Czolgosz
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
LEON, an American assassin; born about 1874, of Polish-German ancestry; worked at various trades in the United States and became affiliated with anarchists through the teachings of EMMA GOLDMAN (q. v.). On Sept. 6, 1901, while 1901 President McKinley was holding a public reception at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, N. Y., Czolgosz treacherously shot him twice. On Sept. 14, the President died; on Sept. 23 Czolgosz was brought to trial; on the 26th was sentenced to death, and was electrocuted in the prison of Auburn, N. Y., Oct. 29, 1901. D ト D, d, the fourth letter and the third alphabet. It consonant in the English formed by represents a dental sound tongue against the placing the tip of the , and then passroots of the upper teeth vocalized breath into the mouth. ing up English words. It is always sounded in over in rapid though frequently slurred as handkerchief. speech in such words surd consonnant it After a nonvocal or takes a sharper sound, nearly approachin the past tenses ing that of t, especially in -ed. and past participles of verbs D. As an initial is used: 1. In chronology, for Domini, genit. . of Lat. Dominus Lord, as A. D. sing =Arno Domini in the year of our Lord. 2. In music, as an abbreviation for Discantus, Dessus, Destra, etc. 3. In university degrees, etc., for Doc- ; tor, as M. D. Doctor of Medicine D. D. Doctor of Divinity, etc. D. As a symbol is used: 600; DL=550. When a dash or stroke is is inwritten over the letter its value creased tenfold. i. e., to 5,000. 2. In chemistry, for the element didymium. 3. In music. (1) For the first note of the Phrygian, . afterward called the Dorian mode (2) For the second note of the normal the Italian scale of C, corresponding to re. (3) For the major scale having two scale having sharps and for the minor . one flat in its signature (4) For a string tuned to D, e. g., the third string of the violin, the second of the viola and violoncello. (5) For a clef in old mensurable music, D. excellens. (6) D is used for doh in the tonic solfa system. 4. In commerce, for English penny or shillings, and pence, as £ s. d. pounds, pence.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Collier's 1921 account of the killing is accurate in its dates and still stands, but its framing has shifted. Where Collier's says Czolgosz "became affiliated with anarchists through the teachings of Emma Goldman," historians now hold that he acted alone: Goldman was arrested and questioned in 1901 but never charged, and no conspiracy was ever established. Modern writers also emphasize how fast the process was — trom shooting on September 6 to electrocution on October 29 — with a token defense and a post-mortem examination that found his brain physically normal; his body was then destroyed with acid in the prison yard. The most lasting consequence went unmentioned: the killing led Congress to give the Secret Service formal responsibility for guarding the president, and the 1903 immigration act barring anarchists from the United States. Records now give his birth as Detroit, 1873, to Polish immigrant parents, rather than Collier's "about 1874."
Written for this edition, 2026.