Cincinnati
Cincinnati names 3 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below. 2 of them are described by more than one encyclopedia.
Cincinnati a city and county-seat of Hamilton co.
Described by 2 of the 6 encyclopedias.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a city and county-seat of Hamilton co., O.; the second city in the State in population and the sixteenth in the United States, according to the census of 1920. It is built on the N. shore of the Ohio river, directly opposite Covington, Ky., is known as the "Queen City of the West"; and is connected with the Kentucky shore by five bridges; area, 354 square miles; pop. (1890) 296,908; (1900) 325,902; (1910) 363,463; (1920) 401,247. Cincinnati occupies two plateaux, 400 by 500 feet above sea-level, surrounded by a semi-circular chain of hills. The surface slopes from the water-front to some points where it reaches an extreme altitude of 900 feet. The highland portions are cut by deep ravines, adding much to the beauty of the city, and commanding interesting views of the surrounding country. The streets in the older portion of the city cross each other at right angles and average 65 feet in width, and those in the modern section are arranged according to the surface conditions. The buildings are mostly of freestone, brick, and bluestone, found within or near the city. Cincinnati is served by 19 railroadsa greater number than any other city along the Ohio river. It is the northern terminus of the Louisville and Nashville railroad and the Cincinnati Southern railway, now operated as a part of the Southern railway system system, and other railroads serving northern territory. It is one of the important junction points of the Baltimore & Ohio, the Chesapeake & Ohio, and other railroads, connecting the South with New York, Philadelphia, and other eastern seaports, and southeastern seaports. It is also a terminal of the railroads which carry the bulk of the trade from the North Central States to the South. The average daily inbound tonnage in Cincinnati is 105,000 tons, and the average daily outbound is 100,- 000. 110 inbound freight trains reach the city daily, and 112 leave the city. 154 passenger trains daily reach the city, and 140 leave it. Cincinnati is the only city in the United States owning a steam railroad, the Cincinnati Southern, which is 338 miles long, extending through Kentucky and Tennessee to Chattanooga. It is now operated as a part part of the Southern railway system. The Cincinnati Southern brings a large revenue to the city, and provides prompt and_adequate service to the entire South. There is one street railway system for the entire city. It has 230 miles of track. The company has about 3,000 employees. The average daily car mileage is 70,- 000, and approximately 160,000,000 passengers are carried annually. Cincinnati is the most southern northern city and the most northern southern city in the United States. This combination causes several peculiarities, which give the city a noteworthy individuality. One of the distinctive features of Cincinnati is its origin in a great number of independent communities or villages, each occupying its own hill top or valley, and separated from its neighbors by topographical conditions peculiar to the locality. Several dozen of the former villages are now a part of the city, including Clifton, Mt. Auburn, Walnut Hills, Price Hill, Westwood, Hyde Park, Evanston, Pleasant Ridge, Cumminsville, Brighton, Columbia, and others. An inheritance from this condition of separate communities is the large number-about 40 or more of local improvement associations which formulate and express public opinion. Cincinnati is distinctly American. In Cincinnati proper the proportion of foreign born to native born is smaller than for any other large American city. Practically 80 per cent. of the population is native born. Cincinnati is also the only large American city in which the percentage of foreign born has tended to decrease. It is a city of beautiful homes and stately buildings. St. Peter's Cathedral is one of the most picturesque and beautiful structures in the Western States. There are also St. Francis de Sales Church, Rockdale Temple (Jewish), the new Court House, and the most imposing of Cincinnati buildings, the Union Central. The City Hall is constructed of granite and Amherst stone. The tower is 32 feet square and 250 feet high. The Government Building and Custom House is a magnificent granite structure costing over $6,- 000,000. The Cincinnati May Festivals are probably the most notable musical meetings in the United States. The biennial May Festival began its work in 1873. The wonderful artistic and financial success of that festival, and the one held in 1875, suggested the need of a permanent music hall for Cincinnati. This contains one of the dozen gigantic organs of the world. Cincinnati Music Hall