Egypt

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

a country in the N. E. of Africa, extending from the Mediterranean to the first cataract of the Nile at 1 Assuan, from 24° 6' to 31° 36′ N. lat. Area, exclusive of the Sudan, 350,000 square miles. Population (1917) 12,- 750,918, exclusive of nomad Bedouins. Capital, Cairo; pop. (1917) 790,939. Geologically and ethnologically, it is confined to the bed of the flooded Nile and occupies little more than 11,000 square miles. The Nile, after breaking through the rocky barrier at Assuan, pursues a N. course, varied only by one considerable bend near Thebes, till, a few miles N. of Cairo, it divides into two main streams, terminating in the Rosetta and Damietta mouths, through which, after a course of 3,300 miles, it pours during "high Nile," about 700,- 000,000,000 cubic meters daily into the Mediterranean Sea. The other five mouths which existed in antiquity, have silted up; the triangular district inclosed by them, supposed by the ancients to have been recovered from the sea, formed the delta, now called Lower Egypt. Climate. The climate is remarkably mild, especially S. of the desert. The temperature in winter in the shade averages 50° to 60° F., and in the heat of summer 90° to 100° in Lower Egypt, 10° higher in the upper valley. From Juno till February cool N. winds prevail, then till June comes a period of E. or hot S. sandwinds, called the Khamasin or "Fifties" (blowing 50 days). The most remarkable phenomena is the regular increase of the Nile, fed by the fall of the tropical rains. The state of the Nile marks the season more accurately than the variation of temperature. Except in the dry air of the valley and desert, Egypt is not remarkably healthy; because of the occasional visitations tations of plague and cholera, ophthalmia, diarrhea, dysentery, and boils. Geology. Egypt is separated from Nubia by a low hilly region about 50 miles broad from N. to S. and composed A DAHABEAH OF THE NILE, EGYPT of granitic rocks. The same crystalline rocks extend up the shore of the Red Sea to near the opening of the Gulf of Suez, stretching inland for fully 30 miles. The scenery in this district is wild and rude. The granitic region terminates at Assuan, the ancient Syene, whence most of the materials for the colossal monuments of Egypt were procured. The Arabian and Libyan ranges, on the right and left of the river, are alike composed of cretaceous strata, the predominant rock being sandstone, which is durable and easily worked. Natural History. - The signal peculiarity of the vegetation of the Nile Val- B C D TROPOLI Rasel Mith Jordan R. ME ITERRANEAN Nazaretho Gulf of Solum Bosra Gulf of Bu Sheifa Kasr Shama Ras Bulau Jaffa A E Jerusalem Damietta Rosetta Wady Sirhan Dead Alexandria, Gaza Port Said Kafo Sea Kasr el Ajdebiah S el Melkhat --- El Arish Abulaha Danmanhur Ghukah a TantaheMansourab Wady el Araba Oasis Dismend Abu Selim Wady Zaga Natrun Kasrel Jedeiro Ismailiya Jeb Makhrah LOWER EGYPT Shobak Maan Suez 30 -30 Ain Uara Maghara Giza CAIRO Jarabub PYRAMIDS Kelaa Rirket el Qurun Gulf of Suez Sherm% Akabah • Gara ARABIA debel et Tih Masha o Fayum G. of Akaban Siwa Beni Suef Raiyan Kelaa Medowara o B.Ghartein Feshno Oasis Siwa Sinai Ainus Abu Girga R Behnesa Dhat el Haj (Jupiter Ammon) Kasr Bawiti Zubo Convent Makna Hawid 0 Oasis of Bahriya Minia Tor Tebuk Beni Hasan El Hez Jeb. Garib Roda Muwela LIBYAN Mellawi Nile Ras Ain el Wadi Jebel Sharr 2 Mohammed 2 Monfalut DESERT Siba Oasis of Farafra N Assiout Darel YPT Jeb. Um Delpha Kasr Farafra EG IA O Sherm Antar Tahta Ekhmim Bir es Sidd 0 el Weis N Girga Kena Nagh Hamadi RUINS OF Kosseir Farshut El Kasr Ballat Kharga Jeb. Abu Tiur Kuss Rizqat THEBES Akra Muto Bulaq Esnad Oasis of Dakhla Mirsa Sebara لا Oasis of Kharga El Kab el el Haura 25 EGYPT Edfu Redesiya Jeb Sebara Ras Mehar Beris Jeb Radwa Mex Dush Kom Ombo Jeb. Hammada ABYSSINIA • Darau Oasis of Kurkur Ass 1st Cataract Ras Benas Yanbo hellal Om el Lotef el Bahr AND Qartassic Darmut Dunguno Kalabsha Halfaha Kasr Ibrin Dirve Seyala W. Dafaeh TROPIC OF CANCER SH Madal Dakka NORTHEASTERN TEMPLE Maharraqa Toski (Toshka) Mirsa Shab Sherm El-Sebua AFRICA 3 Korosko Haimar E'Shebb Jeb. Elba Wady Faras O Allagi C. Elba Wady Halfa Tewfikiya SCALE OF STATUTE MILES NNUBIANN Jeb. Soturba 2nd Cataract 50. 