Clay
Clay names 3 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below. 2 of them are described by more than one encyclopedia.
Clay HENRY, an American statesman
Described by 2 of the 6 encyclopedias.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
HENRY, an American statesman; born in "The Slashes" district, Hanover co., Va., April 12, 1777. Becoming a student of law, in his 21st year, he was admitted to the bar, and began practice at Lexington, Ky. His success was signal and immediate. About 1804 he entered politics, and in 1806 became United States Senator for a single year, to fill the unexpired term of Mr. Adair; and in 1811 was elected and chosen speaker of Clays of the House of Representatives, remain ing in that post till 1814, when he was and sent abroad as one of the commissioners to negotiate the treaty of peace with long England at Ghent. On his return he was The again sent to Congress, and re - elected to Europe his old position as speaker. In 1824 he was a candidate for the Presidency against J. Q. Adams, General Jackson, and W. H. Crawford, and no choice being effected in the Electoral College, when the matter came up to the House of Representatives, Clay and his friends voted for Mr. Adams, thereby securing $58,220,000 his election. During the entire period 11,210,000 of the Adams administration, 1825-1829. 15,240,000 Clay was Secretary of State. In 1831, 40,000 he returned to the United States Senate, and became the leader of the opposition to General Jackson's government. In 1832, he was again the candidate of his party for the Presidency, though with little chance of success, owing to the overwhelming popularity of General Jackson, who was re-elected. In March, 1842, he resigned his seat in the Senate, and retired into private life, till 1844, when he came forward a third time as a candidate for the Presidential chair. In one of the most exciting political contests that ever occurred in the United States he was again defeated, but by a very small numerical majority, obtained mainly through the influence of the administration-then in the hands of his political opponents and the obstinacy of the so-called "liberty party." The immediate consequence of this defeat was the annexation of Texas, HENRY CLAY a measure to which he had given his strenuous opposition. This was virtually the termination of his public career, though, in 1849, he consented to resume his seat in the Senate, in view of the perilous contest which was then impending between the slave-holding party and its opponents, on the California and territorial questions. He was the author of the celebrated "Compromise of 1850," as it was termed, by which, after a long and vehement struggle, this dispute was, for the time being, adjusted. This was the third occasion in his career in which, by giving the whole weight of his abilities and influence to an intermediate course between two extremes, he put an end to a violent conflict of opinion, which menaced the peace of the country, and the duration of the Union. On the question of slavery, he always favored moderate counsels, and a pacificatory policy. The excitement and exhaustion occasioned by this last great controversy gave the final blow to his already enfeebled constitution, and he died in Washington, June 29, 1852. CLAY sisting of clay which has been hardened SLATE, in geology, a rock conand otherwise changed, for the most part extremely fissile and often affording good roofing-slate. In color it varies from greenish or bluish gray to lead color.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
Henry (April 12, 1777-June 29, 1852), an American statesman. He was a native of Virginia. His parents lived in a swampy place, such as in Virginia is called a slash. He studied law and settled in Kentucky and was sent to the state legislature. He was in public office almost continuously for over forty years. During campaigns he was called the "Mill Boy of the Slashes." Twice he sat in the legislature of Kentucky. He represented his district three times in the United States House of Representatives , and each time he was made its speaker. He was elected to the United States Senate four times. In politics he was a Whig. Three times he was the candidate of that party for the presidency. He was defeated three times at the polls. The first time, by Adams, the second, by Jackson, and the third time, by Polk. During the second of these campaigns Clay's supporters carried ash poles in memory of Ashland. Jackson men carried hickory poles in honor of Old Hickory. The Jackson men sang: Alas! poor Cooney Clay! Alas! poor Cooney Clay! You never can be president, For so the people say. Under Madison, Clay was one of the envoys to negotiate the treaty of peace in 1814; under Adams he was secretary of state . Whether on the floor of the House or the Senate, or whether he acted in some other capacity, he led his party for forty years. His admirers called him the Great Commoner--the appellation of William Pitt. He was recognized as the peer of Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun. As to his position on public questions, he forced on the war of 1812; he stood for a protective tariff; he drew up the compromise tariff bill to appease Calhoun and South Carolina ; he carried the Missouri Compromise ; he stood the staunch friend of the South American republics in their struggles with Spain; he freed his own slaves, and he drew up the famous compromise bill of 1850, known as the Omnibus Bill , because it provided for so many different measures. The chief provisions were,--the admission of California to the Union, organization of the territories of New Mexico and Utah, abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia, and the fugitive slave law. He advocated the plan of purchasing all slave children and setting them free. The proposed measure would have cost but a fraction of the $10,000,000,000 actually spent and destroyed by the Civil War. Toward the end of his career Clay became very much unsettled. He tried to compromise the difficulties between the North and South, but foresaw that the Union was drifting into peril. Of the three great names associated, Calhoun surpassed in intellect and in the integrity of his convictions; Webster excelled in the extent of his literary acquirements and in oratory; Clay possessed in the higher degree the elements of popular leadership and personal influence.
