Clemens
Clemens names 2 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Clemens TITUS FLAVIUS, known as CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
TITUS FLAVIUS, known as CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, one of the fathers of the Church; born about the middle of the 2d century. Of his early career so little is known that it is doubtful whether he was born at Alexandria or at Athens; but about the year 189 he succeeded Pantænus in the catechetical school of the former city and taught there until 202, when the edict of Severus compelled him to seek a new abode. In 210 he was in Cappadocia. He died about 220. CLEMENT I., CLEMENS ROMANUS, POPE, and one of the apostolic fathers; born about A. D. 30. It is supposed that he is the same Clement mentioned by St. Paul (Phil. iv: 3) as one of his fellowlaborers. He was, according to Catholic tradition, baptized by St. Peter, and ordained Bishop of Rome in 91, succeeding to Anacletus. Among the writings which are attributed to him are one epistle exhorting ex to uni unity (generally admitted as genuine); two other epistles preserved by the Syriac Church; the two collections of apostolical canons and constitutions; and the "Clementines," a narrative of his life, and of his connection and journeys with St. Peter. He is accounted a saint and martyr in the Roman calendar, his festival being Nov. 23. He died about 100, and was succeeded by Evaristus. CLEMENT II. (SUIDGER), was of Saxon birth, and in 1046 succeeded Gregory VI., who was Pope during the tenure of Benedict IX. He crowned Henry III. Emperor, and died 1047; and at his death, Benedict was restored to the papal see. CLEMENT III., succeeded Gregory VIII. in 1187, preached crusade a against the Saracens; died 1191, and was succeeded by Celestine III. CLEMENT IV. (GUIDO FULCODI), succeeded Urban IV. in 1265. He signed, with St. Louis of France, the "Pragmatic Sanction," which put an end to the differences existing between Rome and France. He died in Viterbo, 1268. His death was followed by a long interregnum. CLEMENT V. (BERTRAND DE GOT), succeeded Benedict XI. in 1305, and removed the residence of the Popes from Rome to Avignon. He was the tool of Philip the Fair of France, and, at his desire, suppressed the order of Knights Templar. He died in 1314, and had no immediate successor. CLEMENT VI. (PIERRE ROGER), a native of Limousin, succeeded Benedict XII. in 1342. During his pontificate, Rienzi attempted to establish the republic at Rome. His learning and eloquence are applauded by Petrarch. He died in Avignon, 1352. His successor was Innocent VI. CLEMENT VII. (GIULIO DE MEDICI), nephew of Lorenzo the Magnificent, and cousin of Leo X., succeeded Adrian VI. in 1523. He entered into the "holy league" with Francis I. of France, the Italian princes, and Henry VIII. of England, against the Emperor Charles V. In the war which ensued, Rome was taken and plundered, and the Pope himself was shut up in the castle of St. Angelo. He had, consequently, to make terms with Charles. Subsequently, Henry VIII., having repudiated Catharine of Aragon and married Anne Boleyn, Clement excommunicated him in 1534. This occasioned a schism, and ultimately resulted in the separation of England from the Church of Rome. He died in 1534, and was succeeded by Paul III. CLEMENT VIII. (IPPOLITO ALDO- BRANDINI), born in Fano, 1536, was elected in 1592, succeeding Innocent IX. He absolved Henry IV. of France, upon that monarch making public profession of Catholicism, and was chiefly instrumental in bringing about the peace of Vervins in 1598. He elevated to the rank of cardinal, Baronius, Bellarmine, and other distinguished men, and was a learned and sagacious pontiff. He died in 1605 and was succeeded by Leo XI. CLEMENT IX. (GIULIO ROSSPIGLI- OSI), born in Pistoia, 1600; succeeded Alexander VII. in 1667. During his pontificate, Candia was taken from the Venetians by the Turks. He died in 1666, and was succeeded by CLEMENT X. (EMILIO ALTIERI), born in 1590. Being of great age, the government was left in the hands of Cardinal