0 100 200 300 Galgabbo Semna SCALE OF KILOMETERS Sonkio IAN Bir Sufir Mirsa Dongola 200 300 100 Selima 400 500 Akash W.Haier MAKAUR 1. Jeb. Irba DESERT Sakiet Amara Dubadip Important towns are shown in heavy face type el Abd Tinara Shikr Bir Hebeb Railways shown thus Canals Bir Absa Gurgutti 20 J. Bawartie 3rd Cataract Kaibar W. Amori Oasis or W. el Kab Hannek & Kerma (BEJA) Abu Hammad Port Sudan Mirsa TER AKRO 1. B Kederwab Otao el Orda o Shebeb ESAHARA OR Tamai 4th Cataract Selmi Khannak Abu Ekla Abu-Hashim Kokveb) 5th Cataract Khandak Karakol Sinkat • Genenitta JESIRA Tokar Merowe B. el Bak Old GREAT DESERT DESERT Dongola Baraka Berber ✔ Kenur Korti FRENCH el Debba Ambukol Atbara KABABISH ARABS Adororit ed Daman Nakhela 4 B. el Bayuda p W. Boro April 8th 1898 Sotaire Atbara P Abu Klea Jeb. Kureb W. Billia S Metamma Meroe Baaluk da now Ain Hamedo W.Shek hele Shendi 6th Cataract el Gash oel Dabba Goserujup Shabluka Jeb. el Mardfibeyat TamaniatMEROE d Kerreri Xa Haltaya Gos Rejeb Fillik Wady Malik or Melk Taka SOGHAWA 2nd Sept. 1898 Blue Kamlin es Safih KHARTUM Kissala Omdurman Bayareya el Seribe Abdalla Wasa Jeb. Medob el Fasher Hamran 15 20 el Getena ISLAND DAR El Alaga B EGYPTIAN TAKONAWIANGLO Tomat Hegera hkabia O Abu Haraz Kaja W. Sunot Wad Medani Om Bedr Suk Abu KORDOF A Nel Kawa S Rahad Turjoe Kay Kobe d Gedaref El Fasher Dueim ennar Barao o Foja Jeb. Maria W. el Koh Dabaina Faqih Kohi Sennar Foja El Obeid Hable Kalaba Kol Kol White Nile Tura Melbeiso Dar-Abu-Dali Karkojo Abiad Martafal Abu Shikele Dinde A Bahr el Azr Kasghil 5 el Birket Fu o Tawaisha Dar Taqalla DARFUR Sunguki A Birkewea A Dark-el-Birket Roseres Darra Kadero Darel Gendi Bulbul D. Kegu G Om Delgal Funj Dorgar DB AAN G S U Dar Nuba LINK LUK SHILK C eFamaka Sigela Dar Dar-Abu-Dima Kinien Dar Abu-Uma Ke-ilahN Tira Mandi Wibra Fazok Shekka Barajaus el Dileh S Mellem U D A Gomasha HFashoda Kue Khor el gar BAGGARA Taimo Dar Min Dango Of Fertit Bahr BIZIGHAT Ghazal NoGaidacho 10 el Hokrahel Kirin Gorgura (Kodok) Arab Marpa Yawash KUAJ Nahas, Bahr Bahr el Mts Om Gedoo Mt. Ego Nur Agara Goboo DARFERTIT Bahr el Homr NUER Amol Shala Katuaka Gondu Dannaba TH Nassara Baro Mt. Jila Meshra-of- Kuru Pongo Liffi Rek Elyab Nasr Gatta h B Bajangwe Dem Daud Rohl Valodo a Gore Mts. Tondi Dok Faro em Ziber BOS Gatta Ganda S.Wau 6 Nam Ajuara Jur Ghattas JENGOR Bonga FRENCH Such Dem Bekir وسلي Foro Gaba Shambeh L. Tato Rumbekh Songo Gambo Juba DINKA Ghaza Baraka Ombanga TEQUATORIAL 1 (Jibbe) Bor Mvole Sango Wambek Ngoli DORR Zuarra Biti Karbora Mere AFRICA Zemio Tambura Bassa Pakuru Beri Pambia Mts. Ugango Rafai 5° 8. Sassa Lado Popo's Gondokoro UGANDA A 25 Longitude 30 B 35 C from East Copyright. J. L. Poates Eng. Co. 1921 Alexandria Mouths of the Nile pamietta Mouth Rosetta Mouth Rosetta Burlus rlus Lake Fareskub Lake Menzalas Abukir Burlus Diba Gemil Abukir Port Said Bay Cultivated Salamih Belga Shirbin L L El Menzala Beru Mareotis Hayit Mehallet Calin el Kevin Mansourah Suez Damanhur Semennud Abu Isthmu Teh el Barudo Mehaltet Rub Qantara Shequq Tantaly Salihiya Balah of Lakes Vin Abu Kebiro Mariam El Furdan Medina Kiffari Sue Zagazig Ismailiya Shibin-el-Komo Mit Bera L.Timsah Ramses LIBYAN Tussum Water Tel-el-Kebir Sta. Canal Sto Serapeum Menuf Natrun Wady Lakes Nat. Do Benha el Asl Bitter run La Der Faramus Shibin el Qanater Barrage Staro DESERT Siryaqus Post Road el Menashi El Merg Shaluf Sta Wadu Faragh Bulaq Abbasiya Suezo Giza CAIRO Jebel Ataqa PYRAMIDS Bedrashen LOWER EGYPT Baths of Helwan MEMPHIS RUINS Helwan SCALE OF MILES G. ARABIAN DESERT 0 30 Sue Shaguo 40 ° NILE Battle of the Ciccolani Zawiya 25- Pyramids Bulagiya Can. Malali el Hamra BAILWAY Palace: July-21st 1798 Tusun Embaba BRIOGE El Medina Palace el Kamra Cairo el Khobba 2 Mit Uqba Sta Fountain Bulag Bedr-Honem Bab el-Huseniya 이 Sta. el Dureibeh Waterworks Gezireh Mastura el Sufeineh Palace Hotel Bab en Nasr Rabegh El Ash GEZIRET 3 Barquq BULAQ el Kolea o G Sta. Bursbey Guardhouse Qait Bey Kholajs E Khawand Tombs of t Sta. Helwan/Sta. Serrua Khalifs CAIRO Jidda Mecca Water Palace Ras Rawai Works Old Sta Zumur Citadel GEZIRET RODA Mirsa Salaka Fort Mosque of Viceregal Palace Zen el-Abden Cartridge Hawitira Masr Tombs of the Factory 20 and Museum El Atiqa Mamelukes Canal Sheikh (OLD CAIRO) Barud Giza com Roman Fortress) Tombs of Sta. Khedivial Suakin Nilometer Babylon Family (Mikyas) (Greek & Coptic Monast.) el Imam el Tib Madabgh Sta. Shafih Bakiai B. Sewage Works Ras Kasar CAIRO AND VICINIT Der