Garcia
Garcia names 3 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Garcia CALIXTO (gär-the'ä)
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
CALIXTO (gär-the'ä), a Cuban patriot; born in Holguin, Cuba, Oct. 14, 1836; and took up the profession of law. In 1868, with Donato del Marmol and Carlos Manuel Cespedes, he organized the revolution which has since been called the "Ten Years' War." Early in that struggle the Cubans won great success and captured many towns, In recognition of his services Garcia was appointed Brigadier-General under a Gomez, and subsequently succeeded that officer as commander-in-chief of the Cuban army. In 1873 he was captured and sent to Spain, where he was pardoned in 1878. Returning to Cuba, he again took up arms against Spain in what is known as the "Little War." Later he was forced to surrender and a second time sent to Madrid, where for 17 years he remained under the espionage of the police. He escaped in September, 1895, and took passage for New York. On Jan. 26, 1896, he led a successful filibustering expedition to Cuba. Later, while planning a second expedition, he was arrested by United States , gave bail, which he Government officers forfeited, and again landed in Cuba. When Santiago was taken by the Americans in 1898 he withdrew from the Cuban army because he was not given the command of that city. Subsequently, however, he accepted the new conditions. In November, 1898, he was sent to the United States as chairman of a commission authorized to lay before President McKinley the wishes of the Cuban leaders, but before accomplishing this duty , D. C., Dec. 11, he died in Washington 1898. His remains received official and military honors in Washington.
Garcia MANUEL (gär-the'ä)
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
MANUEL (gär-the'ä), a Spanish vocalist and composer; born in Seville, Spain, Jan. 22, 1775. After acquiring a considerable reputation as a tenor singer in Cadiz and Madrid, in 1808 he obtained great success at the Italian opera in Paris, and afterward proceeded to Italy, where he was received with equal favor. From 1816 to 1824 he was constantly engaged as a singer, either in Paris or London. In 1825, with a select operatic company, composed in part of members of his own family, he crossed the Atlantic, and visited New York and Mexico. On the road between Mexico and Vera Cruz he was robbed of all his money; and after his return to Paris he was compelled to open a class for singing, as his voice had become greatly impaired by age and fatigue. Many of Garcia's pupils reached a high degree of excellence, but none equaled his eldest daughter Maria, afterward Madame Malibran. He was less successful as a composer, though several of his works, such as "The Caliph of Bagdad," were much admired. Garcia died in Paris, June 10, 1832. PAULINE VIARDOT-
Garcia his second daughter
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
his second daughter, born in Paris in 1821, acquired a considerable reputation as a mezzo-soprano singer, and also composed several operettas and songs.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
The biographical facts Collier's set down in 1921 still hold. Calixto García's fame outside Cuba has since rested less on the Ten Years' War than on Elbert Hubbard's 1899 essay "A Message to Garcia," written after Lieutenant Rowan carried a dispatch to him in 1898; in Cuba itself he is commemorated by the airport at his birthplace, Holguín, and his remains were returned from Washington for burial in Havana. Collier's omits the singer's son, Manuel García the younger, who taught into old age, invented the laryngoscope in 1854 and died in 1906 aged 101. The largest shift is in Pauline Viardot, dismissed here in one line as a daughter who "acquired a considerable reputation": since her death in 1910 she has been recovered as a major figure in her own right — Turgenev's lifelong companion, the singer Brahms wrote the Alto Rhapsody for, and a composer whose operettas are now recorded and staged.
Written for this edition, 2026.