina Natashkwan St. Augustine • St.Jolen Twillingate Olomanshibo R. White Bay Notre Dame Pt. Rich C. Freels Rogo S Bonavista Bay C. Bonavista Bay Bonavista Breakheart Pt. Notre Dame Jo. Glenwood Mona Lovisporte R.R Thorburn Lake Trinity Bay Bishops Falls Romaine Cut bonent/Conception Bay C. Whittle Badger Brook Kitty's Brook Grand-L.00 Bonne 2. C. Francis Bay Deer Lo Natashkwan 48° 常lexander Bar" Bay of Brook Terranova o Temiryo S. Brooke Bay of Quarry Bay Lands St.Johu Bay of Islands Islands SILE Harbor Main ANTICOSTI I. Stephenville Fischels ✓✓ East Cape Low Pt St. George Crabbas Little River Placentia Placentia C.St. George C. Race Cepassey Bay repasse Ferryland GULF OF Trepassey Fortune B Port aux Basquee LAWRENCE Bay ✓ "ortune Burin Bay St. Mary B Grand River C.St. Mary C. Ray ST. Cabot Strait Invernes6 CAPE BRETON 1. MAGDALENA ST.PAUL 1.8. North SHIPPIGAN 1. North Cape IS. Tignis R, EDWARD ISLAND Sydney Mines Glace Bay ວ Pt. Hood aney harlottetown Georgetown Stewart Louisburg Travers O-Murrai R. orthumber sty Bras/d' Or L. Tracadie Canso ish Hawkesbury Pigton dish G Guysborough Stormont ok I Me Str. of Canso Amherst Springhill Parraboro Westville New Traro Stellarton 44 Sher SC Moshervi Windsor SABLE I. Dartmouth Ralifax Windshi Je. NT Lunenburg Bridgewater Caledonia Liverpool Shelburne Bari LAN ington TL 40° 36 66° and pure state. Gold is also found in rich deposits in the Northwest Territories. Extraordinary silver deposits are found in several islands on the N. shore of Lake Superior and in argentiferous galena in Quebec, Nova Scotia, and British Columbia. Copper abounds in British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and the The copper Northwest Territories. found on the N. shore of Lake Superior, and in Ontario, is of excellent quality. Iron is found in great quantities at Hull, Ontario, in a bed 90 feet thick. This ore is magnetic, yielding 70 per cent. pure iron. Magnetite is also found in Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Silverbearing lead, tin, zinc, and bismuth are found in many places. Coal exists in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, British Columbia, and the Northwest Territories. The Nova Scotia and New Brunswick fields are of great extent, and the value of this output in British Columbia alone is second only to that of its gold. Anthracite is found in Queen Charlotte and Vancouver Islands. Among the precious stones of Canada are diamonds, rubies, pearls, amethysts, carnelians, cha chalcedonies, porphyries, agates, and jaspers. The total value of the mineral production in 1919 was $167,000,000. The gold production was valued at $16,275,000, the coal production at $12,500,000, the silver production at $13,500,000, and the production of pig iron at $920,000. During the four years down to the close of 1919, the prices of minerals and metals were greatly enhanced, and this contributed in a large measure toward increasing the total value of the mineral produc luction. In addition to those mentioned above, other important metallic products were cobalt, copper, lead, molybdenite, nickel, zinc, graphite, gypsum, magnesite, and mica. Soil, Climate, etc. - The soil is generally clay, beneath a rich vegetable loam, and is covered in its natural state with oak, elm, walnut, whitewood, pine, fir, and maple trees. It is well adapted to general agriculture, and is capable of the highest cultivation. The climate varies greatly. In the S. provinces the summers are warm, and, although the winters are cold, they are pleasant and bracing. In the W. the climate is milder than in the rest of the Dominion. In the extreme N. the ground is covered with snow early the entire year and the The greater winters are very severe. part of the Dominion is covered with forests. Agriculture. The greater part of Nova Scotia, Quebec, New Brunswick, Ontario and Vancouver Island, besides the country lying between Lake Superior and the Rocky Mountains, is admirably adapted to agriculture. The total farm wealth of to Canada exceeds $7,000,000,000. The field crops in 1919, both in value of crops and acreage, are the highest on record. Their value amounted to $1,448,153,500, compared with $1,372,935,570 in 1918. The value of the most important products is as follows: Wheat, $360,573,000; oats, $317,097,000; barley, $77,462,700; rye, $14,240,000; ); peas, $9,739,300; 