et-Tin SCALE OF MILES 4 Sta Bir Kabr el Shekh 0 1 Azarato E 45° F Knor • Sade 4 anscla Ans Nakia HARMIL IS FARISAN IS. Jaf RABI R Kelbetu HARAT L Khamr NORAH DAHLAK Keren Mareb MISUAR Massana Bisha the Sana KAMARAN 1. Amideb Hawakil B. Debaroa Bla B Aressa Hodeidap Senafe Reda Tigre Hamfilah R Yerim Aksumo Adigrat Takase Adua Noggara beл HANISH Edd Mt. Saghe IS. Tezo Makalle Mocha Dhala Ras Dashan Antalo VAFAR Bailul Merdibba Matama Babel Mande ULF Assab OR Jeb Kharas Gondar DANAKIL Aden Rahoita Sokoto PERIM (Br.) Golima Debra Lallbala Gohum FRENCH Obok L-Tana ana Tabor volcajura Bay Aus OF Mt.Guna Biedehor MUSHA IS. Hedele SOMALI- Amhara Tauta, Jibuti Gubo Zeila A DEN Galamo Thai Magdala Ancharo Belia LAND Hadu Kuraniali Mota Godara o Aasiosfatra Mt.Kollo Gatira pasuen Killela Adado Gojam Sumaduo Koktara Dhora Waroll BAN t. Elmes Liche Laliballiordildoba BRITISH Bar Egu Darmi Hederhed Angolala Ankober jeb Ahmar Dit Dire Ahmar Jigjiga Moga Medir Kobboo Jallanko Harar SOMALILAND Antotto ADIS ABEBA Roggle Hardagn Badu Bubasen Babagobo Faradayroo Leka Dum Gabaro Mt. Egan Milmil PDerba (V Brer Dagahbur Mojer Darror Saka Magna Wabi Luku Larkei L. Dembel Bolarli Kurati L Sidama Lo G AL.Hogga Sheikh Husain Tus Omoo Warandah Meoro L.Lamina Ginea o Kaffa ORoLogb, Laga Bodewen Cheka Qucen Margherita Faf Lako Lo Abaya Imi Guldumbas Burka A Buta Berdale Shebeli Barri Doria Webi Ganale 10 Bodle Greenwich E 40 H 135° ( MALAY ARCHIPELAGO SCALE OF STATUE 0 50 100 200 300 SCALE OF KILOMETERS 100 200 400 Important towns are shown in Capitals shown thus Railways Telegraphs POSSESSIONS Dutch German Portugese CAGLE TO GUAM C A SEGUEIRAS IS. PELEW IS. (German) ANGAURO PILLILU SONSEROL 1 (ST.ANDREW) PULO ANNA ۱۰۰ CURRENT/ PULO MAFIERE 1. WARREN HASTINGS) HELEN REEF TOBI M E L DUTCH POSSESSIONS 01. PANTIS. ERA) MAPIA AJU IS. PEGUN ANTA Dampier Str. C. Wau Manokvari (Dore Saukorem WAIGEU NUMFOR Surong Arfak Mt PASAL NUMFOR SALAWATI C. Sele Sari SAMBARPON Subra PC Tabim RON DARAM IS. Bern or HeCluer Geclvink Mansela S Napan IS B Sibu Bula V. Genoto Varu KARAS IS. ONIN pba mrau B. Ina B. GLAUT IS Nautilus Str GOROM 18. Lakahia B. ADI WATU BELAIS. 2 C.Steenboom KEI IS. KOLA EA Elat BWOKAM 1. LIT. KE SI GA Maikor, KEI KOBACOR INA TERANGAN BARKAI Kre DJIN IS, WULIARUM LARAT ENU Lelingluwan SERAS TIMOR LAUT IS.. Adue SELARU ARAFURA SEA TR AS H 135° J 140° K L ) MILES 400 500 URACCAS 1. ASUNCION I. LINDSAY 800 600 GRIGAN PAGAN I. heavy face type OR MARIANNAD ALAMAGUAN GUGUAN FARALLON DE TORRES and Cables SARIGUAN BEATRICE REEF LADRONE United States ANATAJANBIRD I. VOGEL I. British (German)SEYPAN TINIAN CABLE TO SAN FRANCISCO ISLANDS ROTA OR SARPAN SPANISH Agana GUAM (U.S.) GALVEZ BK 3 ++ ANSON 1. SANTA RO, A REEF C I F I 10 ULUTHI GROUP HUNTER REES KILAP FEYS (TROMELIN) GRIMES I. ELIVI IS YAP I. ISLANDS CAROLINE PIKELA (LYDIA) FURAULEP (German) KAJUNGLE I. NGOLI WEST FAIU PIKELOT I. Kossol Pass MATELOTAS 1. EARL DALHOUSIE BK. LAMOTREK SOROL I. 4 (PHILIP) BAODELTAOB ELATO TUCKER I. OLEIA, WALEA I MALAKAL STA. IFALIK (WILSON) JURIPIK (KAMA) IANTHE SHOAL 5° N A E C 5 A N H 0° EQUATOR SUPIORI S apen ( Jobior Geelvink) Str. SCHOUTEN 13. C. D' Urville COM MERSON 1. KUMAMBA IS. ARIMOA) KANIET GR. Sor Auries Mt. ALLISON (ANACHORET IS.) B. Humboldt NINIGO GR. Valchenuer B. adipi Dore WIAK B. ADMIRALTY IS. PADENA IS. Mokmer LUP OR Rauni AGAMES GR. MANUS I. udari DUROURI, UWE Massiha MATTY 1. GEORGE I JAPEN AWEK STG SAINSON IS. (TIGER I (D'URVILLE) BROISSY KAIRUT 6 LE MAIRE IS. Della Torre B. JESUS MARIE (JOBI) Warent PANAMERA I C. Brécher (LAMBUTIU) Gr. Kirchben Fagai Mt. KREIS REEF VULCAN 1. otsdam Har. Franklin B. Wisarce DUTCH KRAKARI ALBERT REEF (DAMPIER) Charles / Luip Arm Astrolabe B. BAGABAS 1. VICTORIA REEF TEW GUINEA TIMOΠAKA OR TIM KAISER WILHELM TAND Huon G. ephansort LONG I. sebesshande FRENCH T Mts. 5 OCK 1. Wakara B U Modir Pisang Dampier Str. PAT ARRU IS. BRITISH NEW GUINE TRITON BK 'CRETIN IS. Dourga Str. 7 IMAKOWA Hercules B. Ward Sauemika Bongarpab C. Hunt MESSEDA PRINCE Silerakas Kupelika Domandapo For Game Dyke Acland B. FREDERICK HENRY 1. Derbouimka .Nelson Collingwood B. Rakossika RECASTEAUX Souquarja False C. Worukac GULF OF Northeast PAPUA Great Biminka AMANBY Port Moresby ge Huk Chan. Pandora Pass. sien Stre THURSDAY I "EASTERN FIELDS GREAT South C MORESSY IS, CLARENCE Torres Strait BARRIER ORAL Endeavour StUEENSLAND REEF C. York PR. OF WALES C SEA A