is a public institution a gift to the city under the control of a self-perpetuating and incorporated organization of citi- The seating capacity is 3,600, and zens. the stage is 112 feet wide and 70 feet deep-one of the largest in the United States. The Zoological Garden covers over 63 acres of ground. Its collection of wild animals is one of the largest in the world, and it is noted for its scenic beauty. The work of the Department of Health is carried on under seven main divisions: Administration, Medical Inspection, Sanitary tory, Inspection Tuberculosis, Food Inspection, Labora- Dispensary, Vital Cincinnati has nearly 3,000 Statistics. manufacturing establishments. The prinmen's cipal products and women's are: machine clothing, tools boots, soap and, dertaking developed from the old Ohio shoes, printing and publishing, slaughtering amill products, special machinery, furniture, leather, rollmew-Clifton School for Girls, various sheet metal products, foun s, foundry products, printing inks, woo wood lumber and timber products, elect machinery, wagons, musical instrum usical and chemicals chemi. The capital employed is rotestant about $ 212,000,000 and the annual factory output exceeds $300,000,000. Cincinnati is the banking center for a vast area of thriving territory. Within the municipal limits there are eight National banks, 33 State banks, and 221 building and loan associations. In 1919 the bank clearings were $3,130,811,300. There are several imposing bank structures in Cincinnati, among them being the enormous building of the First National Bank, and the splendid structures of the Second National Bank, the Fifty-third National Bank, the Provident Savings Bank & Trust Co., and the Union Trust & Savings Bank. The city has about 290 church organizations, including 219 Protestant and 56 Catholic. There are 12 Jewish synagogues. The city is the seat of a Roman Catholic Archbishop and a Protestant Episcopal Bishop. There are over 60 benevolent and welfare organizations and 17 hospitals, besides numerdenominational and non-sectarian ous The public school system is thorhomes. es. oughly modern and well organized. There are 83 schools with over 1,800 tea teachers. Higher education is provided by the UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI (q. v.) and Institute, besides the Ohio Mechanics Ins many academic and professional schools, devoted to surgery, theology, law, dentistry, art, and music. There are 17 public libraries, the Free Public Library containing over 500,000 volumes and pamphlets. The parochial school system includes several high schools, and a well-equipped college. The total Catholic population of Cincinnati is 93,879. Catholic parochial schools number 56, with an enrollment of 16,603. There is one theological seminary, a college for young men, four Catholic high schools for young men and women, one law school, one school for commerce, accounting, and sociology, nine academies for young ladies, and one college for young ladies. The professional schools include the Eclectic Medical College, Ohio College of Dental Surgery, Cincinnati Law School, Lane Theological Seminary, Hebrew Union College, College of Music, and the Con- . ics servatory of Music. On College Hill is the Ohio Military Institute, a private un- Farmers ' College. It furnishes academic and military training. Other private ing and packing, lin School for Boys, Oakhurst, Bartholoschools are the University School, Frank- -working machinery, schools of expression, and business electrical schools. The Children's Home, Cincininstruments, natin Orphantom, Asylum, German Protestant Jewish Foster Home, and the St. Joseph Orphan Asylum are some of the childcaring institutions for the placing of carin homeless and destitute ones who have been committed to their care. The government of Cincinnati is based upon a charter, adopted in November, 1917, by referendum vote. In general, the charter provides for a city council, six of the members elected from the city as a whole, and 26 from the 26 wards of The charter also provides the city. election of a mayor, who is more for the the or less independent of the council. The present total property tax rate (including city, schools, county, library, state, and city levies) is a fraction over $15 per $1,000 valuation. Property is assessed at 100 per cent. valuation. The net funded debt of the city (less sinking fund) is $59,723,087. The total assessed realty valuation is $466,914,880. The budget for 1919 was $7,236,668. The Cincinnati Water Works are municipally owned. They have a rated capacity of 128,000,000 gallons per day; the daily consumption is in the neighborhood of 60,000,000 gallons. The pressure varies in different places from 40 to 170 pounds. The water works is self-supporting; all its needed revenue is derived from the sale of water, and none from taxes. Cincinnati, named in honor of the Society of the Cincinnati, was first settled by white men in 1780, and was incorporated as a city in 1819. Mounds containing various relics show that a portion of the site of the city was anciently occupied. The first steamboat descending from Pittsburgh visited the town in 1811; the first railway was opened in 1845; the first Roman Catholic bishop was consecrated in 1822; and the city has been an archiepiscopal see since 1850.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