00; beans, $6,- $1 214,800; buckwheat, $15,831,000; mixed grains, $37,735,400; flax, $22,609,500; corn for husking, $22,080,000; potatoes, $118,894,200; turnips, etc., $54,958,700; hay and clover, $338,713,200; fodder corn, $34,179,500; sugar beets, $2,606,000, and alfalfa, $10,800,200. The crops yielded in 1919 over a billion bushels of grain, and over 20,000,000 tons of hay and corn. There were 667,951 farms. Of these 184,- 347 were in Ontario; 143,958 in Quebec; 103,912 in Saskatchewan; 67,603 in Alberta; 53,638 in Nova Scotia; 49,855 in Manitoba; 37,204 in New Brunswick; 13,- 743 in British Columbia, and 13,705 in Prince Edward Island. Within 50 years the grain-growing center has shifted from the E. to the W. In 1870 85 per cent. of the wheat, oats, and barley were grown in Ontario. In 1919 Saskatchewan alone produced over 60 per cent. of these products in all Canada. The estimated wool yield was 17,300,000 pounds. Canada stood fifth among the world's wheatproducing countries. There were in operation in 1919 nearly 4,000 grain elevators, with a capacity of 221,279,964 bushels. Fisheries. The fisheries stand fifth in order of value among Canadian industries. The product of the fisheries in 1919 was $37,137,072. A capital of over $30,000,000 is employed, and about 100,- 000 persons are engaged in fishing, or in handling fishing products. There were in 1919 over 1,300 vessels, and 40,000 boats engaged in fishing. These were valued at about $10,000,000. Banking. There were in 1919 a total of 4,442 branch banks in Canada. Bank clearings for the year amounted to $16,- 709,598,895. The total deposits in banks amounted to $1,841,478,895, and the total assets of the banks amounted to $2,965,373,675. Commerce. The foreign trade of Canada for the year ending Sept. 30, 1919, was as follows: Imports $886,- 134,043, of which $550,516,656 were dutiable goods, and $335,617,387 7 were free goods. The exports amounted to $1,260,312,671, of which $1,201,801,387 were Canadian goods, and $58,511,284 were foreign goods. The imports from the United States in 1918 amounted to $701,087,586. The imports from the United Kingdom amounted to $79,023,- 483. The exports to the United States in 1919 amounted to $433,337,935, and to the United Kingdom, $540,378,091. The principal exports were wheat, flour, oats, fish and fish products, wood and lumber, wood pulp, printing paper, and agricultural products. In the year ending June 30, 1920, Canada exported to the United States goods valued at $537,337,381, and imported from the United States goods valued at at $890,135,023. Education. Primary education is Isory. The percentage of illitercompulsory. acy is 11.02 per cent., the highest among the foreign born and the lowest among the native born. There were in 1919 24,871 primary and secondary schools, with 36,000 teachers and 1,250,000 pupils. The Provincial Governments have control of education of elementary schools, secondary schools, normal schools, and universities. In Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, and Saskatchewan there are separate schools for Roman Catholics. In other provinces the schools are non-sectarian. There are 22 universities, and each Province has one or more. In addition, there are several colleges. The most important of the universities are the University of Toronto, McGill University, and Laval University, which is French-Canadian. In the universities and colleges are about 16,- 000 students. The total expenditure for public education is over $60,000,000 annually. Religion. The Roman Catholic Church is the oldest and largest religious body in Canada, and represents about 42 per cent. of the population. The Church of England has 28 dioceses, with 1,750 clergymen and over 2,000 churches. The Presbyterian Church has about 1,900 clergymen and about 335,000 communicants. The Methodists have about 380,000 communicants, the Baptists about 140,000, and practically all the other Protestant denominations are represented. The Roman Catholic Church is represented by a cardinal, 11 archbishops, 30 bishops, about 5,000 priests, and 3,000 churches. Railways. In 1919 there were approximately 35,000 miles of railway in operation. During the year 433 miles of new first track were completed and put in operation. The Canadian Pacific has the longest mileage, with 13,000 miles. The mileage of other