Paluzzi, a distant relative. He died in 1676, and was succeeded by Innocent XI. CLEMENT XI. (GIOVANNI (GIOVANNI FRANCESCO ALBANI), born in Pesaro, 1649, succeeded Innocent XII., 1700. His pontificate was disturbed by the quarrels of the Jesuits and the Jansenists, and on issuing the famous bull "Unigenitus," a schism was produced, which lasted many years, between France and Rome. He died in 1721, and was succeeded by Innocent XIII. CLEMENT XII. (LORENZO DI COR- SINI), born in Florence, 1652, succeeded Benedict XIII. in 1730, and reformed many abuses of the Church. He died in 1740, and was succeeded by Benedict XIV. CLEMENT XIII. (CARLO REZZONICO), born in Venice, 1693, succeeded Benedict XIV., 1758. The Jesuits having been expelled from France, Spain, Portugal, and Naples, he made great but useless efforts aples to reinstate them. In 1768 he lost Avignon and Benevento. He died in 1769. There is a splendid mausoleum to him in St. Peter's, executed by Canova, who was eight years employed on it. He was succeeded by CLEMENT XIV. (GIOVANNI VINCENZO ANTONIO GANGANELLI), born in St. Arcangelo, 1705. Being of a conciliating disposition, he lived on good terms with all the European courts, and recovered Avignon and Benevento, which had been lost under the preceding pontiff. Pressed to decide the question of the abolition of the order of the Jesuits, he, in 1773, after temporizing for several years, issued the bull ordaining their suppression. He died in 1774, and was succeeded by Pius VI.
Clemens SAMUEL LANGHORNE (best known by his pen name of MARK TWAIN)
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
SAMUEL LANGHORNE (best known by his pen name of MARK TWAIN), an American humorist; born in Florida, Mo., Nov. 30, 1835. He worked for some time as a compositor in Philadelphia and New York, and then in 1851 learned the business of pilot on the Mississippi. Thence he went to the Nevada mines; became in 1862 local editor of a newspaper in Virginia City; went to San Francisco; was for some time a reporter; and worked in the Calaveras gold-diggings. In 1884, he founded the publishing firm of C. L. Webster & Co., which failed some years later, though it had published successful works, including General Grant's "Personal Recollections, on which over $300,000 in royalties were S. L. CLEMENS (MARK TWAIN) paid. After the failure Mr. Clemens made a lecturing tour of the world for the purpose of paying the firm's indebtedness, which he insisted on doing in full, though the creditors offered to settle for half of the amount. His works include: "The Jumping Frog," "The Innocents Abroad," "Roughing It," "A Tramp Abroad," "The Prince and the Pauper," "Life on the Mississippi," "The Gilded Age" (with Charles Dudley Warner), "Old Times on the Mississippi," "Tom Sawyer," "Huckleberry Finn," "A Connecticut Yankee at King Arthur's Court," "Pudd'nhead Wilson," "Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc," "Following the Equator," etc. He died April 21, 1910.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Collier's in 1921 could list Mark Twain's works only up to his death in 1910, but the largest Twain publication was still to come: he had ordered his full autobiography held back for 100 years, and the unexpurgated text appeared from the University of California Press in three volumes between 2010 and 2015, the first becoming a surprise bestseller. Other suppressed pieces, such as the sceptical "Letters from the Earth," reached print in 1962, and Twain is now read less as "an American humorist" than as a major novelist, with "Huckleberry Finn" both canonised in schools and repeatedly challenged over its racial language. On the papal side the list is still complete: no pope has taken the name Clement since Clement XIV died in 1774. Scholarship has moved chiefly on the earliest Clements — the "Clementines" and the apostolic constitutions the entry attributes to Clement I are now agreed to be later pseudonymous compositions, not his work, and only the single letter to Corinth is treated as genuine.
Written for this edition, 2026.