Ferdinand
Ferdinand names 2 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Ferdinand the name of several European monarchs
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
the name of several European monarchs, of whom the followmost noticeable: ing are the EMPEROR OF AUSTRIA. FERDINAND I., son of Francis; born in Vienna, Austria, April 19, 1793; as- Austria cended the imperial throne of in 1835, and continued to pursue the policy of his father, leaving the chief direction of affairs in the hands of METTERNICH (q. v.). In his reign, the republic of Cracow was annihilated, and a portion of it added to the empire. During the Revolutionary war of 1848 he dismissed Metternich, and made several concesfound insufficient sions which were . Vienna revolted in May, and Ferdinand at length retired to Olmütz, and on Dec. 2, 1848, abdicated, having no children, in favor of his nephew, Francis Joseph I. He died in Prague, Austria, June 29, 1875. EMPERORS OF GERMANY. FERDINAND I., younger brother of Charles V.; born in Alcalá, Spain, March 10, 1503. He married, in 1521, Anna, daughter of Ladislaus, King of Hungary Bohemia and Bohemia, became King of time contended in 1527, and at the same with John Zápolya for the crown of Hungary. The war lasted many years by an unsatisfacand was terminated tory treaty. Ferdinand was elected King of the Romans in 1531, took the title of brother emperor on the abdication of his , by the by Charles V., and was recognized the Pope, Paul electors in 1558. As IV., refused to acknowledge his title, it was resolved that the Pope's consent should be thenceforth dispensed with in the election of the emperor. Ferdinand was a moderate and just ruler, and especially aimed at reconciling the conflicting religious parties. He died in Vienna, July 25, 1564. FERDINAND II., grandson of Ferdinand I.; born in Gratz, Austria, July 9, 1578. He was crowned King of Bohemia in 1617, King of Hungary in the next year, and was elected emperor on the death of his cousin Matthias in 1619. His Bohemian subjects revolted and chose for their king Frederick V., elector palatine, who reluctantly accepted the at the crown, and lost it by his defeat battle of Prague in 1620. Thus began Catholics the famous Thirty Years' War, and Protestants contending for the supremacy. The bigotry and intolerance beginning of Ferdinand led him, at the of the war, to take the most violent Protesmeasures against the Bohemian tants, and 30,000 families quitted the country. He died in Vienna, Feb. 15, 1637. FERDINAND III., son of Ferdinand II.; born in Gratz, Austria, July 11 (or 13), 1608, made King of Hungary in 1625, of his Bohemia in 1627, and succeeded father in 1637. Sweden and France, 1 being in alliance, gained several advantages over the Imperialists, which terminated with the peace of Westphalia , April 2, in 1648. He died in Vienna 1657. KINGS OF NAPLES AND SICILY FERDINAND I., King of Naples, son of Alfonso I.; born about 1424; succeeded his father in 1458. His false and cruel character provoked a civil war, in which John of Anjou took part with the barons, and the king was aided by the Pope, Sforza, Duke of Milan, and by Scanderin 1462, beg. The king defeated his rival and made peace; but breaking his word war broke out again. Again the king won, and established order by terror. He afterward joined with the Pope against the Florentines; but Lorenzo de Medici, by the bold step of a personal visit to Naples, succeeded in detaching him from that alliance, and negotiated a treaty of peace. He was detested for his and at the debaucheries and cruelties; very time that Charles VIII. of France was setting out on his celebrated expedition for the conquest of Naples, he died, Jan. 25, 1494. FERDINAND II., King of Naples, son of Alfonso II.; born July 26, 1469, succeeded abdicated in his father, when the latter 1496. 1495. He died Oct. 7, FERDINAND III., King of Naples, the same as FERDINAND V., OF SPAIN (q. v.). FERDINAND IV., OF NAPLES, AND I. OF THE TWO SICILIES; born in Naples, Italy, the throne Jan. 12, 1751. He ascended in 1759, and reigned in peace and security till the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1792, when, after the death coalition of Louis XVI., he joined the engaged in the general war against France (1793-1796). The victory gained brought at Aboukir by Lord Nelson again Ferdinand into a hostile attitude against drove him the French, who summarily from his kingdom, and inaugurated the Parthenopean Republic in 1799. In the same year, however, his troops regained Ferpossession of the capital. In 1806 dinand was again forced to abandon I. Naples, the crown of which Napoleon Joseph conferred first on his brother Bonaparte, and afterward on his brotherin-law MURAT (q. v.), Ferdinand, howunder ever, continuing to reign in Sicily English protection. In 1814 the Con- Fergress of Vienna finally established Revdinand