principal roads is as follows: Canadian Northern, 9,479; Grand Trunk in Canada, 3,578; Transcontinental, 2,002; Intercolonial, 1,592; Grand Trunk Pacific, 1,794. The government has put into effect a system of nationalization of railroads, and in 1919 it took over the Grand Trunk railroad. The Canadian Pacific was already nationalized. Telegraphs and Telephones. There are in the Dominion about 600,000 telephones, with a wire mileage of 1,708,202. The telephone companies employ over 16,000 wage earners. There are about 65,000 miles of telegraph wire, of which about 50,000 is private and 12,000 government. There were in 1919 11 operating telegraph and cable companies, and 4,615 offices, with a capital of $75,000,000. The gross earnings of the telegraph, wireless, and government telegraph service stations is about $10,- 000,000 annually. Postoffices. There were in 1919 about 13,000 postoffices. There were 3,733 rural mail delivery routes. There were in 1918 4,931 money order offices, which issued 9,919,665 orders, valued at $142,- 959,168. Manufactures. The census of manufactures of the year 1917 was completed in 1918. The census is taken every two years. The main results of this census were as follows: The number of manufacturing establishments, 34,380; capital invested, $2,772,517,680; number of wage earners, 619,473; wages paid, $457,245,456; cost of materials, $1,602,820,631; and the value of the products, $3,015,560,869. The capital invested in the leading industries was as follows: Electric light and power, $356,004,168; pulp and paper, $186,787,- 405; log products, $149,266,019; cars and car works, $98,2 r works, $98,274,585; steel furnaces and rolling mills, $91,894,777; '; flour and grist mill products, $72,573,982; $72,573,982 agri- $72.573.9 cultural implements, $70,493,801; foundry and machine-shop products, $69,915,032; car repair shops, $68,763,298; slaughtering and meat products, $68,145,347. Finance. The total revenue for the year 1918-1919 was $312,946,740. The expenditures were as follows: Consolidated fund, $232,731,282; capital account, $25,031,266; war account, $446,- 519,439; capital expended for railways and canals, $19,325,918; and for public works, $5,705,347. The net debt on Dec. 31, 1919, was $1,838,000,000. The net debt prior to the war was $335,996,860. The debt per capita before the war was $42, and at the close, $250. Government. The government which originally constituted the Dominion of Canada was composed of Provinces of Canada, Upper and Lower, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. They were united in 1867 by the passage of the British North American Act. The act provides for a constitution "similar in principle to that of the United Kingdom," that the executive authority shall be vested in the sovereign of Great Britain and Ireland, and carried on in his name by a Governor-General Governor-General and Privy Council; that the legislative power shall be exercised by a Parliament composed of a Senate and a House of Commons. The powers of Parliament include all subjects not assigned exclusively to the Provincial legislature. Provision was made in the act for the admission of British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, the Northwest Territories, and Newfoundland into the Dominion. The last named has not joined itself to the Dominion. The Northwest Territory was acquired by the Dominion by purchase from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869. The Province of Manitoba, made from a portion of this Territory, was admitted in 1870. British Columbia became a part of the Dominion in 1871, and in the same year Prince Edward Island was admitted. The Provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were ad- 100,000; mitted to the Union as Provinces on Sept. 1, 1905. The members of the Senate are nominated for life. It is composed of 96 members. As the result of an amendment made in 1917, which increased the representation from the Provinces, the total number may not exceed 104. The House of Commons is elected by the people for five years, unless sooner dissolved, at the rate of one representative for every 30,819 persons. The Province fax, about 62,000. of Quebec always has 65 members, and the other Provinces proportionately according to their population at each decennial census. The House of Commons consists of 234 