A J 140° K L 145° 95° A 100° B 105° C 110° D Yunnan Kweilin N Wuchau Nanning Canton Si-kiang 2. Mandalay Mreng BURM NKIN RI Bacninh Salwen 20 HANOI ENC GULF OF Hainan Str. Luang- Prabang A TONKIN inh HELENA Utaradit 2. METN R. C. Bastion Nong-kh Mekong ANGOON 0 S PARACEL IS. & REEFS Gulf of Moulmein Menam AMPHITRITE IS. SD Martaban Hue CRESCENT/IS.. R BAYO F MACCLESFIELD Qurane 15 BANK BUR Korat Bassak Tavoro C Khong BANGKOK Phu-Y Battambang R Mereni 3 Chantabun IN A T M Kratie MERGUI Khanh-hoa CAMBODIA ARCH. BENGAL Prom-perih MUGULF OF 09 0 Cholon MINERVA Bk. 10 KRA COCHIN TIZARD BANK CHINA Mouths of the SIAM., Mekong R. FIERY CROSS H PEARSON C.Camau CONDORE I LONDON REEFS T INVESTIGATOR 4 To Madras AMBOINA C ORCEF VANGUARD CANK Singora RIFLEMAN BANK SWALLOW RF. Lho Seumawe CHARLOTTE BK. Samalanga P Diamond Pt. ROYAL CHARLOTTE Sig 0 Georgetow 0 (Penang) NORTH LUCONIA di S REEF as POSSESSIONS CHIN DUTCH 10 Seruwai enom SOUTH LUCONIA LABUAN 2 eulaboh Brandan NORTH NATUNA REEF Serba Langit Tebing Tinggi Brunel NORTH NATUNA IS. Susu Deil C. Baram STRAITE Medan OF BUNGURAN Rantau Prabat SETTLEMENTS Miri Tampat Tuan Claudetown (GR.NATUNA) JAMES BK. Niah Pekan Sinzke L. Tooba Labuan Bilik Bale Tarumun BOUNDARY IMEULU Bintulu Mi Pemudo SUBI IS. (BABI) 5. Mukah Balige Vola ANAMBAS IS. RNO Bellagi Malazka SOUTH NATUNAJIS. Barus BANYAK IS Matu Bobas North C Siboga Rejang Kapit Tebang Datu B. Kuring Re Batang Taro RIOU Rejang Singapore Kapoews Padang Bengkalis Panjabungan Sidempuan (Sarawak A NIAS VICTORY 1. Sambas S Singkawang Mt. et Sarebas Sink Natal RIOU Mt.Nijaan Mts. Rau TAMBELAN IS ARCH Bengkajang Sanggau PINI 0 Lampar 2 A verbang is BATU IS Mt Ophide Kook- Keria SEBANGKA Moba RN MU Baban EQUATOR Pontianak T RIOU Sintang Siberut Str. Priaman Solole Solok Ringato Hota Sungai Kakap LINGA ARCH WEST BORNEO Kota Berllala Str. Kubu Schwane Maleweh Padang Talang Baru Saran Me M SIBERUT C.Jabung MAYANG Balik Sumparg Painano Jambi Ma. Kompeh Balik N (Sukadanar Ka. Kuru KARIMATA IS Korintji Pk. PALEMBANG grabat R. Seaflower Str. Indrapura Karri Ka 6 Mandjul A SIPORA auty Roja Mt. Muntor BANKA Ketapang Pankalan Pinang mata Silaut Sivora Str. NORTH POGGY Moko Moto Pandan Mt. Sekaju Boncil Kasungan ア Te Pandan Kolla Toboah Ig Rawi Hous Suru Billiton Kendawangan Sampit SOUTH POGGYY B. Telaga Pulapuas BILLITON H Lai Langun Palembang Ka Gaspar Str. C. Sambar SANDING Matuwa Lahat Benkulaamuk 18. S Sampit B. Pulo / Laut Kahayan R. I C. Puting C.Malatyor Lintang Kol Mn. Dun Mengala Lubu Martapu C. Mana Pasar Bintuhan C. Salatan PRINCES jer BATAVIA V LAMPONGS Sugih A E Acid leester Cornelis Krawang Gunung Cru Kota Agung elok Betung ENGANO Ph Sukadal JAVA IS IMON ARENDS 1. N Indramaju Blimbing Purwakarta Samarang Pekalongan SOLOMBO IS. BAWEAN Surabaya Bandung at Cheribon Mt. Tjerimat Japara Rembang Sunda Str. KRAKATAO Pamakasan Selang MADURA Tegal Grissee Tuban Wynkpops Bay Buitenzorg Genteng Barang KANGEAN IS. Panaruken 7 KALAPA N Pasiriano dura Str Magelo D Mt. Slamat C. Sindang Surakarta Kediri Banjuwangle Bali Str. Kebumen Tulung Agung 0~0 ☑ Purwored joo Chilatjap Pameungpeuk Jokyokarta o Negara Trengaleko To Madagascar BALIAN Tabaran LOMBOK Lombok Str: Pachitano Mt. Semeru D I LOMBOK Sisi BLAMBANGAN PEN 10 A A I CHRISTMAS I. S 00 L (Br) N C A 1005 B 105° C 110° 115 ° D Copyright. T. L. Poates Eng. Co., 1921 115° E 120° 125° F G Kelung A An: Changchan (TAIWAN) Tainan Hongkong (British) South C Bashi Channe A BATAN IS PRATAS CATAN SABTAN E Balintang Channel BABUYAN 15. Abul 0 C. Engano C.Bojeador P arri Laoag Pa H Vigan Bontoruegarao Bangu gan S. Fernand Cervant Lingayen Gul bong C. Bolina (United States) A TRURO BANK Sta. Cru 9 Balet L 91 POLILLO SCARBOROUGH PANILA Balan SHOAL CATANDUANES Manila Bay CALAGUAS IS. vite S. Bernardino Str. Bauan Caceres ue Mayo Vol. Sta. Cro SP Romblon MINDOR Catubig Mindoro Str TABLAS SIBUYAN CALAMIANES oran Capiz Borongan . Jabuli QUYOS IS. PAN A Ley SAMAR FLAT 1. A Faytay GEAHORSE RF. Tacloban CEBU LEYTE DUMARAN S.JO LAW Surigao Str. Ce LORD AUCKLAND BK. Barbacan GUIMARAG Carda DINAGAT Malan L NE SIARGAO Pto. Princesa BOHOL SUFLAN G BOMBAY BK. Tagbilaran CAGAYANES Victoria Pk. Cantilan Dumaguet CAMIGUIN Mt. Mantalingayan Canait P Butunn C. Butiluyan Dapita SULU SEA Cagayan Bislig BALADS Balabac Iligan Balabde Str. Sta. Maria DAN Catelviejo BALAMBANGAN BANGUEY CAGAYAN SULU Da Zamboang Caraga Cottaba Kuda Matti Basilan