as King of the Two Sicilies. olutionary movements, set afloat by the secret CARBONARI, compelled the establishment of a constitution against the advice and interests of Austria, Russia, and Prussia; the first named power marched an army across the Po, defeated Naples. Ferdinand m and occupied the Neapolitan Ferdinand who, refusing to sanction the liberal declarations of his subjects, had quitted his capital, was then re-established, and ruled thenceforward with absolute power. He died in Naples, Jan. 4, 1825. FERDINAND II. OF THE TWO SICILIES (surnamed Bomba, from his bombarding Palermo and other cities during an insurrection), son of Francis I. of Naples, by Isabella of Spain; born in Palermo, Sicily, Jan. 10, 1810; succeeded his father in 1830. His reign was marked by unbridled tyranny and frequent insurrection of the oppressed people. In 1848, when half the thrones in Europe were trembling in the balance, Sicily burst out into open rebellion. Naples followed suit and Ferdinand was compelled to summon a parliament, and take oath to adopt and maintain a constitution. After succeeding in suppressing the Neapolitan revolt, Ferdinand, in 1849, dissolved the parliament, and violated his oath by annulling the constitution. After succeeding in subjugating Sicily, his tyranny knew neither bounds nor sense of common decency. Even the most absolute of European sovereigns condemned his rule and grave remonstrances were addressed to him at the Congress of Paris in 1856. These proving unavailing, France and England proceeded in the same year to recall their ambassadors, and suspended all diplomatic intercourse. He died in Naples, May 22, 1859. KINGS OF PORTUGAL FERDINAND I.; born about 1345; succeeded his father Pedro I., in 1367. On the death of Peter the Cruel, King of Castile, he assumed the latter title, which produced a war between him and Henry of Transtamara, who ravaged Portugal, and forced Ferdinand to make peace and marry his daughter. This marriage he afterward disowned, and entered into an alliance with John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, who laid claim to the Castilian throne. This war proved very disastrous to the Portuguese, and Ferdinand was obliged to sue for peace. Another war was entered into in which he was supported by the English, and was for a time successful, but was at last under the necessity of making peace. He died in 1383.
Ferdinand infant of Portugal
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
infant of Portugal, son of John I.; passed into Africa, at the age of 14, to attack the Moors, and laid siege to Tangier. He was, however, made prisoner by the Moors, and spent the remainder of his life in captivity, dying of chagrin, 1443. FERDINAND I., King of Castile and Leon, called the Great, second son of Sancho III., King of Navarre; born about 1000. By the death of Bermudo, in 1037, he became King of Leon. He against the Moors, from then made war whom he took several_cities, and pushed his conquests as far as Portugal. He next declared war against his brother, Garcias III., King of Navarre, in which that prince lost his kingdom and his life. He died in Leon, Spain, Dec. 27, 1065. FERDINAND II., son of Alphonso VII., King of Leon and Castile, gained great advantages over the Portuguese, and made their king, Alphonso Henriquez, prisoner, whom he used with moderation. In the reign of this prince the military order of St. James was instituted, for the purpose of defending the dominions of the Christian powers against the Saracens. FERDINAND III., surnamed The Saint, son of Alphonso IX.; born about 1200. He obtained the crown of Castile by the abdication of his mother, Berengaria, in 1217, and that of Leon by the death of his father in 1230. He took many places from the Moors; but while he was projecting an expedition against Morocco, died. He was canonized by Pope Clement X., and is regarded as the founder of the University of Salamanca. He died in Seville, Spain, May 30, 1252. FERDINAND IV., son of Sancho IV.; born in Seville, in 1285, succeeded to the throne of Castile in 1295, at the age of 10 years, under the guardianship of his mother, who governed the kingdom with great prudence. In 1309 Gibraltar was taken from the Moors by the Spaniards. This prince, in a fit of anger, caused two noblemen to be precipitated from a high rock. Just before undergoing this fate, they told him that he would appear before God in 30 hours from that time. Their prediction was verified, and thence he obtained the name of the "Summoned." He died in 1312. FERDINAND V., called The Catholic, son of John II., King of Navarre and Aragon; born in Soz, Spain, March 10, 1452. He married, in 1469, the Princess Isabella of Castile, in whose right he succeeded on the death of her brother, Henry IV., to the throne of Castile. A rival claimant, Joanna, was supported by Alfonso, King of Portugal, who