members. The Governor-General forms a connecting link between the Crown and the Dominion, and is assisted in his functions by a council composed of 18 heads of departments, including the Premier, the Presi- countries. dent of the Privy Council, Secretary of sented 53 State, Minister of Mines, Minister of gration Trade and Commerce, Minister of Jus- 1919, ey General, Minister of 1,118,946 tice, and Attorney Marine, Fisheries, and Naval Service, Minister of Militia and Defense, Post- Europe. master-General, Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Public Works, Minister of Finance, Minister of Railroads and Canals, Minister of the Interior, Minister of Customs and Internal Revenue, $2,834,149. Minister of Immigration and Colonization, and the Minister of Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment. There is a Department of External Affairs which has charge of all imperial and inter-Dominion correspondence. The Dominion Bureau of Statistics was established in 1919. The Provinces each have a separate parliament and an administration, with a lieutenant-governor appointed, by the the executive. as They have full power to regulate their on of their own local affairs and disposition revenues, provided they do not interfere with the action and policy of the central administration. The Northwest Territories are governed by a commissioner and a council of four. The Territory of Yukon is governed by a chief executive officer and an executive council of 10 members, elected by the people. Population. - The population of the Provinces in 1911, with the estimated population in 1918, are as follows: Alberta (1911) 374,663, (1918) 540,000; British Columbia (1911) 392,480, (1918) 400,000; Manitoba (1911) 461,630, (1918) 560,000; New Brunswick (1911) 351,889, (1918) 365,000; Nova Scotia (1911) 492,338, (1918) 510,000; Ontario (1911) 2,523,274, (1918) 2,799,000; Prince Edward Island (1911) 98,728, (1918) Quebec ( 1911) 2,003,232, according to municipal statistics (1918) 2,432,251; Saskatchewan (1911) 402,431, (1918) 647,875; Yukon (1911) 8,512, (1918) 10,000; Northwest Territories (1911) 18,481, (1918) 20,000. The largest cities are Montreal, estimated population (1918), 700,000; To ronto (1919), 499,278; Winnipeg, about 265,000; Quebec (1919), about 120,000; Ottawa (1919), 107,800; Victoria, about 65,000; St. John, about 63,000; and Hali- Immigration.-Following the close of the World War, legislation was passed restricting immigration and providing for strict selective tests for those coming into the country. The total number of immigrants in 1919 was 56,982. Of this, 9,194 were British, 40,715 from the United States, and 7,073 from other The total immigration reprenationalities. The total immifrom July, 1900, to March 31, amounted to 3,311,498. Of this, were British, 1,268,793 American, and 853,039 from the continent of Indians. - The Indian population in 1917-1918 was 105,998. These Indians had land under cultivation of 82,421 acres, with products that were valued at There were 339 Indian schools, including 58 boarding and 78 industrial schools. In these were a total enrollment of 12,413. Out of 15,000 Indians of military age over 3,500 enlisted and served in the war. History. In 1534 Jacques Cartier, a French navigator, entering the St. Lawrence on the festival of the saint of that title, took nominal possession of North America in the name of his king, Francis I. In 1608 Quebec was founded by De Champlain; in 1623 he built Fort St. Louis, from which stronghold France ruled for 150 years a vast region extending E. to Acadia (now Nova Scotia), W. to Lake Superior, and ultimately down the Mississippi as far as Florida and Louisiana. The Recollet and Jesuit missionaries traversed the country in all directions, and underwent incredible hardships in their zeal for the conversion of the Indians. These fearless priests were the pioneers of civilization in the Far West, and to La Salle is due the discovery of the Mississippi valley. In 1670 Charles II. granted the Hudson's Huds Bay Company the perpetual exclusive right of trading in territory watered by all the streams flowing into Hudson Bay. Garrisoned forts were raised at suitable points, and the bitter enmity between the French and the English traders frequently led to bloody struggles, in which sometimes the Indians also took a part The