Str. Boncon PANGUTURAN IS, Luzon Leba ABBASILAN IS. Gaya Kini Balu Sandakan C San Au Papar BRITISH TAULATAD IS S Gran Lang-MISANGA C. Tinaca Beaufort NORTH Truson BORNEO Oparvel SULU SARANGANI IS. SIBUTU KARKARALONG IS NA Pt. Elphinstone Mt Magdalena KAR Lawao Mt. Milu SALIBABU SEBITIK I. TAL Guxa Pk KACU SANGI TARAKAN CELEBES Taruna SEA SIAU 1. Bulangan SANGI IS Gg. Taboere. E Kwalu Besa MuSinandaka TAGULANDANS C. Mangkalihat RABIT C. Menade Mt. Kalabat Ta Amurano Tandano Teruate MTempatun Batu P Balang Itang Kwandang BIARO Sambaliong G Busak A Puti Poigar Totok Sangkuliran Moelai Col Doeloepi : Bentang, Sigenti Moeton Paguat DO Dod Kotalangon Gorontalo Gulf of dat Moara Kaman KAJO Seresa Tongaron Samarinda Dongali Tomini GR.TAWALT Batja Papan Bualemo Loli M TOGIAN IS Q Papane Ma.Jawa Pasang Kayo C Bongka Mt. IS.) KicxitongCING StrE R Kaili Adang B. Karossa L. Posso Mt. Tukala CBANCA MANGOLI TALI-ACU S Sarana Amunta LA BALABA Doseni CE Limu SULA IS. Banjermasin C. William Mawudja L. Fawnti a SAL Sakita SULA BEST Wue Palopro aeni Jani Kota Baru Datimodiong Lelewat Nipa Nipa B. StrLAUT W SEBUKU Risikola MANUI BURU Mt. Lajar, LAUT Balang Nipa Masarete Passulor L. Tempe WOWONI Pare Pare Boni Kendari Wowoni-Str. SPERMONDE Polejang Goran ARCH.. MUNA / SIRLIS. Makassa Kal BAN Sindial BUTON Bonthain 'ST. MATHEW I POST Bulekomha KABAENA LUCIPARA SALAYER TUKANG BES IS. Salayer BATU ATU POSTILLON IS. PANDJANG TIGER IS. SUNDA ORFLORES GUN SEA Singa Radja ALOR SOUTHWEST 19 SABALANA IS. TANA JAMPEAT Alor Besar PANTAR LOMBLEN Sumba -Str MORES. KOMBA KALAU TUA BuleERNOSTER TAMBORA MeiSUMBAWA KALAO WE SOLOR ADUNARA orreh Badjak io Maumere Ampenan Hapi Str KOMODO odur IS. Watar Str. Din La SUMBAWA OR Rokka Alas Str Atapupu Endel Batu Lant Kuilacd Sutrana Mt. Allas IMOR Meníboro Noimuti (Port Waingapu SAVU SEA Pariti Loesi SAMAD SUMBA Melolo Seba Babau, Kupang S A SANDALWOO0 1. 02 Roti Str: (Dutch) SAVU IS. Namudale M E ROTTI Long. E F from 125° 120° East ley is the absence of woods and forests. The Pharaohs got their timber chiefly from Lebanon, and modern Egypt is supplied from the forests of Asia Minor. Of flowers, the celebrated lotos, or water-lily, has supplied many ideas to Egyptian architects. The lack of jungle or cover of any sort accounts for the poverty of the Egyptian fauna; the crocodile, like the hippopotamus, is beating a retreat to the tropics. The ordinary beasts of burden are the ass and camel. Serpents are numerous, and among them the dreaded cobra and the cerastes. The Nile is full of fish, of rather poor flavor. Egypt is an agricultural country; in some parts, by the aid of regulated artificial irrigation, the rich alluvial deposit will bear three crops in the year. Wheat is the chief cereal; STREET IN CAIRO, EGYPT barley, maize, durra, beans, lentils, and clover are also largely grown with very little trouble. The extensive culture of papyrus, which anciently supplied material for paper, has in modern times been superseded by that of sugar cane, cotton, indigo, and tobacco. Religion. The two main principles on which the religion of Egypt was based appear to have been the existence of an Omnipotent Being, whose various attributes being deified, formed a series of divinities; and the deification of the sun and moon. Each group of divinities formed a triad composed of a chief male deity, with a wife or sister and a son, as Osiris, Isis, and Horus, or Amun, Maut, and Khonso. Among the other gods of the Egyptian Pantheon are Ra, the sun, usually represented as a hawk-headed man; Mentu and Atmu are merely two phases of Ra, the rising and setting sun. The worship of the bull Apis is connected with Osiris. Serapis is the defunct Apis, who has become Osiris. Seth or Set represents the power of evil. Ammon (Egyptian Amen), originally a local god, owed his importance to the greatness of his city, Thebes. Thoth was the chief moon-god, and is generall represented as ibis-headed. Anubis, the jackal-headed, belonged to the family of Osiris, and presided over mummification. Besides these deities, the Egyptians wor worshiped beasts, reptiles, and even vegetables, probably as symbols. Ancient Civilization. When the Egyptians first appeared in history, they were already possessed of a marvelously advanced civilization, which presupposes thousands of years of development, even before the remote period, nearly 4000 B. C., when the pyramid builders reigned. In