a city of Ohio, the metropolis of the Ohio Valley. "The Queen City." It is situated on the northern bank of the Ohio River, very near the geographical center of the Ohio Valley. The site of the city is an amphitheater of hills from two to three miles in diameter. The center of the city is about sixty-five feet above low water. Terraces of approximately one hundred feet in height succeed each other to the level of the surrounding country which is from four to five hundred feet above the river. These terraces, interrupted by ravines in which the remnants of native forests still stand, afford one of the most beautiful residence sections in the world. Shaded dooryards command a magnificent prospect of river and valley and the Kentucky hills beyond. A public fountain, cast in bronze at Munich, cost $200,000. The city extends along the bank of the river for a distance of about fourteen miles. At the business center the sloping bank is paved with cobblestones. Floating piers, or wharves, that adjust themselves to the varying stages of water, are anchored by huge cables. The most noticeable commercial features are the great warehouses of tobacco, and the scows of coal that lie at anchor. The city is also one of the greatest pigiron markets in the United States , if not in the world. Numerous lines of steamers ply up and down the river carrying an immense amount of freight. Sixteen railroads enter the city, most of them through a long ravine that finds its way out through the amphitheater to the west. The river is spanned by five bridges, including the cantalever bridge of the Baltimore and Ohio Railway and a suspension bridge leading to the Kentucky suburbs of Covington and Newport. Named in order of commercial importance, the leading manufactures are iron work, men's clothes, meat packing, distilled liquors, boots and shoes , carriages and wagons, tobacco and cigars, and beer. A vast amount of capital is invested in minor industries, such as tanning, furniture making, roasting coffee, and grinding spices. Saddles, harness, pickles, preserves, watches, organs, soap, candles, electric lamps, flour, patent medicine, and a great number of other articles are made for the various trades. It is estimated that over $500,000,000 worth of goods are distributed from Cincinnati annually. Originally the city was a center of the mound builders. Some remains of the mounds may still be seen. An Indian trail leading southward from Detroit into Kentucky crossed the river at this point. The original town was surveyed in 1788. Cincinnati owes much to the enterprise and business sagacity of German citizens who are still a prominent element in the city. Cincinnati has one of the great music halls of the world. The population, as returned by the last census, was 325,902. It is safe to assert that, at the beginning of the new decade, the present population of the city, with its suburbs, is 400,000. Cincinnati has one of the most complete systems of public education in the country. Primary schools and grammar schools are succeeded by a system of high schools, followed in turn by the University of Cincinnati, an institution maintained largely at public expense. Lane Seminary is a theological school maintained by the Presbyterians. See Ohio
Cincinnati Society of the
Described by 2 of the 6 encyclopedias.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
Society of the, an organization of the officers of the American Revolution. The suggestion came from General Knox, while the army was yet encamped upon the Hudson. The organization was perfected May 10, 1783. The members had left their home at the call of duty, so they named the society in honor of the Roman Cincinnatus, who left the plow to defend the land. All Continental officers who had served with honor and resigned after three years' service as officers, or who had been rendered supernumerary and honorably discharged, in one of the several reductions of the American army, or who had continued to the end of the war, and all French officers who had served in the cooperating army under Count d'Estaing, or auxiliary army under Count de Rochambeau, and held or attained the rank of colonel for such services, or who had commanded a French fleet or ship of war on the American coast, were entitled to become original members, and upon doing so were required to contribute a month's pay. Many of the signers of the Declaration of Independence