most warlike native tribe was that of the Iroquois, who were persistent enemies of the French, while the peaceful Hurons were steady allies. Meanwhile, the wars on the American continent followed the course of the wars in Europe, until the long struggle between France and England for the supremacy in America came to a close on the "Plains of Abraham" in 1759, when General Wolfe defeated Montcalm. Peace was concluded between Great Britain and France, 1763, when Canada was formally ceded to England, and Louisiana to Spain. In the same year a small portion of the recently acquired territory was by royal proclamation organized under English laws. In 1774 the new province was extended by parliamentary enactment, and that under French laws, down the Ohio to its confluence with the Mississippi, and up the latter stream to its source. Finally, Canada receded to its present limits in 1783, giving up to the American republic at the close of the Revolutionary War, the sites of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. In 1791 Canada was divided under separate legislatures into two sections, the E. retaining French institutions, and the W. receiving those of England; and these sections, again, after political discontent had in each ripened into armed insurrection, were reunited for legislative purposes in 1841. In 1867 Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were united as the Dominion of Canada, and in 1870 the Hudson's Bay Company's territory was divided into Manitoba and the Northwest Territories and united to the Dominion. British Columbia entered the Union in 1871, and Prince Edward Island in 1873. In 1870 and in 1885 there were outbreaks of halfbreeds under Louis Riel. In 1893 a court of arbitration concerning the Bering Sea seal fisheries met in Ottawa, and in the same year Canadians were awarded 2,126 prizes at the Columbian Exposition at Chicago. The Sault Ste. Marie canal was opened Sept. 10, 1895, and in 1896 the boundaries of Quebec were extended to the shores of Hudson Bay, adding 118,- 450 square miles to its area. A new tariff was adopted in 1897, giving a preference to English goods. The gold discoveries of the Klondike in 1897 led to great improvement in the transportation service between Yukon and the rest of the Dominion. For ten years following the election of Sir Wilfrid Laurier as Premier, in 1896, the Liberal party was in power. This period was marked by remarkable economic developments and the tightening of the ties of loyalty between Canada and the Empire. It was also marked by friendly and close relations between the United States and Canada. The participation of Canada in the Boer War indicated her feeling of loyalty toward the mother country. Differences between the United States, Great Britain, and Canada were successfully settled during Laurier's government. This included the settlement of the Alaskan boundary, which had been a source of irritation for many years. The period was also marked by the development of the rich vacant lands of western Canada, to which American settlers in large numbers were attracted. In 1907 the Dominion entered upon the development of foreign relations, chiefly as a result of the objection against Japanese immigration and labor competition. As a result Canada was included in the commercial part of the treaty of alliance between Japan and Great Britain. The revival of the issue of reciprocity of the United States brought about abo the defeat of the Liberal party in 1911. The initiative in the negotiations was taken by the United States under President Taft. Sir Wilfrid Laurier warmly favored reciprocity, but it was unpopular with the people, and the Liberals were decisively defeated. Robert Laird Borden became Premier. Under his administration the Dominion continued to develop economically and financially, and at the outbreak of the World War it was prepared to exert its entire power on the side of the Allies. The part taken by Canada in the great conflict was a notable one. In the valor of her soldiers and the extent of her sacrifices she can bear comparison with any of the participants. The mettle of Canadian troops was tested first at Ypres , where they stemmed the German rush toward Calais, April 22-27, 1915. At Festubert and Givenchy , in the following May and June, they sustained their reputation. Routine trench