the sciences, as early as the 4th dynasty the notation of time, and the decimal system of numbers, weights, and measures, and the division of the year were already known, while the form of the buildings implies a knowledge of geometry and its sister sciences. They had also a knowledge of astronomy and chemistry. The art of literary composition existed as early as the 4th dynasty. The language of the period, though concise and obscure, was, nevertheless, fixed. Architecture had attained great refinement. The transport of enormous blocks of stone testifies to an early development of engineer- The statues of the 4th ing skill. carved nearly 4,000 years B. C., dynasty, car were generally conventional, owing to their em employment in architecture; but in portraiture great perfection was attained. Painting appeared at the same age chiefly in tempera or whitewashed surfaces, though fresco was occasionally used. In the art of music, the harp and flute appear in use as early as the 4th, and heptachord and pentachord lyres as the 12th dynasty; besides early as which drums, tambourines, flutes, cymbals, trumpets, and guitars are seen in the 18th, and the natural instrument, the jingling sistrum, in the 4th. Poetry was at all times in use. The civil government was administered by the three highest professions; the priests were distinguished by their superior knowledge, cleanliness, and godliness, and the political and civil government was administered by royal scribes, or secretaries of state, who superintended the revenue, justice, foreign affairs, and all the interests of the executive. Sacred scribes attended to the ecclesiastic interests, and inferior scribes to the local interests. The public works, the collection of grain and of all the linen dues, the cattle, workmen, wells, irrigation, had each their separate superintendents and scribes. The military force, of 410,000 men, at a later period, comprising all arms of the service, was ruled with severe discipline, under the direction of nomarchs, colonels, captains, and lieutenants. History. The Egyptians are the earliest people known to us as a nation, if we except the Chinese. When Abraham entered the delta from Canaan, they had long been enjoying the advantages of a settled government. The arrangement of Egyptian chronology is still a much-disputed point. A list of the kings of Egypt, arranged in 30 dynasties, was given by the by the priest Manetho about 250 . Accord- B. C.; this division is still used ing to tradition Mena or Mones formed the old empire of Egypt and founded its capital Memphis. Three kings, Khufu, Khafra, and Menkaura, of the 11th dynasty, built the largest pyramids; the date assigned to these kings by Lepsius is 2800-2700. The shepherd kings were driven out about 1600. With their expulsion began the reigns of those great rulers who built the magnificent temples and palaces at Thebes. Rameses II., or Sesostris, was successful against the neighboring Arabs, and covered Egypt with magnificent buildings. He was probably the Pharaoh who oppressed the Hebrews; the Exodus may have occurred under his son and successor, Maneptah or Merenptah. Under the later Ramessides the Egyptian empire 1 began to decay. Eventually the Ethiopians under Shabak (Sabako) conquered Egypt. For a time it was subject alternately to Ethiopian and Assyrian princes, but in the 7th century the kings of Sais once more restored its independence and prosperity. About 525, Cambyses, King of Persia, overran Egypt, and it remained a Persian province till Persia was conquered by Alexander the Great, 332 B. c. Egypt now became a Greek state. Alexandria was founded as the new Greek capital. On Alexander's death, his general, Ptolemy, took possession of the throne and became the first of a Greek dynasty which for 300 years made Egypt one of the chief kingdoms of the world. Ptolemy Auletes went to Rome to ask help against his subjects, and the famous Cleopatra maintained her power only through her personal influence with Julius Cæsar and Mark Anthony. On the defeat of Mark Anthony by Augustus, 30 b. c., Egypt became a province of Rome. Next arose in Alexandria the Christian catechetical school, which produced Clemens and Origen. On the division of the Roman empire (A. D. 337), Egypt became a province of the Eastern Empire and sank deeper and deeper in barbarism and weakness. It was conquered in 640 A. D. by the