Elements
2 of the 7 encyclopedias on this shelf carry an entry for Elements. Both are reproduced below, so you can see where they agree and where they differ.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
of matter, the simple substances of which all the matter in the universe is composed. Eighty-three such substances have thus far been discovered and considerations of a scientific nature derived from the study of certain relationships found to exist among the elements themselves, lead to the belief that the total number will ultimately be found to be ninety-two. It was formerly supposed that the several elements were entirely distinct and independent, but more recent studies have proved them to be bound in certain r relationships with one another. In the so-called periodic classification they are all brought into one complete system, in which they are found to fall regularly into series in respect to atomic weights, valences, and other properties. This periodic classification, although still imperfect, has had many striking confirmations. Mendeleeff and others have been able through its means to predict the discovery of several new elements, together with disintegration their properties and those of their comtaking place disintegration pounds. The elements as we know them also been are not necessarily ultimate in structure. Especially in the case of those having least one high atomic weights (e. g. radium), a TABLE OF ELEMENTS International Atomic Weights, 1922 Atomic Elements Weights Molybdenum (Mo) Aluminium (Al) 27.0 Neodymium (Nd) Antimony (Sb). 120.2 Neon (Ne). Argon (A) 39.9. Arsenic (As) 74.96 Nickel (Ni). 137.37 Niton (Nt). Barium (Ba) Nitrogen (N) Bismuth (Bi) 209.0 10.9 Boron (B) Osmium (Os) Bromine (Br) 79.92 Oxygen (0) Palladium (Pd) 112.40 Cadmium (Cd) 132.81 Phosphorus (P). Caesium (Cs) 40.07 Calcium (Ca) Platimum (Pt) 12.005 Carbon (C) Potassium (K) Praseodymium 140.25 Cerium (Ce) Radium (Ra). Chlorine (CI) 35.46 Rhodium (Rh) Chromium (Cr) 52.0 Rubidium (Rb) Cobalt (Co) 58.97 Columbium (Cb) Ruthenium (Ru) 93.1 Samarium (Sa) 63.57 Copper (Cu) Dysprosium (Dy) Scandium (Sc) 162.5 Selenium (Se) 167.7 Erbium (Er) Silicon (Si) Europium (Eu) 152.0 Silver (Ag) Fluorine (F) 19.0 Gadolinium (Gd) Sodium (Na) 157.3 Strontium (Sr) Gallium (Ga) 70.1 Germanium (Ge) Sulphur (S). 72.5 Tantalum (Ta) Glucinum (G1) 9.1 Tellurium (Te) 197.2 Gold (Au) Terbium (Tb) Helium (He) 4.0 Holmium (Ho) 163.5 Thallium (T1) Thorium (Th) Hydrogen (H) 1.008 Thulium (Tm). Indium (In) 114.8 Tin (Sn) Iodine (I).. 126.92 Titanium (Ti) 193.1 Iridium (Ir) Tungsten (W) 55.84 Iron (Fe) Uranium (U). Krypton (Kr) 82.92 Lanthanum (La) Vanadium (V) 139.0 Xenon (Xe) 207.20 Lead (Pb). Ytterbium (Yb) Lithium (Li). 6.94 Lutecium (Lu) Yttrium (Y) 175.0 Zinc (Zn). Magnesium (Mg) 24.32 Zirconium (Zr) Manganese (Mn) 54.93 200.6 Mercury (Hg) .. EMBALMING. The practice of emthat antiquity embalming balming the dead was probably associated among all ancient peoples with re- Herodotus ( account of ligious beliefs in a future life, namely, and viscera an expected rehabitation of the body by or after the soul after a certain period of separainterior of tion. The practice, however, was not filled with confined to any one cult, but in time bespices intended came mere custom, as it is related in the putrefaction. Book of Genesis that Joseph commanded ered up in his servants, the physicians, to embalm afterwards his father, and they embalmed Israel. linen cut into It was in Egypt that the art of embalmgums. Among ing reached its highest perfection. There process was mummies have been found of kings whose materials, but reigns date back to 4000 years before Christ, so that the art was at least of was practiced of atoms is known to be at the present time, and by artificial means has accomplished in the case of at element, tungsten. ( See OF ELEMENTS.) Atomic Elements Weights 96.0 144.3 20.2 58.68 222.4 14.008 190.9 16.0 106.7 31.04 195.2 39.10 ( Pr) 140.9 226.0 102.9 85.45 101.7 150.4 45.1 79.2 28.1 107.88 23.0 87.63 32.06 181.5 127.5 159.2 204.0 232.15 169.9 118.7 48.1 .184.0 238.2 51.0 130.2 173.5 89.33 65.37 90.6 . Egyptian methods of are minutely described by fifth century, B. C.) in his Egypt. In general, the brain were removed either directly dissolution in drugs and the the body was cleaned and myrrh, cassia, and other to prepare it to resist The whole was then covnatron for seventy days and washed and wrapped in fine bands and smeared with the poorer classes, the simpler or involved cheaper embalming of some sort by all. The effectiveness of the more complete methods is evidenced by modern discoveries of numerous mummies known to be two or three thousand years old and so well preserved that the skin in some cases is still soft and elastic and certain defects due to disease in life are still visible. The practice of embalming seems to have been continued with some regularity to about the seventh century, A. D., although with lessened religious meaning. Other peoples as widely separated separated from Egypt as the ancient Peruvians also practiced mummification. (See article MUMMY, Vol. VI.) In modern times, emblaming was revived through the work of numerous anatomists, physiologists, and physicians from the eighteenth century on. In general the methods include the injection of cleansing and dissolving chemical fluids into the arteries and main cavities of the body. ENGLAND: General Elections of 1922. (See GREAT BRITAIN.)
The Encyclopedia of Founding (1892)
Modern science considers matter as existing in four forms--imponderable, gaseous, liquid, and solid; while by elements are understood the simple component ingredients of bodies under whatever form they are recognized by the chemists. The number of these elements is about 64, some of which have been known from ancient times--gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron, and mercury in particular; others are of more recent date. The elements are divided into two classes, the metallic and non-metallic--the former numbering 52, the latter 13. Below is given a table of the elementary substances now known, in alphabetical order: METALLIC. Aluminum Cerium Gold Manganese Antimony Chromium Indium Mercury Arsenic Cobalt Iridium Molybdenum Barium Copper Iron Nickel Bismuth Didymium Lanthanum Niobium Cadmium Erbium Lead Osmium Caesium Gallium Lithium Palladium Calcium Glucinum Magnesium Platinum Potassium Sodium Thorium Vanadium Rhodium Strontium Tin Yttrium Rubidium Tantalum Titanium Zinc Ruthenium Tellurium Tungsten Zirconium Silver Thallium Uranium NON-METALLIC. Boron Fluorine Nitrogen Selenium Bromine Hydrogen Oxygen Silicon Carbon Iodine Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Four of these elements--chlorine, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen--are gases, and fluorine is probably a gas also. Two are liquids at ordinary atmospheric temperatures, viz., mercury and bromine. The element gallium recently found in certain zinc ores is also said to be a liquid, the remaining elements are all solids. A description of the chief elements will be found in their respective order throughout this work. See METALS.