Debs
Debs names 2 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Debs EUGENE V., was freed from prison by President Harding
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
EUGENE V., was freed from prison by President Harding, Dec. 23, 1921. DE VALERA, EAMON. (See IRISH FREE STATE.) FARRAND, LIVINGSTON, was elected president of Cornell University, July 20, 1921. GEDDES, SIR ERIC, resigned from Parliament, Feb. 23, 1922, to resume private business. GOMPERS, SAMUEL, was re-elected president American Federation of Labor, June, 1921, by a vote of two to one. HARDING, WARREN G. (See UNITED STATES, 1921-1922.) HARVEY, GEORGE B. MCCLELLAN, appointed ambassador to Gr at Britain April 16, 1921. He aroused some criticism in the United States by a speech, May 19, 1921, in which he denied that America had altruistic motives in en entering the World War. He was an "unofficial observer" for the United States at various European conferences. HAYS, WILL H., resigned as Postmaster-General, March, 1922, to become director of the National Motion Pictures Association. HERRICK, MYRON T., appointed ambassador to France again, April, 1921. HUGHES, CHARLES EVANS. (See UNITED STATES, 1921-1922: FOREIGN AFFAIRS.) KENYON, WILLIAM S., was elected leader of the farm bloc in the Senate, 1921. On Jan. 31, 1922, he was appointed U. S. Circuit Judge by President Harding. LANDIS, KENESAW MOUNTAIN, resigned as judge of the Federal District Court, Feb. 18, 1922. He had been severely condemned by the American Bar Association for remaining on the bench after accepting the position of baseball commissioner. MONTAGU, EDWIN S., was forced to resign as Secretary of State for India, following the publication of official communications with Lord Reading, Indian Viceroy. MOORE, JOHN BASSETT, was elected a judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice, Sept. 14, 1921. PEPPER, GEORGE WHARTON, was appointed U. S. Senator from Pennsylvania, Jan. 9, 1922, succeeding Senator Penrose, deceased. PERSHING, JOHN J., succeeded Gen. March as Chief of Staff, U. S. Army, July 1, 1921. RHONDDA, MARGARET HAIG, VISCOUN- TESS, became the first woman member of the British House of Lords, March 2, 1922. SCHURMAN, JACOB GOULD, was appointed U. S. Minister to China, May 17, 1921. SIMS, WILLIAM SOWDEN, in a speech at London, June 7, 1921, made references to Sinn Fein sympathizers among American citizens, whom he charged with having the blood of American and English soldiers on their hands. He was ordered home by Secretary of the Navy Denby and publicly reprimanded, June 24. TAFT, WILLIAM H., was appointed Chief Justice of the United States, June 30, 1921, assuming the duties of his office in October. WOOD, LEONARD, was appointed Governor-General of the Philippine Islands, Oct. 5, 1921, resigning his Major-Generalship in the U. S. Army to accept the post. (See also PHILIPPINE ISLANDS; 1 WOOD-FORBES REPORT.)
Debs EUGENE VICTOR, an American socialist
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
EUGENE VICTOR, an American socialist; born in Terre Haute, Ind., Nov. 5, 1855. He received a common school education and became a locomotive fireman. He was elected to the Indiana Legislature in 1885 and was later an official of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, and, from 1893 to 1897, president of the American Railway Union. He conducted the strike of 1893 in Chicago, and was later sent to jail for contempt, because of his management of the same, though he pleaded innocence of any crime and requested to be tried by a jury and be allowed to summon witnesses in his defense. Since 1897 he has been prominent in the Socialist movement, and in 1900 was the candidate of the Social Democratic party, and in 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920 of the Socialists, for President of the United States. In 1915 he was appointed Chancellor of the People's College, a working-class institution at Fort Scott, Kan. He was convicted of violating the Espionage Law by opposing the draft laws in 1917, and was sentenced to im- EUGENE V. DEBS prisonment for 20 years. In spite of this he was nominated for the presidency by the Socialist party in 1920.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Collier's caught Debs mid-story in 1921: still a federal prisoner, still a presidential candidate (he polled roughly 900,000 votes from a cell in Atlanta in 1920), and just released when Harding commuted his sentence that December. He lived only a few years more, dying at Elmhurst, Illinois, on October 20, 1926, after a final period of failing health. His conviction has never been overturned and his citizenship, stripped along with it, was not restored, though the Supreme Court's reasoning in Debs v. United States (1919) was effectively displaced by the far stricter free-speech test of Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969). The Terre Haute house where he lived is now a museum and a National Historic Landmark, and the strike Collier's dates to 1893 is now universally known as the Pullman strike of 1894.
Written for this edition, 2026.