Saracens under Caliph Omar. As a province of the caliphs it was under the government of the famous Abbassides. The last dynasty was overthrown by the Mamelukes (1250); the Mamelukes in their turn were conquered by the Turks (1516-1517). The Mamelukes made repeated attempts to cast off the Turkish yoke. Bonaparte led an army of 35,000 French, and defeated them at the battle of the Pyramids, July 23, 1798. The French held Egypt till 1801, when they were driven out by the British under Abercrombie and Hutchinson. On the expulsion of the French a Turkish force under Mehemet Ali Bey took possession of the country. Mehemet Ali, a man of great ability, was made Pasha of Cairo in 1804 and greatly extended the Egyptian territories. At length he broke with se with the Porte, and after gaining a decisive victory over the Ottoman troops in Syria he was in 1839 acknowledged by the Sultan as Viceroy of Egypt, with the right of succession in his family. Under the rule of Said, one of his sons, railways were opened and the cutting of the Suez Canal was begun. In 1882 the "National party" under Arabi Pasha revolted and forced the khedive to flee. On July 11 a British fleet bombarded Alexandria and restored the khedive, and at Tel-el Kebir Arabi's forces were totally crushed on Sudan September 13. A rebellion in the under the leadership of Mohammed Ahmed, the so-called mahdi, now gave the government trouble. In 1883 the mahdi's forces annihilated an Egyptian force under Hicks Pasha in Kordofan. British troops were now dispatched to Suakim and inflicted two severe defeats on the mahdi's followers there. But the abandon British cabinet had resolved to the Sudan; and General Gordon, famous for his work in this district, was sent to effect the safe withdrawal of the garrisons (1884). By this time, the mahdi's forces were strong enough to shut the general up in Khartum. For nearly a year he held the town, but was assassinated (January, 1885) before the relief expedition under Sir Garnet Wolseley could reach him. In 1889, Egypt was invaded by 14,000 dervishes , under Wad el N'Jumi, and this army was destroyed at Toski by an Anglo- Egyptian force under General Grenfell. There was no effort to relieve the Sudan from the tyranny of Abdullahi, the mahdi's successor, till 1896, by which time the fanatical faith of the dervishes had decayed and many tribes had become disloyal. Slatin Pasha, who escaped from Omdurman in March, 1895, revealed at Cairo the altered situation, and during the following winter the British Government , as the protector of Egypt, resolved on the reconquest of the Sudan. General Kitchener was given control of the undertaking. In June, 1898, he attacked an army of 18,000, under Mahmud , sent against him, practically annihilated it, and by September 1 arrived in sight of Omdurman. The khalifa attacked, but was repulsed with the loss of almost his entire line of battle. Ascending the Nile The strong hand of Lord Cromer, the British viceroy, prevented , however, any actual outbreak. Under Lord Cromer's rule, great strides were made in the economic and social development of the country. He resigned in 1907 and was succeeded by Sir Eldon Gorst. He made it evident from the beginning of his rule that Great Britain intended to maintain her hold in the country, and there were general manifestations of dissatisfaction, including the assassination of the Egyptian Prime Minister. The government took repressive measures which were effective. In 1911 Sir Eldon Gorst died and was succeeded by Lord Kitchener, who at once undertook the pacification of the country by economic reform. 1911 At the outbreak of the World War, Great Britain at once declared Egypt to be a British protectorate, thus ending the suzerainty of Turkey . Sir Arthur McMahon was appointed High Commissioner. Abbas Hilmi was removed as Khedive, and was succeeded by his TEMPLE OF PHILE, EGYPT with gunboats after the battle, Kitchener found Captain Marchand holding Fashoda, which he had seized by order of the French Government. threats of war from England, Marchand was in November ordered to evacuate Fashoda. Under In 1904, an agreement was made between France and Great Britain, by which France pledged itself to permit Great Britain a free hand in the occupation of Egypt. A movement for Egyptian nationalism developed in the early part of the 20th century, and continued to grow in