Cement
3 of the 7 encyclopedias on this shelf carry an entry for Cement. Both are reproduced below, so you can see where they agree and where they differ.
The Encyclopedia of Founding (1892)
Important: Safety Warning This page describes trade processes that use dangerously toxic materials such as cyanide solutions, mercury amalgams, or strong acids. These processes require training, equipment, and precautions far beyond what the text describes. This information has been left in for historical purposes but should not be acted upon. These substances are generally employed in a semi-fluid or pasty state to unite bodies in close adhesion, the latter condition being the most favorable for bringing the opposing surfaces into intimate contact. Marine Glue.--Glue 12, water enough to dissolve; add yellow resin 3; melt, and add turpentine 4, and mix thoroughly together. Cement for Lamps.--Rosin 3, caustic soda 1, water 5, boil; then add half its weight of plaster of Paris. Sets in 3/4 of an hour; not permeable to petroleum. Cement to Resist a Red Fire, Water, and Oils.--Equal parts of sifted peroxide of manganese and zinc white; soluble glass, sufficient to form a thin paste. See SOLUBLE GLASS. Another: Pulverized litharge 5 lbs., fine Paris white 2 lbs., yellow ochre 4 oz., hemp cut in shreds 1/2 oz.; this is ready for use when it has been mixed to the consistency of putty with boiled linseed-oil. Liquid Glue.--Glue, water, and vinegar, each 2 parts. Dissolve in water-bath, and add alcohol 1 part. Cement for Steam-boilers, Steam-pipes, etc.--Red or white lead, in oil, 4 parts; iron borings, 2 or 3 parts (soft), or iron borings and salt water, and a small quantity of sal-ammoniac with fresh water (hard cement). For Holes in Castings.--Sulphur in powder, 1 part; salammoniac, 2 parts; powdered iron turnings, 80 parts. Make into a thick paste. The ingredients comprising this cement should be kept separate and not mixed until required for use. Cement for Stopping Holes in Cast Iron.--Iron filings, 15 parts; sal-ammoniac, 2 parts; sulphur, 1 part; ground or powdered stone, 2 parts; add water until it is about the consistency of common paste; it is then ready for use. For Making Canvas Water-proof and Pliable.--Yellow soap, 1 pound, boiled in 6 pints of water; add, while hot, 112 pounds paint. Cement for Rust-joints (Quick-setting).--1 pound salammoniac in powder, 2 pounds flour of sulphur, 80 pounds iron borings (made to a paste with water). Stone and Iron.--When stone and iron are to be cemented together, use a compound of equal parts of pitch and sulphur. For Cisterns and Water-casks.--Melted glue, 8 parts; linseed oil, 4 parts; boiled into a varnish with litharge. This cement hardens in about 48 hours and makes tight joints. Rice Glue, or Japanese Cement.--Rice flour; water, sufficient quantity. Mix together; then boil, stirring it all the time. Cementation is a chemical process consisting of surrounding a body in the solid state with the powder of some other body or bodies, and exposing the whole for a time to a degree of heat insufficient to melt the contents. By this means iron is converted into steel when packed in powdered charcoal, and green bottle-glass into porcelain by sand, etc. See BLISTER-STEEL. Centre. See SPINDLE; LOAM-MOULDING.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a substance with which two There are bodies are joined together. many varieties, according to the special needs of different trades. In building the principal are known as Portland and Roman. There are many places in the in which are found the United States manufacingredients necessary for the of the various cements described ture below, and many different varieties of Portland the article are made. Where contract cement is specified in a building variety is meant. the imported Portland cement was patented in England by Joseph Aspdin in 1824. It is so in color Portcalled because it resembles land-stone. It is manufactured by calof clayed mud from the cining a mixture Thames with a proper portion of chalk. reduced to a The calcined mass is then mixed with fine powder, and intimately resulting the addition of water. The paste is molded into bricks, dried and heat during the process of burnt. The calcining must be a white heat, otherwater may be wise the carbonic acid and expelled without the reaction between for the the lime and the clay necessary cement. The material is production of then assorted, all which has been too set aside much or too little calcined being and pulverized. Roman cement is a name given to certain hydraulic mortars, varying considcomposition, erably in their chemical the same though physically possessing is calgeneral character. Limestone in various cined and mixed with sand containing proportions. Any limestone . of clay will, when from 15 to 20 per cent properly prepared, form this cement. mix it Calcine any ordinary clay and quantity of lime, with two-thirds its again. The grind to powder, and calcine , since epithet Roman is improperly given unknown the preparation was entirely to the Romans. Hydraulic cement is a kind of mortar used in building piers and walls under many or exposed to water. There are being composed varieties, one of the best 62 parts; of ground Portland-stone, sand, 35, and litharge, 3. The production of cement in the United States in 1919 was: Portland, at $135,- 80,287,000 barrels, valued 685,000; natural cement, 528,000 bar- . Pennsylvania rels, valued at $597,000 of Portranks first in the production 25,222,000 barrels in land cement, with 1919.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
a well known building material. Its use was known to the Egyptians 4000 B. C. It differs from lime in that it contains an additional ingredient in the shape of a fine clay. Hydraulic lime is really a cement. The most famous cement is made by first grinding a fine clay and a pure limestone or chalk into a powder, and then burning the mixture at a high temperature. It is shipped in sacks or barrels, and requires to be kept dry. When mixed with sand and water it sets or hardens, even under water, into a drab, stone-like mass resembling in color, at least, a building limestone much quarried at Portland, England, whence the name of Portland cement. This cement is entirely artificial. The first patent was taken out in England in 1824, but the industry soon spread to France and Germany. In America the making of Portland cement got footing at Coplay, Pennsylvania, in 1878. Pennsylvania still leads the Union with an annual product of 8,000,000 barrels. Michigan, New Jersey , New York , Illinois, and Nebraska follow in the order named. A portion of the demand is met by importations from England and Germany. Of late artificial foundations and trimmings, made of Portland cement, sand, and gravel well concreted, are growing in favor and create an increased demand for it. Artificial blocks of concrete are coming into use also for walls. It is predicted freely that cement in these forms will take the place of brick. In the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 buildings having a steel frame filled with cement blocks stood the test well. The center of the Portland cement producing industry in this country is the Lehigh district of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. In 1903 these two states produced a total of 12,447,694 barrels out of a total of 30,000,000 barrels for the entire United States . The cement output of the United States had increased in 1908 to 40,000,000 barrels. The cement rock of this region is derived from Trenton limestone. See Brick ; Pottery ; Clay ; Lime ; Stucco ; Plaster Of Paris; Glue