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Crucifixion, Gnostic Conception of

An Encyclopaedia of Occultism (1920)

As soon as Christ was born according to the Gnostic speculative view of Christianity , Christos, united himself with Sophia (Holy Wisdom). descended through the seven planetary regions, assuming in each an analogous form to the region, and concealing his true nature from its genii, whilst he attracted into himself the spark of Divine Light they severally retained in their angelic essence. Thus Christos, having passed through the seven Angelic Regions before the Throne," entered into the man Jesus, at the moment of his baptism in the Jordan. From that time forth, being supernaturally gifted, Jesus began to work miracles. Before that, he had been completely ignorant of his mission. When on the cross, Christos and Sophia left his body, and returned to their own sphere. Upon his death, the two took the man Jesus," and abandoned his material body to the earth; for the Gnostics held that the true Jesus did not (and could not) physically suffer on the cross, and die, and that Simon of Cyrene, who bore his cross, did in reality suffer in his room: "And they compelled one, Simon a Cyrenian, who passed by, coming out of the country, the father of Alexander and Rufus, to bear his cross" (St. Mark XV. 21). The Gnostics contended that a portion of the real history of the Crucifixion was never written. 66 At the resurrection Christos and Sophia gave the man Jesus another body, made up of ether (Rosicrucian Aethereum). Thence-forward he consisted of the two first Rosicrucian principles only, soul and spirit; which was the reason that the disciples did not recognise him after the resurrection. During his sojourn upon earth after he had risen, he received from Sophia, or Holy Wisdom, that perfect knowledge or illumination, that true 66 Gnosis," which he communicated to the small number of the Apostles who were capable of receiving the same. Ciupipiltin: Vampires in ancient Mexico. (See Mexico and Central America .)

What Has Changed in the Last Century

When the Encyclopaedia of Occultism set this out in 1920, almost everything known about Gnostic views of the cross came secondhand from hostile church fathers — chiefly Irenaeus, who attributed the story of Simon of Cyrene dying in Jesus's place to Basilides — supplemented here with Theosophical and Rosicrucian vocabulary ("Aethereum," soul-and-spirit "principles") that no ancient Gnostic used. The discovery of thirteen Coptic codices at Nag Hammadi in Egypt in 1945 changed that completely: texts such as the Second Treatise of the Great Seth and the Coptic Apocalypse of Peter give the substitution doctrine in Gnostic writers' own words, including the startling image of the living Jesus laughing while an impostor or mere body is nailed up. The Gospel of Judas, from a separate codex, was published in 2006 and added another ancient voice. Scholars now also doubt that the neat Christos–Sophia scheme summarised here belonged to any single sect, and many avoid "Gnosticism" as a unified category at all.

Written for this edition, 2026.