Gregory
Gregory names 5 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Gregory the name of a number of popes
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
the name of a number of popes. GREGORY I., surnamed the Great, a Pope; born in Rome, about 544. He showed such abilities as a senator that the Emperor Justinus appointed him prefect of Rome, after which he embraced the monastic life in a society founded by himself. Pope Pela Pelagius II. sent him as nuncio to Constantinople, and on his return made him apostolical secretary. He was elected successor to that pontiff in 590. Pope Gregory was pious and charitable, had lofty notions of the papal authority, was a reformer of the clerical discipline, and after his death was canonized. His works are comprised in four volumes. He died in 604. GREGORY II., St., succeeded Constantine in the pontificate in 715, and died in 731. GREGORY III., a native of Syria, succeeded Gregory II. He sent legates to Charles Martel to demand succor against the Lombards, which embassy is considered to be the origin of the apostolical nuncios in France. Died in 741. GREGORY IV., a Roman, succeeded Valentine in 828, and was greatly esteemed for his learning and piety. Died in 844. GREGORY V., a German, and a kinsman of the Emperor Otho, succeeded John XV., in 996. An anti-pope, named John XVI., was set up against him by Crescentius, a consul of Rome, but was expelled by the emperor. Died in 999. GREGORY VI., a Roman, succeeded John XIX., who finding the lands and revenues of his church greatly diminished by usurpations, and the roads infested by robbers, acted with such vigor that a powerful party was raised against him by those who had been accustomed to live by plunder. At a council held at Sutri in 1046 Gregory abdicated the pontificate. Died in Cologne, about 1048. GREGORY VII., HILDEBRAND, Son of a no, Tuscany, about , carpenter; born in Soano 1020. He was the friend and counsellor of Leo IX. and the four succeeding Popes, and on the death of Alexander II. was elected to succeed him in 1073. He obtained confirmation in his election from the Emperor Henry IV., and immediately applied himself zealously to reform simony and the licentiousness of the clergy. In his view, however, marriage, no less than concubinage, was a sin in them. He menaced the emperor and the King of France, the latter without effect. In 1074 he assembled a council, by which it was forbidden the prelates to receive investiture of a layman; and this was the first step in the quarrel with the emperor, which lasted so many years. Henry, disregarding the papal authority, was summoned to Rome; but he held a diet at Worms, and pronounced the deposition of the Pope. To this Gregory replied by procuring the deposition of the emperor and the election of another, Rudolph of Suabia. Henry now promised submission; and in the early winter of 1077 went with his wife and child to Italy. The Pope was at the castle of Canossa, and there, after keeping the penitent Emperor of Germany three days waiting at the gate, he received him and gave him absolution. The terms imposed on him were intolerable, and he soon broke them, made war on Rudolph, and defeated him, set up a rival Pope in Guibert, Archbishop of Ravenna, with the title of Clement III., and after several unsuccessful attempts entered Rome in 1084, had himself crowned emperor by his own Pope, and besieged Gregory in San Angelo. The Pope was delivered by Guiscard, and retiring to Salerno, 108 died there May 25, 1085. GREGORY VIII., born in Benevento, succeeded Urban III., 1187, and died the same year, after having exhorted the Christian princes to undertake a new crusade. GREGORY IX., UGOLINO, Count of Segni, a native of Campania, and a near relative of Innocent III.; born about 1147. He became bishop of Ostia, and cardinal, and in 1227 succeeded Honorius III. His coronation surpassed in magnificence any which had preceded it, and the ceremony lasted three days. The principal events of his pontificate were the various incidents of his contest with the great Emperor Frederick II., whom he repeatedly excommunicated, absolving his subjects from their allegiance, and proclaiming a crusade against him. In 1229 Gregory levied a tithe on all movables in England toward the expenses of his war with Frederick. He established, a few years later, the inquisition at Toulouse and Carcassonne, excited by his haughty demeanor a revolt at Rome in 1234, and was driven from the city, to which he did not return for three years. St. Anthony of Padua, St. Dominic, and St. Elizabeth were canonized by Gregory, who died in Rome, Aug. 21, 1241. GREGORY X., of the illustrious family of Visconti, was elected Pope in 1271, after an interregnum of two years, at which time he was in the Holy Land. He assembled a council at Lyons, to pro- Eastern and mote a union between the Western Churches, and other objects. Died in 1276. GREGORY XI., PETER ROGER, a native of Limousin, in France, was a nephew of Clement VI., and son of the Count of Beaufort. He was elevated to the pontificate in 1370, after the death of Urban learning, and en- V., was a patron of deavored to reconcile the princes of Christendom and to reform the religious societies. He transferred the papal from Avignon to Rome, where he died in 1378. GREGORY XII., ANGELO CORNARO, a native of Venice, was raised to the pontiin 1406, during the schism in the ficate East, Benedict XIII. being the other Pope. Both were deposed by a council in held at Pisa, and Alexander V. elected their stead. Gregory submitted, and laid aside the pontifical dignity. Died in 1417.
