Capitulations

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

a term applied to certain concessions of an extraterritorial 311 nature granted as a rule by non-Chris- 1,631 tian countries to foreign Christian resi- 106 Of the three classes of nutrients, fats yield the greatest number of calories per pound, more than double the number contained in proteins or carbohydrates, although of course it must be understood that the fuel value of foods is not the only thing to be considered in the diet. The average American diet is made up of four parts carbohydrate to one apiece of fats and proteins, and it has a value of about 3,000 calories in the case of men doing a moderate amount of work. CANADA. The complete, revised figures of the census of 1921, with populations of the several provinces and of the largest cities, were as follows: Canada (total) Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba.. New Brunswick Nova Scotia Ontario .. Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon Northwest Territories Largest Cities Montreal Toronto. Winnipeg Vancouver Hamilton Ottawa . C 8,788,483 610,118 Well-known exdents or traders, such foreigners being made exempt from the jurisdiction of local courts or the application of local laws and customs. amples of extraterritorial concessions are afforded by China under numerous treaties with European and American countries: Japan also granted exemp tions to foreigners following the opening of her ports to the world. But the term capitulations, as commonly used, refers more particularly to arrangements of this kind made with or by the former Turkish Empire. Such arrangements date back to the Byzantine Empire, under which members of foreign trading colonies in Constantinople and other places were granted the right to be tried in their own courts and were otherwise accorded special privileges. The Ottoman conquerors a confirmed 588,454 these rights and privileges and gradu- 524,582 ally extended them by treaty, law, or 387,876 custom, the United States gaining its 523,837 claim to capitulatory rights for its citimost-favored-nation 2,933,662 zens through 2,361,199 clause in the treaty of May 7, 1830. On 757,510 the eve of her entry into the World 4,157 War, Turkey addressed a note to the 7,988 Powers announcing the end of the ca 618,506 pirulatory regime, and the Turkish Na- 521,893 tionalists in their famous National Pact 179,087 (September 13, 1919) likewise declared 117,217 the capitulations abrogated, refusing to 107,843 recognize them as any longer existent on 114,151 the ground that they were incompatible with Turkish sovereignty and national development. Soviet Russia, in a treaty made with Turkey March 16, 1921, approved of the annulment of all capitulations; but the other Powers interested, including the United States, although willing to abandon the capitulations as such, demanded at the Near Eastern Conference at Lausanne that they be replaced by special laws and other provisions for the security of foreigners. (See NEAR EASTERN QUESTION: CON- FERENCE AT LAUSANNE.) As a former part of the Turkish Empire, Egypt was included in the capitulatory regime and succeeded to treaties made by the Porte granting extraterritorial rights to foreigners, these including both rights to be tried in their own courts and rights to be free from certain taxes. In abolishing the British protectorate over Egypt, Great Britain undertook to safeguard the rights of foreigners in that country. The United States in recognizing Egypt as an independent state (April, 1922) declined to accept the abolition of the capitulations and made this refusal a condition of recognition. CENTRAL AMERICAN CONFER- ENCE. On of the U. S. Govnation promote friendly relations and peace among the five Central American states of Rica, mala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Salvador was held at Washington, December, 1922, to February, 1923. A general treaty of treaty of peace and amity and a number of separate conventions were signed, the United States joining with the other signatories in establishing an international arbitration tribunal. The general peace treaty pledges each of the signatories not to recognize any Central American government established by violence and not to permit revolutionary movements against any of its neighbors to be organized within its boundaries. Minor differences between the signatory states are to be submitted to commissions of inquiry. An international arbitration tribunal is established for the settlement of graver disputes. By a separate convention to limit armaments, each of the states is allotted a fixed military force for five years. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. (See ELE- MENTS.) CHILD LABOR. The U. S. Federal Child Labor Law of 1919 (see article