Ezra
Ezra names 2 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Ezra BOOK OF, an Old Testament book
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
BOOK OF, an Old Testament book. The name Ezra is by most persons held to denote that he was the author of the book. It may, however, signify no more than that the doings of Ezra are which is the main theme of the book, certainly the case. The illustrious personage so designated was a priest dethe son of Aaron. scended from Phinehas, His immediate father was Seraiah. He was a ready scribe in the law of Moses. An exile in Persia, he so commended monarch himself to the then reigning (apparently Artaxerxes Longimanus), to as to obtain from him a commission lead the second expedition of Jews back to their own land. The enterprise began about 458 B. C. Subsequently we find him again at Jerusalem, exercis under only priestly functions Nehemiah. Where he died is uncertain. The period which the book spans is about 80 years, viz., from the first of Cyrus, 536 B. C., to the eighth of Artaxerxes Longimanus, 456 b. C. Both Jews and Christians consider the work part of the Scripture canon. F F, f, the sixth letter, and fourth consonant of the English language, is a labial or labiodental articulation, being formed by the emission of breath between the lower lip and the upper teeth. It is a surd spirant, the corresponding sonant spirant being V (q. v.). În Anglo-Saxon it was pronounced as v, and it still retains that sound in of. It takes its form from the Greek digamma, which had a very similar power. An original f has frequently become v in English words, as vat for fat, vetch for fetch, vixen for fixen. It has also disappeared from many disappeared words, as in head (O. Eng. heved), lord (O. Eng. hlaford), hawk (O. Eng. hafoc), woman (O. Eng. wifman), etc., and in others it has been dropped, as hasty (O. Fr. hastif), jolly (O. Eng. jolif), testy (O. Eng. testif), etc. An f sound is now used in trough, enough, and rough, to represent an original guttural. In the plurals of nouns of pure English origin ending in -f or -lf, with a preceding long vowel (except oo), the f is changed into v. In Romance words the f remains unchanged, and the plural is formed by adding s. Words ending in -ff or -rf, also form the plural by the addition of s. In Russian the letter f is uniformly used to represent the sound of , as Feodor for Theodore. th Fas an initial is used: 1. In music: For forte, to mark that a passage is to be played or sung loudly; ff-fortissimo, when it is to be played or sung very loudly. 2. In distinctions: For Fellow, as F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal Society. 3. In medicine: For the Latin word Fiat let it be made. Fas a symbol is used: 1. In numerals: For 40, and with a dash over it (F) =40,000. 2. In chemistry: For the non-metallic element, fluorine, and for fluoride-e. g., F=fluorine, KF=potassium fluoride. Sometimes F written with a stroke above is used for formic acid. 3. In music: (1) For the note called parhypate în the Greater Perfect system of the Greeks. The letter name of Frite in the upper tetrachord. (2) The first note of the Eolian mode, or church scale, commencing four notes above the hypo-Eolian. (3) The note called Fa ut in the hexachord system. The fourth note in the scale of C. (4) The keynote of the major scale requiring one flat in the signature; and the keynote of the minor scale related to A flat. (5) For the note Fah in the Tonic Solfa notation. 4. In Bibical criticism: F for the Codex Augiensis; f (small letter), for the Cursive MSS. 5. In physics: For Fahrenheit, denoting that the degree of temperature is according to that scale, as 60° F. 6. In old law: F was branded on felons who were admitted to benefit of clergy. 7. In heraldry: For the FESSE-POINT, the central point of the escutcheon.
Ezra BOOK OF Kingsley
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
BOOK OF Kingsley, and Sir R. Murchison promoted the Eyre defense fund. The prosecutions could not, however, be sustained; government and eventually in 1872 the refunded to Eyre the costs of his defense. He died Dec. 1, 1901. EYRE, LAKE, a salt lake of South Australia, lying due N. of Spencer Gulf, at a depression of 38 feet, and with an area of 3,706 square miles. Except in the season of rains, this lake is generally a mere salt marsh. It was discovered in 1840 by Eyre. EZEKIEL, one of the greater prophets, to whom is attributed one of the larger of the Old Testament, prophetic books the visions and utterances which it conexpressly attributed, in the tains being work itself, to Ezekiel. He was the son of Buzi, a priest (i: 3). He was carried captive, in the time of Jehoiachin, 595 B. C., about 11 years before the destruction of Jerusalem under Zedekiah (xl: 1). There is no direct quotation from Ezekiel in the New Testament, but there are a few allusions to his utterances, especially in the Book of Revelations. The genuineness and authenticity of the prophecies of Ezekiel have not been seriously impugned either in the Jewish or Christian Church.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Collier's in 1921 treated the book as Ezra's own work and its chronology as settled, dating his journey to Jerusalem to about 458 B.C. under Artaxerxes Longimanus. Modern scholarship generally reads Ezra and Nehemiah as a single composite work, edited from earlier sources including the Aramaic documents quoted in Ezra 4-7, and the date of Ezra's mission is openly contested: many historians place him under Artaxerxes II in 398 B.C., and a minority doubt that he was a historical figure at all. Physical evidence has also appeared that Collier's could not have known: a small Hebrew fragment of Ezra (4Q117) was among the Dead Sea Scrolls recovered from Qumran after 1947. The basic outline of the story the entry tells, a priestly scribe leading returning exiles and enforcing the law under Persian authority, is still the one taught.
Written for this edition, 2026.