Georgia
2 of the 7 encyclopedias on this shelf carry an entry for Georgia. Both are reproduced below, so you can see where they agree and where they differ.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
2026 Editor's Note: This page uses language about race that was commonplace when the book was published and is offensive by today's standards. The text has been left exactly as it was printed, rather than cut or softened, so that the historical record — including how ordinary such language once was — is preserved. (Ed: ET 2026-07-22) a State in the South At-White co., and led to the forcible removal of the Cherokee Indians. The coal production in 1918 was 66,716 tons, valued at $239,377. Georgia marble has a high reputation. The clay-working industries have a product of about $2,000,000 annually. There There is a small amount of gold produced. The total mineral output is valued at about $5,000,000 per year. Agriculture. In the N. part of the State the principal crops are wheat, corn, sorghum, oats, rye, potatoes, apples, peaches, and other temperate fruits, grains and vegetables, while middle and southern Georgia are devoted chiefly to upland cotton and sugar-cane. The acreage, value, and production of the principal crops in 1919, was as follows: Corn, 4,820,000 acres, production 69,890,000 bushels, value $111,824,000; oats, 540,000 acres, production 10,800,000 bushels, value $12,420,000; wheat, 240,- 000 acres, production 2,520,000 bushels, value $6,628,000; hay, 557,000 acres, production 613,000 tons, value $15,- 509,000; peanuts, 202,000 acres, production 5,050,000 bushels, value $12,423,000; potatoes, 23,000 acres, production 1,610,- 000 bushels, value $3,494,000; sweet potatoes, 142,000 acres, production 13,064,- 000 bushels, value $14,370,000; cotton, 5,288,000 acres, production 1,730,000 bales, value $309,670,000; tobacco, 31,000 1 acres, production 16,430,000 pounds, value $3,532,000. Manufactures. There were in 1914 4,639 manufacturing establishments in the State, employing 104,461 wage earners. The capital invested amounted to $258,326,000; the wages paid to $38,128,000; the value of materials used to $160,089,000; and the value of the finished product to $253,271,000. The manufacturing is principally carried on in Atlanta, Augusta, Savannah, Macon, and Columbus. The chief articles of manufacture are cotton goods, lumbermill products, flour and grist, cotton-seed oil, foundry and machine shop products, fertilizers, naval stores, railroad cars, brick and tile, wagons and carriages, clothing, furniture, hosiery, and leather goods. Banking. In 1919 there were 93 National banks in operation, having $12,- 258,000 in capital, $10,422,000 in out standing circulation and $50,875,000 in U. S. banks. There were also 653 State banks, with $29,264,000 capital and $21,485,000 surplus. In the year ending Sept. 30, 1920, the exchanges at the United States clearing-houses houses at Atlanta aggregated $3,204,770,000, an increase over the previous year of $1,855,484,000. Education. The school population in 1918 numbered 841,861. There were enpils, with an average daily attendance rolled in the public schools 679,747 of 452,064. There were 15,172 teachers. The total fund paid for public schools was $7,619,267, and the total for educational purposes, including colleges and secondary schools, amounted to nearly 10,000,000. Th The institutions for higher $ education include the University of Georgia, at Athens; the Georgia Sch School of Technology; and the North Georgia Agricultural College. Churches. The strongest denominations in the State are the Baptist, Methodist Episcopal, Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, and Protestant Episcopal. Railways. The railway mileage of the State in 1920 was about 7,400. There are about 500 miles of electric railway in the State. Finances. The receipts for the fiscal year 1918 were $7,686,445, and the disbursements $8,332,569. There was a balance on January 1, 1918, of $1,459,264, and on January 1, 1919, $813,139. The bonded debt of the State, in 1919, amounted to $5,918.202. The assessed valuation of real and personal property is about $1,000,000,000. State Government. The governor is elected for a term of two years. Legislative sessions are held annually beginning on June 25, and are limited to 50 days each. The Legislature has 51 members in the Senate and 193 in the House. There are 12 Representatives in Congress. The State government in 1921 was Democratic. History. Georgia was settled by a colony of 120 persons in 1733, under a patent granted to Oglethorpe, Whitefield, and the Wesleys, June 9, 1732. It was established as a barrier between the Spanish and Indians on the S. and the Carolinas on the N., and to provide a refuge for debtors, orphans, and other needy and destitute persons. In the war between England and Spain in 1739- 1743, Oglethorpe made an alliance with the Creek Indians and led the combined troops of Carolina and Georgia in an invasion of Florida, and in 1742 he drove off the Spanish fleet that had attacked the forts on the Altamaha. After the peace, the Georgians demanded slaves, which had previously been prohibited. In 1752 the trustees surrendered the colony to the crown and negro slavery was introduced. At the outbreak of the Revolutionary War Georgia, having few claims for redress and no charter on which to base them, hesitated to join the other colonies, and was not represented in the Constitutional Congress in 1774. In March, 1775, St. John's parish sent a delegate to the Continental Congress, and in July all the parishes sent representatives. On July 10, 1775, a commissioned Congress captured a British ship laden with powder