Clay the name of various earths
Described by 2 of the 6 encyclopedias.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
the name of various earths, which consist of hydrated silicate of aluminum, with small proportions of the silicates of iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. All the varieties are characterized by being firmly coherent, weighty, compact, and hard when dry, but plastic when moist, smooth to touch, not readily diffusable in water, but when mixed not readily subsiding in it. Their tenacity and ductility when moist and their hardness when dry has made them from the earliest times the materials of bricks, tiles, pottery, etc. Of the chief varieties porcelain Clay, kaolin, or China Clay, a white Clay with occasional gray and yellow tones, is the purest. Potter's Clay and pipe Clay, which are similar but less pure, are generally of a yellowish or grayish color, from the presence of iron. Fire Clay is a very refractory variety, always found lying immediately below the coal; it is used for making fire bricks, crucibles, etc. Loam is the same substance mixed with sand, oxide of iron, and various other foreign ingredients. The boles, which are of a red or yellow color from the presence of oxide of iron, are distinguished by their conchoidal fracture. The ochres are similar the boles only more oxide of iron. Other varieties are to , containing fuller's-earth, Tripoli, and boulder Clay, the last a hard Clay of a dark-brown color, with rounded masses of rock of all sizes embedded in it, the result of glacial action. The distinctive property of as ingredients of the soil is their power OI, of absorbing ammonia and other gases and vapors generated on fertile manured lands; indeed no soil will remain fertile unless it portion best wheats of Clay in its composition. both in America and are grown on calcareous Clays, as also the finest fruits and flowers of the rosaceous kind. The following shows the value of the Clay industry in the United States for the calendar year 1919 (est.): Common brick Vitrified brick or block...... Face brick .. Fancy or ornamental brick.. Enameled brick $640,000 ... 10,420,000 Drain tile 16,170,000 Sewer pipe Architectural terra cotta.... 4,840,000 Fireproofing and hollow 16,620,000 building tile....... 7,250,000 Tile (not drain) 730,000 Stove lining 36,170,000 Fire brick Miscellaneous 7,100,000 .. .$184,650,000 Total brick and tile..... 76,140,000 Total pottery ... .$260,790,000 Grand total ... The total imports of Clay products in 1919 were valued at $7,366,535, of which $7,230,061 were pottery products, and $136,474 brick, tile, etc. In the same year the total exports were valued at $6,582,284.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
a kind of earth originating chiefly from the decomposition of feldspar, and consisting largely of alumina, silica, soda, potash, and water. It is, practically, a batter or pudding of sand and alumina. Clay is traditionally yellow. The term "claybank" is applied to a horse of that color, but clays are often red from infusion of iron and, indeed, may be of almost any color. A pure clay is white. The war paints of the American Indian were merely clays of various colors. Fine clay, free from sand or grit, is the potter's material out of which crockery is made, and is the earth also from which tiles and brick are made. Pipe clay is a fine clay, free from iron and other impurities, suitable for fine pottery and tobacco pipes. The annual money value of clay products far exceeds the output of gold mines. Wheat and all members of the pea family, particularly the clovers, thrive in a clay soil. Some idea of the value of clay from an agricultural point of view may be had from the following statement. Estimating the yield of wheat at twenty bushels to the acre, the following table shows the number of crops of wheat for which the various elements entering into the composition of clay are sufficient: Element. Crops. Potash 226 Magnesia 4164 Lime 2260 Phosphoric acid 420 Sulphuric acid 216 Nitrogen 157 See Brick ; Pottery ; Kaolin ; Meerschaum ; Adobe
Clay CASSIUS MARCELLUS, an American statesman
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
CASSIUS MARCELLUS, an American statesman; born in Madison co., Ky., Oct. 19, 1810. He was graduated at Yale Collège in 1832, and three years later was elected to the Legislature of Kentucky. He opposed the annexation of Texas, supported Henry Clay, and served in the Mexican War. He was an opponent of slavery and supported Lincoln for the Presidency. From 1862 to 1869 he was Minister to In 1886 he published his Russia. speeches, edited by Horace Greeley. In 1896 he was prominent as a "gold" Democrat. He died July 22, 1903.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
The outline of Clay's career given by Collier's in 1921 and by Aiton's in 1910 still holds, but two claims have been revised. Aiton's says flatly that "he freed his own slaves"; in fact Clay, though a leading colonizationist who freed individuals during his life and provided for some manumissions in his will, was still the owner of enslaved people at Ashland when he died in 1852. Historians also now share out the credit for the "Compromise of 1850": Clay's omnibus bill collapsed in the Senate that July, and it was Stephen A. Douglas who split it into separate measures and passed them. Clay's standing has if anything risen — a Senate committee chaired by John F. Kennedy named him in 1957 as one of the five greatest senators in American history — and his Lexington home, Ashland, is open to visitors. As for the shelf's other entry, "clay slate," the term has quietly dropped out of geology in favour of slate, shale and argillite.
Written for this edition, 2026.