Graham
Graham names 3 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Graham SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE, an English statesman
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE, an English statesman; born in Netherby, Cumberland, England, June 1, 1792. He was educated at Westminster and Queen's College, Cambridge. private secretary to the British As minister in Sicily in 1813, he had a hand in the negotiations with Murat at Naples. After his return for Carlisle as a Whig in 1826 he became a warm supporter of Catholic emancipation and a zealous advocate of the Reform Bill. Earl Grey thereupon offered him, in 1830, the post of First Lord of the Admiralty, with a seat in the cabinet. But in 1834 he seceded from the government, disagreeing with his colleagues on the appropriation clause of the Irish Church Temporalities - Act; and, going over to the Conservatives, became in 1841 Home Secretary under Sir Robert Peel. In 1844 he is sued a warrant for opening the letters of Mazzini, and caused the information thus obtained to be communicated to the Austrian minister, an act by which the ministry, and Graham in particular, incurred great obloquy. He also encountered great displeasure N. of the Tweed by his high-handed method of dealing with the Scottish Church during the troubles which ended in the Disruption and the formation of the Free Church. He gave Peel warm support in carrying the Corn Law Repeal Bill, and resigned office (1846) with his chief as soon as that measure was carried. On the death of Peel in 1850 he became leader of the Peelite party in the Lower House, and in December, 1852, took office in the Coalition Ministry as First Lord of the Admiralty. He retired from official life in February, 1855, and died in Netherby, Oct. 26, 1861.
Graham JOHN, VISCOUNT DUN- DEE
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
JOHN, VISCOUNT DUN- DEE, commonly known as CLAVERHOUSE, a Scottish soldier, eldest son of Sir William Graham, of Claverhouse; born about 1650. He was educated at St. Andrews. He went abroad and entered the service of France and afterward of Holland, but returned to Scotland in 1677, where he was appointed captain of a troop of horse raised to enforce compliance with the establishment of Episcopacy. He distinguished himself by an unscrupulous zeal in this service. The Covenanters were driven to resistance, and a body of them defeated Claverhouse at Drumclog, June 1. On June 22, however, the Duke of Monmouth defeated the insurgents at Bothwell Brig, and Claverhouse was sent into the W. with absolute power. In 1682 he was appointed sheriff of Wigtonshire, and, assisted by his brother David, continued his persecutions. He was made a privy-councillor, and received the estate of Dudhope, with other honors from the king, and though on the accession of James his name was withdrawn from the privy-council it was soon restored. In 1686 he was made Brigadier-General, and afterward Major- General; and in 1688, after William had landed, he received from James in London the titles of Lord Graham of Claverhouse and Viscount Dundee. When the king fled he returned to Edinburgh, but finding the Covenanters in possession he retired to the N., followed by General Mackay. After making an attempt on Dundee, Claverhouse finally encountered and defeated Mackay in the Pass of Killiecrankie, July 17, 1689, but was killed in the battle.
Graham STEPHEN, an English author
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
STEPHEN, an English author. He was born in 1884 and after leaving school engaged in journalism in London, and then went to live with peasants and students in Little Russia and Moscow, tramping in the Caucasus, Crimea, Ural Mountains, and on pilgrimage to Jerusalem, crossing Atlantic with emigrants, emigrants, tramping from New York to Chicago, later in central Asia, Egypt, Bulgaria, Rumania and Nor- Served in World War and conway. tributed articles to "London Times." His works include: "A Vagabond in the Caucasus"; "Undiscovered Russia"; "A Tramp's Sketches"; "Changing Russia"; "Through Russian Central Asia"; "Priest of the Ideal"; "Private in the Guards."
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Two of the three men were long dead when Collier's compiled these notes in 1921, and the accounts of them still read soundly, though the spelling of the Killiecrankie date has been tidied up (the battle is now dated 27 July 1689) and Claverhouse himself remains as divided in reputation as ever, "Bluidy Clavers" to the Covenanting tradition and "Bonnie Dundee" to the Jacobite one. Sir James Graham's opening of Mazzini's letters in 1844, which Collier's says brought him "great obloquy," has since become a standard early case study in histories of state interception of mail and, by extension, of modern communications surveillance. The real change concerns the third entry: Stephen Graham was a living author of 37 when this was written, and he went on writing for decades more, adding travel books and popular biographies of Russian rulers before his death in 1975 at the age of 90.
Written for this edition, 2026.