Carrel
Carrel names 2 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Carrel NICHOLAS ARMAND, a French_writer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
NICHOLAS ARMAND, a French_writer, born in Rouen, May 8, 1800. For some years he was an officer in the army, but later settled in Paris, and acquired a reputation as an essayist and contributor to the leading opposition papers. In 1830 he united with Thiers and Mignet in editing the "National," which soon rose to be the leading newspaper in opposition to the government of Charles X. After the revolution his colleagues joined the government of Louis Philippe, and he was left with the chief direction of the paper, which still continued in opposition. In 1832 the "National" became openly Republican, and enjoyed great popularity. Carrel was killed July 24, 1836, in a duel with Emile de Girardin. CARREÑO, TERESA (kär-ān'yō), a Venezuelan pianist, born in Caracas, Dec. 22, 1853. She was a pupil of Gottschalk and made her début in Europe in 1865. She made many successful tours in Europe and in the United States. She died in 1917. CARRÈRE, JOHN MERVEN, an American architect; born at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Nov. 9, 1858. His parents CARRHÆ were American, but he received his early education in Switzerland. He graduated from the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris, in 1882, came to New York and in 1894 became a member of the firm of Carrère and Hastings. He soon achieved a reputation for the artistic merits of his work. His firm built the Ponce de Leon and Alcazar hotels at St. Augustine, Fla., the Edison Building, New York, and a host of other great structures in various cities of the country. At the time of his death, his firm was erecting the $8,- 000,000 Public Library Building in New York, the commission for which they had received in competition with some of the best known architects in the country. He died from an accident, March 1, 1911. CARRHÆ, the site of an ancient city in northwestern Mesopotamia, the Haran of the Bible.
Carrel ALEXIS, a Franco-American surgeon
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ALEXIS, a Franco-American surgeon; born at Sainte-Foy les Lyons, France, June 28, 1873. He was connected with French hospitals until 1905, when he came to the United States. Since 1909 he has been a member of the Rockefeller Institution for Medical Research. He was awarded the Nobel prize in 1912, for success in suturing blood vessels and transplantation of human organs. During the World War his treatment of wounds had extraordinary success and made him an international figure. He stands in the very foremost rank in his profession. He published a large number of papers, chiefly brief reports of his scientific investigations. DR. ALEXIS CARREL
What Has Changed in the Last Century
When Collier's wrote in 1921 that Alexis Carrel "stands in the very foremost rank in his profession," his reputation still rested on the vascular suture work that won him the 1912 Nobel Prize — a technique that remains the foundation of modern organ transplantation and vascular surgery. What followed darkened the picture: his 1935 bestseller Man, the Unknown promoted eugenics and the gassing of criminals and the mentally ill, and under the Vichy regime he headed a French "foundation for the study of human problems"; he died in Paris in November 1944 while under investigation for collaboration, and French streets and a Lyon medical faculty later dropped his name. His famous "immortal" culture of chick heart tissue, kept beating at the Rockefeller Institute from 1912, is now generally regarded as an artefact of fresh cells inadvertently added with the embryo extract, since normal cells divide only a limited number of times. The other Carrel here, the journalist Armand, killed in his 1836 duel with Girardin, needs no correction.
Written for this edition, 2026.