off Savannah. In 1778 Georgia ratified the Articles of Confederation, and in the same year the British captured Savannah, and held it till the close of the war, despite attempts by the Americans it. In 1779 Auand French to retake gusta and Sunbury were taken by the British. The first State constitution was framed in February, 1777, and on Jan. 2, 1788, Georgia unanimously ratified the Constitution of the United States. The second State constitution was adopted in 1789, and a third, by which the importation of slaves was prohibited, in 1798. There was some difficulty with the Creeks and Cherokees in 1783-1790, but treaties of peace were concluded with them in 1790 and 1791. In 1802 the Creeks ceded what is now southwestern Georgia to the United States, which in turn ceded it to the State, receiving in exchange all the State's claims W. of the Chattahoochee, or what is now Alabama and Mississippi. The first steamship that ever crossed the Atlantic Ocean left Savannah in 1819. In November, 1860, a State convention was called to consider the subject of secession. On Jan. 21, 1861, an ordinance of secession was unanimously passed, and Georgia ratified the Constitution of the Confederate States and adopted a new State constitution. In January, 1861, Forts Pulaski and Jackson, below Savannah, were seized by State troops, and from the battle of Chickamauga, in September, 1863 , to the winter of 1864-1865 the State was constantly the scene of conflict. Atlanta was captured by General Sherman , Sept. 2, 1864, and he began his famous march thence to the sea, Nov. 15, occupying Savannah Dec. 21. Columbus, West Point, and Macon were taken in April , 1865, by General Wilson , and on May 10, 1865, Jefferson Davis was captured at Irwinville. One of the most noted Confederate prisons was located at Andersonville in this State Georgia repealed the act of secession Oct. 30, 1865 1865; adopted a new constitution; and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Congress, dissatisfied with the new constitution, put the State under military rule till another constitution was ratified in 1868; and the State was restored to the Union on its ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1869. On the refusal to ratify the Fifteenth Amendment the State was again placed under military rule, but reinstated on its compliance with this demand . The recent prosperity and development of Georgia's 's resources has been due in large measure to the Cotton Exposition, in 1881, the Piedmont Exposition, in 1887 , and the Cotton States and International Exposition, in 1895, all at Atlanta . GEORGIA (by the Russians called Grusia, by the natives Karthli ), formerly a kingdom, then included in the Russian government overnment of Tiflis. The natives are a fine-looking race , the Georgian women, like the Circassians, being celebrated for their beauty. The Georgian language, together with that of the Mingrelians, Lazes, and other Caucasian peoples, seems, according to the latest researches, to form a perfectly distinct linguistic family. It possesses a not unimportant literature, commencing with the introduction of Christianity into the country. The history of the Georgians first becomes truthworthy about the time of Alexander the Great, to whom they became subject. About 324 B. C. they gained their independence ⚫under Pharnavas. They became Christianized toward the end of the 4th century. After yielding for a time to the supremacy of the Arabian caliphs , Georgia regained its independence toward the end of the 10th century , which it retained till 1799, when Heraclius , successor of George XI., formally ceded his dominions to the Russian emperor Paul. When the Bolsheviks assumed power in Russia in November, 1917, the Georgians with Tartars and Armenians formed the Transcaucasian state . Independence was declared April 22, 1918 . Out of this developed the independent state of Georgia, May 26, 1918. The Act of Independence was confirmed , and ratified by the National Council, March 12, 1919, and recognized by the Allies, Jan. 16, 1920. Georgia has an area of 35,- 500 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Caucasus, E. by Republic of Azerbaijan, S. by Armenia and S. W. by Turkey. Pop. about 3,200,000 . Capital, Tiflis, pop. 347,000.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
one of the thirteen original states. It borders on the Atlantic. It neighbors with both Carolinas, Florida, Alabama, and Tennessee. The total area is given at 59,475 square miles. Georgia is the largest state east of the Mississippi River. A line carried from the Atlantic Ocean directly northwestward rises gradually from sea level to the top of the Blue Ridge. The highest summit in the state is known as Sitting Bull . It is 5,046 feet above the sea. TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE. The drainage of the state is three-fold. The Savannah, the Altamaha, and other rivers drain the eastern half into the Atlantic Ocean. The Suwannee, the Flint, the Chattahoochee, the Coosa, and their tributaries carry the waters of the western part to the Gulf. The waters of the northwestern corner beyond the Blue Ridge escape through the Tennessee to the Mississippi River drainage system. The climate is essentially that of the Gulf States. Snow seldom falls on the Atlantic coast. The Blue Ridge region has winters resembling those of Tennessee. The annual rainfall varies in different parts of the state. It may be put at from forty to seventy inches a year. About two-thirds of the amount falls in winter. It is only 300 miles from the northern to the southern boundary, but a difference in altitude gives the state a great variety of