were invited to become honorary members. These words were used: "To perpetuate, therefore, as well the remembrance of this vast event as the mutual friendships which have been formed under the pressure of common danger, and, in many instances, cemented by the blood of the parties, the officers of the American army do hereby, in the most solemn manner, associate, constitute, and combine themselves into one Society of Friends, to endure as long as they shall endure, or any of their eldest male posterity, and in failure thereof the collateral branches who may be judged worthy of becoming its supporters and members." A constitution was adopted. Washington was the first president-general. Meetings were to be held in the several states on Independence Day, and a general encampment was to be held in May. A golden eagle fastened to a blue ribbon edged with white was chosen as a badge. The objects of the Society were to cement the Union and to provide for needy widows and children of members. An idea got abroad, however, that the organization was political and un-American. A "howl of popular indignation" went up. To appease popular resentment Washington suggested the abandonment of the principle of heredity. The plan was recommended by the national society, but was not carried out. The society had in 1909 a state society in each of the thirteen original states. A society in France, which was disbanded during the Reign of Terror, 1793, has been reestablished. In 1908 there were 842 hereditary members. Jackson, Grant, Cleveland, and other presidents have been honorary members. Monroe and Washington were original members. President Pierce was a hereditary member. Roosevelt, Dewey, Ex-President Loubet of France, and other men of repute are on the roll of honorary membership. The city of Cincinnati was named for the society. See Cincinnatus
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a society or order in the United States, established by the of ficers of the Revolutionary army in 1783, "to perpetuate their friendship, and to raise a fund for relieving the widows and orphans of those who had fallen during the war." It was so named because it included patriots, headed by Washington, who in many instances had left rural affairs to serve their country (see CINCINNATUS). The badge of the society is a bald eagle suspended by a dark-blue ribbon with white borders, symbolizing the union of France and the United States. On the breast of the eagle there is a figure of Cincinnatus receiving the military ensigns from the senators, round the whole are the words "Omnia relinquit servare rempublicam." As this distinction was made hereditary, it was attacked_as opposed to republican equality. Franklin saw in it the germ of a future aristocracy; and at a meeting held in Philadelphia in 1784 several changes were made in the constitution of the society, the right of succession being made conditional on approval in each case by the society. Membership descends to the eldest lineal male descendant, if judged worthy, and, in failure of direct male descent, to male descendants through intervening female descendants. The general society is composed of the general officers and five delegates from each State society, and meets triennially. In 1854 it ruled that proper ship, but who never could avail themselves of it, are qualified for hereditary membership, if found worthy, on due application. application. There are about 1,000 living members. President, Winslow Warren.
Cincinnati UNIVERSITY OF
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational institution for higher education at Cincinnati, O. It is a municipal university, maintained by the city. There are about 3,000 students and 350 members of the faculty. The university was founded in 1871. President, Charles William Dabney, Ph. D., W. L. D.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
When Collier's wrote this in 1921 Cincinnati was the sixteenth-largest city in the United States, with 401,247 people and still growing; it peaked at just over 500,000 in 1950 and has since fallen to roughly 310,000, ranking outside the top fifty, though its metropolitan area holds well over two million. The proudest boast in the entry "the only city in the United States owning a steam railroad" finally ended in 2023, when Cincinnati voters approved the sale of the 337-mile Cincinnati Southern Railway to Norfolk Southern for about $1.6 billion, the proceeds placed in a trust for city infrastructure. The single street railway with 230 miles of track and 160 million annual riders was abandoned for buses by the early 1950s; a short modern streetcar loop opened downtown in 2016. Music Hall, the May Festival and the zoo all survive, the first two among the oldest such institutions in the country, and the grand Union Terminal the railroads built in 1933 is now a museum center.
Written for this edition, 2026.