Carlstadt
Carlstadt names 2 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Carlstadt ANDREAS RUDOLF German reformer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ANDREAS RUDOLF German reformer, BODENSTEIN, a born in Carlstadt, Franconia, in 1480. He was appointed professor of theology at Wittenberg in 1513. About 1517 he became one of Luther's warmest supporters. He was excommunicated by the bull against Luther, and was the first to appeal from the Pope to a general council. While Luther was at the Wartburg Carlstadt instigated the people and students to the destruction of the altars and the images of the saints, greatly to the displeasure of Luther. In 1524 he declared himself publicly the opponent of Luther, and commenced the controversy respecting the sacrament, denying the bodily presence of Christ in the sacramental elements. This controversy ended in the separation of the Calvinists and Lutherans. After many misfortunes he settled as vicar and professor of theology at Basel, where he died, Dec. 25, 1541. in 1869. He graduated from Stevens In-mance, and other fields. stitute of Technology in 1890. He practiced as a mechanical engineer from 1891 to 1899, becoming in the latter year director of the works at the Pan-American Exposition. He was appointed vice-president of the Bell Telephone Company of Buffalo from 1902 to 1904, and was vicepresident of the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company. He served capacities until this company in various 1914, when he was appointed president of the Western Union Telegraph Company. He was a director in many important financial institutions and corporations.
Carlstadt or KARLSTADT
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
or KARLSTADT, a fortified town of Croatia, Jugoslavia, on the Kulpa, 32 miles S. W. of Agram by rail. It is the seat of a Greek bishopric, and has a large transit trade. Pop. about 17,500.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
The town Collier's placed in "Croatia, Jugoslavia" in 1921, reached "by rail" from Agram, is now Karlovac in independent Croatia, and Agram is Zagreb; the Kingdom of Yugoslavia that had just been formed when this was written broke apart in 1991. Karlovac sat directly on the front line in the war of 1991-95 and was shelled for years before being rebuilt; it now has roughly 45,000 people, and the "Greek bishopric" is the Serbian Orthodox eparchy of Gornji Karlovac. On the reformer, the biographical facts still hold -- Andreas Bodenstein of Karlstadt, Wittenberg professor from 1513, died at Basel on 25 December 1541 -- but the verdict has softened. Historians no longer treat him mainly as the fanatic who "instigated the people and students" while Luther hid at the Wartburg, but as a serious radical theologian in his own right; his eucharistic writings are read as a forerunner of the Luther-Zwingli split at Marburg in 1529 rather than as the cause of the Lutheran-Calvinist division.
Written for this edition, 2026.