warfare followed for the greater part of the year, but in 1916 they fought brilliantly at the battles of St. Eloi in April, Sanctuary Wood in June , Hooge later in that month, and at Mouquet Farm and Courcelette in September and October , respectively . It was in 1917, however, that they covered themselves with deathless glory in the taking of Vimy Ridge, one of the most brilliant achievements of the entire war. In the early days of the great German drive in March, 1918 , the Canadians performed heroic work in keeping the enemy in check, and when the tide of battle turned with the beginning of Foch's great counter-offensive of July 18, they were conspicuous in the work of driving the Germans out of France. They broke the enemy's lines at Arras in August and smashed the Queant-Drocourt spur of the Hindenburg line in September. Terrific fighting followed at Bourlon Wood, Cambrai, and Valenciennes, and on Nov. 10, the day before the armistice was signed, they took the town of Mons in a splendid bayonet charge. From the beginning to the end of the war their gallantry shed luster on Canadian arms. See WORLD WAR. The total number of Canadian troops participating in the war was 595,440. Of these 59,575 lost their lives. The total casualties reported up to Jan. 15, 1919 , were 218,463, made up as follows: Killed in action, 35,684; died of wounds, 12,437; died of disease, 4,087; wounded, 155,839; prisoners of war, 3,049; presumed dead, 4,682; missing, 398 and died in Canada, 2,287. The total number of troops who were transported overseas was 418,052. The personnel of the Canadian navy at the signing of the armistice included 749 officers and men of the Royal Canadian Navy, and 4,374 officers and men of the Canadian Navy Volunteer Reserve. Over 1,700 men in addition had been recruited in Canada for the Royal Navy and were on service abroad. The work of the home forces consisted in patrolling the Canadian coast and waterways and in serving as convoys and protectors of the fishing fleet. Five War and Victory Loans were issued in Canada during the war, the total subscriptions amounting to $1,432,- 389,277. Canada was also an important factor in the supply of munitions to the British Government. Voluntary contributions to the Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A., and other societies, for purposes connected with the war , totaled about $95,000,000 . The years 1919 and 1920 were given up to reconstruction. In 1920 Sir Robert Borden resigned and was succeeded by Arthur Mighen, formerly Minister of Mines. In 1920 a new franchise bill was introduced by the Government . According to its terms the only requirements for franchise are British citizenship, residence in Canada for one year, and in the particular constituency for two months, and the attainment of the age of 21. These requirements apply in the case of male and female voters alike. To meet the expenses of the Government, a number of special taxes were put into effect in 1920. Modifications were made on the luxury tax and other forms of taxation which had proved to be unpopular.

Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)

Dominion of, the largest country in North America . It includes all of British North America, except Newfoundland. The capital is Ottawa. The Dominion was established by act of Parliament in 1867. The Dominion then comprised only the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia , and New Brunswick ; but provision was made in the act for the admission of British Columbia , Prince Edward Island , the Northwest Territories, and Newfoundland. All these with the exception of Newfoundland have since been admitted. The provinces now are Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island; the northwestern districts are Keewatin, Yukon, Mackenzie, Ungava, and Franklin. The total area is 3,745,574 square miles, including lakes; greater than that of the United States with Alaska. The total population at the last census was reported at 5,371,315, about one and one-half per square mile. Nearly one-half of the population is Roman Catholic of French ancestry. Other denominations named in order of size are the Presbyterian, the Church of England, the Methodist, the Baptist, the Lutheran, and the Congregationalist. The government is in the hands of a governor-general; a privy council of 14 ministers; a Senate