invaded Leon, and was defeated by Ferdinand at Toro, in 1476. Three years later Ferdinand succeeded his father in the kingdom of Aragon, thus reuniting the two crowns of Castile and Aragon. He applied himself to the reform of the great abuses in the administration, and in 1480, at the instigation of Torquemada, established the Inquisition at Seville and, after courageous resistance on the part of the people, at Saragossa also. One of the greatest events of this reign was the conquest of Granada. The war with the Moors began in 1483; victory after victory attended the arms of Ferdinand, and in 1492 the capital city was taken after a siege of eight months. The "two kings," as they called Ferdinand and Isabella, made their entrance in January, 1493. The dominion of the Moors in Spain had lasted 800 years. By a cruel edict of the same year, 1493, the Jews in Spain were commanded to receive baptism, or quit the country in four months. Multitudes of them, counted at from 30,000 to 170,000, became exiles, and the prisons were filled with those who remained. It was at this period that Columbus, with vessels furnished by Ferdinand and Isabella, made his memorable voyages and discovered America, which the Pope Alexander VI. assumed authority to give to those sovereigns. The great Cardinal Ximenes was then confessor to Isabella, and in 1495 was made Archbishop of Toledo. In 1500, Gonsalvo was sent to make the corquest of Naples, which, partly by the sword and partly by the most unscrupulous perfidy, he effected. On the death of Isabella, in 1504, the Kingdom of Castile passed to Philip, son-in-law of Ferdinand; but on Philip's death, two years later, Ferdinand again assumed the government. In 1507 Ximenes became first minister, labored successfully for the conversion of the Moors, and achieved the conquest of Oran. The infamous League of Cambray was concluded in 1508. Soon after Navarre was conquered and united to Castile and Aragon. Of Ferdinand's four daughters, one was married to the Archduke Philip, two in succession to Emanuel, King of Portugal, and the fourth, Catharine, first to Prince Arthur of England, and afterward to his brother, Henry VIII. Ferdinand died in Madrigalejo, Spain, Jan. 23, 1516, and was interred in the cathedral of Granada with Queen Isabella. FERDINAND VI., son of Philip V.; born Sept. 23, 1713. He ascended the throne in 1746, and during the 13 years of his reign was one of the most just and humane monarchs who ever ruled the Spanish destinies. He promoted the internal welfare of his country, reorganized the navy, encouraged manufactures, and by his judicious political conduct placed his elder der brother on the throne of Naples, and another under the ducal canopy of Parma. The destruction of Quito, Lima, and Lisbon, by earthquakes, occurred in this reign. He died Aug. 10, 1759. FERDINAND VII., son of Charles IV.; born in San Ildefonso, Oct. 13, 1784; succeeded his father in 1808. Upon the entry of Napoleon's troops into Spain, Ferdinand was taken prisoner and carried to Valençay, where he and his family remained till 1813, when he was restored to his kingdom. After his restoration, he dissolved the Cortes, and assumed the powers of an absolute monarch. Like all the later Bourbons, "adversity taught him nothing, and in prosperity he forgot nothing." "He reestablished the Inquisition and those very liberals who had fought for the expulsion of the French from Spanish soil, he persecuted with pitiless rancor. In 1820, his people broke out into rebellion, and re-established the Cortes. Ferdinand was, however, by the aid of French bayonets, restored to his crown, but not to his former absolutism. Bequeathed the crown to his daughter, Isabella, to the exclusion of his brother, Don Carlos-an act that led to a long and disastrous civil war. He abolished the Salic law by pragmatic sanction of 1830. He died in Madrid, Sept. 19, 1833. See CARLOS, DON, DUKE OF MADRID.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
The biographical facts Collier's set down in 1921 are as good now as they were then: Ferdinand I of Austria did abdicate at Olmütz on 2 December 1848 in favour of Franz Joseph, and Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies is still remembered by the nickname "Bomba" for shelling his own cities. What has moved is interpretation rather than fact. Collier's flatly blames "the bigotry and intolerance of Ferdinand" II for the Thirty Years' War; modern historians treat that war as a tangle of dynastic, constitutional and German-princely quarrels in which confession was one strand among several, and read Ferdinand as a determined Counter-Reformation ruler rather than simply a fanatic. The name itself has also gone out of royal use: Ferdinand I of Romania, on the throne when this entry was printed, died in 1927, and no European monarch has borne the name since.
Written for this edition, 2026.