importance. Nationalist party was Mustapha Kemal as leader, and various conflicts with the English officials gave strength to the Nationalist movement. The formed with father's brother, Hussein Kemal, who was made Sultan. The measures undertaken and carried on by Lord Kitchener had proved remarkably beneficial. These included constitutional reforms, and extensive changes in the judicial procedure. The Suez Canal was one of the vital points of defense. At the outbreak of the war, ways and means were taken to strengthen it on the anticipation of a strong attack against it. These fears were realized. Turkish forces undertook a campaign against the canal in January, 1915. They were commanded by German officers.. The attacks were repelled with great losses and the army under the Turks withdrew to Palestine. Although this prevented for a time attacks on the canal, military operations continued and several important battles were fought. The chief of these was at Romani. The Turkish force was defeated by the English and Australian troops. Operations were carried thro on throughout this year under great difficulties, and the Sinai desert was finally cleared of Turkish troops. During the progress of the war, the Egyptian Nationalists continued to cause trouble and demanded permission to submit their claims to the British Government. In 1919 the Nationalists placed obstacles in the way of the formation of a new government. British officials were forced to deport the vice-president of the Assembly and three other leaders to Malta. This was followed by riots in several cities. In March, 1919, General Allenby, who had been appointed Special High Commissioner arrived in Cairo and at once released several revolutionists from prison and temporarily restored order. There were further outbreaks, but conditions had gradually readjusted themselves by the end of 1919. In spring of 1920 a mission headed by Lord Milner was sent to Egypt for the purpose of inquiring into conditions and recommending reforms. The Egyptian Nationalists had sent a delegation to the Peace Conference in Paris, but it was not given a hearing. The Milner mission concluded its work in April, 1920. It recommended several changes in the formation of government, including the retention of the Sultan as titular head, and the return of a bi-cameral legislature. It recommended that the Upper House should consist of members partly elected directly and partly nominated, and the Lower House should be entirely elected. A sweeping thorough remodeling of the Egyptian Government and a sweeping reduction of British oficials was advised. The Nationalists continued disturbances and several of their leaders were arrested in July for an attempt to assassinate the Premier. Law and Justice. - There are 90 summary tribunals, 8 central courts and a Court of Appeals at Cairo. "Cantonal" Courts composed of villaye notables- 2,360. By an act of 1905, serious offenses, and by Act of 1910, press offenses, are tried at Central Courts. Finances. Revenue 1919-1920 (estimated) £28,850,000. Expenses: £28,- 850,000. In April, 1919, the sectional debt was £93,388,640. There is a National bank at Cairo, an Agricultural bank, 8 Mortgage banks and 5 ordinary banks, one P. O. Savings bank and 12 rural. Education. Of indigenous schools, known as "Maktabs" there were in 1918 3,534. Teachers, 6,582, attendance, 209,- 186. In 1919 under Government direction and of departments there were 275 schools. There are schools of law, military, agriculture, veterinary, police, and for cadis; a reformatory for boys and one for girls. The Azhar University at Cairo for higher education is the greatest Moslem institution of its kind in the world. Agriculture. In 1917 areas cultivable 7,932,077 feddans (=1.038 acre) cotton is the chief crop. 2,633,539 acres that could be reclaimed. In 1918, the wheat crop was 874,720 tons; barley 214,916 tons; and maize, millet and rice were also produced on a large scale. Cotton 5,019,689 gantars (=99.05 lbs.). Commerce. Merchandise (1918) imports £51,155,306. Exports, £45,379,020. Imports from U. S. (1918) £491,326. Exports £4,286,318. Communication. In March, 1919, - Egypt had 2,339 miles of rails, double and single. There were 726 miles of privately owned roads, exclusive of Sudan to Khartoum R. R.-375 miles. Telegraph and telephone systems, 6,311 miles. Post-offices and stations 2,485. EGYPTOLOGY. See ARCHEOLOGY.