climate and of productions. SOILS, ETC. There are four distinct physical regions. The tidewater region extending along the coast and including a number of islands off shore has an alluvial soil of wonderful fertility. Both vegetation and productions are sub-tropical. As in Florida, occasional frosts do great damage. The fig, lemon, orange, banana, cabbage palm, and blue palmetto grow here. Where facilities for shipment are at hand, as near Savannah and other ports, market gardening is carried on. Early potatoes, strawberries, cabbage, barley, tomatoes, onions, and peas are shipped to northern cities. Next within this strip and occupying a belt about 160 miles in width, comes the pine and melon belt. It is also known as the wire grass region. The soil is sandy. It is especially adapted to the melon and the pear. The state leads the Union in the production of watermelons. Japan plums, figs, blackberries, sweet potatoes, and the Georgia yam grow to perfection in this belt. Certain isolated, elevated regions, standing up like islands, are noted for the production of peaches. The famous Elberta peach, the choicest variety known, originated in one of these localities. Still farther northwestward comes the third region. It is known among horticulturists as the peach and grape belt. The soil is chiefly a red clay. Enormous quantities of peaches are raised here for the northern market. Strawberries and raspberries do well. The fourth region, that of the Blue Ridge, known locally as the Tennessee Dip, is noted for apples and cherries. AGRICULTURE. Agriculturally Georgia is a rich state. The cotton crop alone is valued at from $40,000,000 to $60,000,000. The Sea Islands, as they are called, produce the finest cotton known in the world. Next in importance come the corn crop, sweet potatoes, sugar-cane, and Irish potatoes in the order named. Wheat, rye, oats, barley, clover, timothy, and red top furnish an abundance of pasturage and hay. The various domestic animals are reared. Dairying is an important industry. Large shipments of poultry and honey are made. TIMBER. Georgia is noted for its timber. The sandy region was covered originally with long-leafed pine, forests of which still yield enormous quantities of turpentine and rosin. The red clay belt has fine forests of oak, poplar, ash, beech, elm, chestnut, hickory, maple, and walnut. The sycamore, gum, dogwood, and persimmon grow in the river bottoms. The swamps produce cypress. The coast is clothed with live oak and palmetto. MINERALS. The state is traversed by four lines along which gold is found in small quantities. There are well defined regions of iron and coal. Corundum, graphite, asbestos, talc, and mica are obtained in the mountain region. A few amethysts, diamonds, moonstones, rubies, and sapphires have been found. Limestone of excellent quality for plaster and calcimine is abundant. Marl, phosphate, black clay, and clays suitable for pottery, terra cotta , and sewer pipes occur. POPULATION. Georgia was the last of the thirteen states to be settled. It was named in honor of George II, during whose reign the colony was established. Among those connected with its early history are General Oglethorpe and the two Wesleys. Georgia was loyal to the cause of the colonies during the Revolutionary War and bore its full share of hardships. During the Civil War Georgia stood stoutly by the cause of the Confederacy to the last. At the beginning of the century the total population was reported at 2,216,331, of which 1,034,998 were colored. The Baptists claim 368,000 adherents; the Methodists, 272,000; the Catholics, 20,000; the Presbyterians, 18,000; then follow the Disciples, the Episcopalians, the Congregationalists, the Hebrews, etc. EDUCATION. A double system of schools is maintained--one for white children, one for colored. The public school system includes the common schools , a state university, various special schools, as an agricultural college, a school of technology, and a normal school . The public schools are reinforced by a very large number of small colleges under denominational or private control. STATISTICS. The following statistics are the latest to be had from trustworthy sources: Land area, square miles 58,980 Population 2,443,719 Atlanta 104,984 Savannah 72,000 Augusta 43,125 Macon 32,692 Columbus 17,800 Athens 11,291 Number counties 137 Members of state senate 44 Representatives 175 Salary of governor $5,000 U. S. representatives 11 Presidential electors 13 Assessed valuation of property $699,000,000 Bonded indebtedness (1908) $7,131,000 Acres under plow 10,615,000 Agricultural Productions-- Corn, bushels 53,750,000 Wheat, bushels 1,765,000 Oats, bushels 3,115,000 Rice, bushels 87,500 Sweet potatoes, bushels 5,000,000 Orchard products $1,000,000 Tobacco, pounds 2,705,000 Butter, pounds 15,000,000 Eggs, dozen 15,505,000 Cotton, pounds 867,000,000 Domestic animals-- Horses 139,000 Mules 232,000 Milk cows 308,000 Other cattle 680,000 Sheep 269,000 Swine 1,599,000 Acres of cotton (1907) 4,774,000 Value of cotton crop $101,000,000 Value of cotton seed $15,000,000 Miles of railway 6,662 Manufacturing establishments 3,219 Capital invested $135,000,000 Operatives 98,853 Raw material $84,000,000 Output of manufactured goods $151,000,000 Output of cotton goods $35,000,000 Output of fertilizers $9,500,000 Lumber products $21,000,000 Turpentine and rosin $7,700,000 Coal mined, tons 362,000 Iron ore, tons 444,500 Gold output $64,800 Clay products $2,490,000 Marble and granite $1,745,000 Teachers in public schools 10,379 Pupils enrolled 509,000 Percentage of male teachers 26.9 Average monthly salary of teachers $31.82 Average annual expenditure per pupil $9