Gardiner
Gardiner names 3 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Gardiner STEPHEN, an English prelate
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
STEPHEN, an English prelate, believed to have been a natural son of Lionel, Bishop of Salisbury, and brother of Elizabeth Woodville, of Edward IV.; born in Bury St. Edmunds, practiced law in Cleveland, Ohio, and in Suffolk, England, in 1483. In 1520 he took the degrees of D. D. and LL. D. at Cambridge, where he became master of Trinity Hall. He passed at this time by the name of Dr. Stephens. Having become secretary to Wolsey and a favorite with the king, he was dispatched to Rome in 1528 to forward Henry VIII.'s divorce, and on his return was appointed secretary of state, and in succession Archdeacon of Norwich and Leicester, and Bishop of Winchester. He also went on various embassies to France and Germany. He supported the king in renouncing the authority of the Pope, but opposed the doctrines of the Reformation, and took an active part in the passing of the six articles and in the prosecution of Protestants. He was successful in contriving the fall of his opponent Cromwell, but failed to injure Catherine Parr, and fell into disfavor. During the reign of Edward he was imprisoned in the Fleet, deprived of his bishopric, and afterward imprisoned in the Tower from 1548-1553, but Mary restored him to his bishopric, and appointed him lord chancellor. He officiated at her coronation and marriage, and became one of her chief advisers. He took an active part in the persecutions at the beginning of the reign. He died in London, Nov. 12, 1555.
Gardiner SAMUEL RAWSON, an English historian
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
SAMUEL RAWSON, an English historian; born in Ropley, Hampshire, England, March 4, 1829. He was educated at Winchester and at Christ Church, Oxford, taking a firstthe chair of modern history at King's class in 1851. For some years he filled College, London, but resigned in 1885 to continue his history at Oxford on an it All Souls' elective fellowship. He wrote: "The History of England from the Accession of James I. to the Disgrace of Chief Justice Coke" (1863); "Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage" (1869); "The Thirty Years' War" (1874); "The First Two Stuarts and the Puritan Revolution" (1875) in "Epochs of Modern History"; "England under the Duke of Buckingham and Charles I." (1875); "The Personal Government of Charles I." (1877); "Introduction to the Study of English History conjunction with Mr. J. Bass Mullinger; " (1881), written in "The Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I." (vols. i. and ii. 1882). He edited the "Fortescue Papers," the "Hamilton Papers," the "Parliamentary Debates in 1610," and "Debates in the House of Commons in 1625." He died Feb. 23, 1902.
Gardiner a city in Kennebec co.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a city in Kennebec co., Me.; on the Kennebec river, and on the Maine Central railroad; 6 miles S. W. of Augusta. It has admirable waterpower, derived from the Cobossee river, and has valuable manufacturing interests, including sawmills, paper mills, potteries, furniture, carriage, woolen, boot and shoe, sash, blind, and door factories. There are electric lights and street railroads, waterworks, public library, 3 National banks, and assessed an property valuation of $4,000,000. The ice cutting industry employs 1,000 people; annual output valued at $75,000. Pop. (1910) 5,311; (1920) 5,475.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Collier's told readers in 1921 that Stephen Gardiner was a natural son of Lionel Woodville, Bishop of Salisbury; historians now treat that as unproven gossip and take him to be the son of a Bury St Edmunds cloth merchant, while later studies such as Glyn Redworth's 1990 biography recast him as a conservative statesman rather than simply Mary's persecutor. (The line in this text about practising law in Cleveland, Ohio is a printing garble, not a claim any scholar has made.) Samuel Rawson Gardiner's multi-volume narrative of 1603-1656 is still consulted, but the Whiggish frame of a "Puritan Revolution" that he gave the period was dismantled from the 1970s by revisionists led by Conrad Russell. Gardiner, Maine, has lost the industry Collier's singled out: mechanical refrigeration killed the Kennebec ice trade that employed 1,000 people there, the street railway is long gone, and the population is still under 6,000.
Written for this edition, 2026.