of 87 members appointed by the governor-general and a House of 214 members elected by the various provinces according to their population. Each province has a local legislature. A lieutenant governor for each province is appointed by the governor-general of the Dominion. The largest twelve cities named in order of population are Montreal, Toronto, Quebec, Ottawa, Hamilton, Winnipeg, Halifax, St. John, London, Vancouver, Victoria, and Kingston. Immigration into the western part of Canada, chiefly from Great Britain and the United States, is large. The statistics given, therefore, must be revised frequently. Canada is well situated for commerce. Excellent ports on the Pacific coast are connected with those on the Great Lakes and those on the St. Lawrence by the Canadian Pacific, the Canadian Northern, and the Grand Trunk railways. Agriculture, lumber, fishing, and mining are the principal industries. The chief exports are fish, lumber, wheat, meat and dairy products, gold ore, and fur. The principal imports are cotton, wool and silk goods, groceries, and hardware. Canada sells more goods to Great Britain than to any other country, and buys chiefly from the United States. By agreement with the mother country, Canada is permitted to levy a duty on all imports, one-third of which, however, is remitted on goods from any part of the British Empire. Sugar, spirits, and tobacco must pay full duty wherever they come from. The various provinces, cities, rivers, etc., are reserved for special articles. Provinces Area, Square Miles Population 1901 Seats of Government Alberta . . . . . 253,540 72,841 Edmonton British Columbia . . . . . 372,630 178,657 Victoria Manitoba . . . . . 73,732 255,211 Winnipeg New Brunswick . . . . . 27,985 331,120 Fredericton Nova Scotia . . . . . 21,428 459,574 Halifax Ontario . . . . . 260,862 2,182,947 Toronto Prince Edward Island . . . . . 2,184 103,259 Charlottetown Quebec . . . . . 351,873 1,648,898 Quebec Saskatchewan . . . . . 250,650 91,460 Regina DISTRICTS Mackenzie, Ungava, and Franklin . . . . . 1,417,143 18,875 Regina Yukon . . . . . 196,976 27,219 Dawson Keewatin . . . . . 516,571 Winnipeg Total . . . . . 3,745,574 5,371,315 The income of the Dominion for the year ending June 30th, 1905, was $70,702,011; debt, $359,411,837; exports, $213,521,235; imports, $219,211,803. The remarkable growth of the northwestern provinces is told in separate articles. STATISTICS. The following statistics are the latest to be had from trustworthy sources: Land area, square miles 3,619,818 Population 6,000,000 Montreal 267,730 Toronto 208,040 Quebec 68,840 Ottawa 59,928 Hamilton 52,634 Winnipeg 42,340 Halifax 40,832 St. John 40,711 London 37,981 Vancouver 28,000 Victoria 20,816 Kingston 17,961 No. provinces 9 Members of senate 87 Representatives 214 Salary of governor-general $50,000 Annual revenue $90,000,000 Bonded indebtedness, net $263,000,000 Acres under plow 20,000,000 Acres of forest 545,000,000 Agricultural Products-- Wheat, bushels 168,386,000 Oats, bushels 354,919,000 Barley, bushels 56,975,000 Rye, bushels 1,708,000 Buckwheat, bushels 7,794,000 Flax, bushels 2,131,000 Peas, bushels 7,282,496 Mixed grains, bushels 19,649,329 Beans, bushels 1,284,236 Corn, bushels 23,592,811 Potatoes, bushels 68,796,893 Turnips, bushels 104,438,831 Hay and clover, tons 12,824,000 Fodder corn, tons 3,279,360 Dairy products $35,000,000 Butter, pounds 41,000,000 Tobacco, acres 6,000 Wool clip, pounds 11,000,000 Domestic Animals-- Horses 1,800,000 Cattle 6,000,000 Sheep 2,700,000 Swine 3,000,000 Fisheries, value $25,000,000 Grapes, acres 12,785 Exports, 1908 $247,631,000 Miles of railway 23,267 Mineral Production $87,000,000 Asbestos, tons 65,534 Portland cement, barrels 2,665,289 Coal, tons 10,904,466 Copper, pounds 64,361,636 Corundum, tons 1,039 Gold, value $9,559,274 Gypsum, tons 340,964 Lead, pounds 45,725,886 Mica, value $191,602 Natural gas, value $1,012,060 Nickel, pounds 19,143,111 Petroleum, barrels 527,987 Pig iron (from Canadian ore), tons 99,420 Pyrites, tons 47,336 Salt, tons 79,975 Silver, value $11,667,197 Sewer pipes, value $514,042 Bank deposits $654,000,000 Teachers in public schools 31,598 Pupils enrolled 1,146,321 No. of postoffices 11,377 No. of immigrants (1907) 252,000 See British Empire ; Hudson Bay Company , and articles on the several provinces, cities, lakes, rivers.