Gregory the name of sixteen popes
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
the name of sixteen popes. GREGORY I became pope in 590. He introduced into cathedral music the melodies known as the Gregorian Chant. He also reformed the ritual, giving it the shape known as the Gregorian Liturgy, according to which mass is still celebrated. He was zealous in the conversion of heretics and in the advancement of the various orders of monks. He also did much to secure conformity to the rule forbidding priests to marry. GREGORY VII became pope in 1073. He is known in history as Gregory the Great. His private name was Hildebrand. He was a native of Tuscany. While still a cardinal he was the power behind the papacy. He established the present method of selecting popes by a college of cardinals, excluding the people and the clergy of Rome from any voice in the election. As a pope he was active in reform. He was a pope of great determination. It was during his administration of the office that the Emperor Henry IV was obliged to humiliate himself at Canossa. Among the ordinances of Gregory the Great are the following: We understand that the price paid for corn to the peasant subjects of the Church is lowered in times of abundance; we desire that they shall always be paid according to the current price. We forbid that the farmers shall pay more than the rate fixed in their locality. . . . Every pagan or Jewish slave who desires to become a Christian should be freed at the cost of the Church. . . . We have learned also that in some farms of the Church there exists a most unjust system, namely, that out of seventy bushels, the farmers exact (from their tenants, or serfs) three and a half. . . . We wholly detest this custom. . . . Do you appoint . . . that they may pay in the whole two bushels in seventy; but that, beyond this, no shameful exaction be made. GREGORY XIII became pope in 1572. He was a native of Bologna. Among his public acts was a zealous patronage of the Jesuits, a vigorous opposition to the Huguenots of France, and the support of Philip II of Spain in sending the Great Armada against England. The computation of time was reformed during his term of office. We still follow the Gregorian calendar. Other Gregories of importance in theological history are St. Gregory, the founder of the Church of Armenia, surnamed Thaumaturgus, or miracle worker; St. Gregory, the great theologian, one of the fathers of the eastern church; and St. Gregory of Nyssa, born probably at Caeserea, Cappadocia, the opponent of Arianism.
Gregory ST. GREGORY XIII., BUONCOMPAGNI
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ST. GREGORY XIII., BUONCOMPAGNI, a native of Bologna, and succeeded Pope Pius V. in 1572. He was deeply versed in the canon and civil law, and had distinguished himself at the Council of Trent. He ornamented Rome with many fine buildings and fountains; but his pontificate is chiefly memorable for the reformation of the calendar which took place under his auspices and bore his name (see GREGORIAN CALENDAR). Died in 1585. GREGORY XIV., NICHOLAS SFONDRATO, succeeded Urban VII., in 1550. He was the son of a senator of Milan, and involved himself in an unsuccessful war against Henry IV. of France. Died in 1591. GREGORY XV., ALESSANDRO LUDOVICO, was a native of Bologna, and descended from an ancient family. He succeeded Paul V. in 1621, and was the founder of the College of the Propaganda. It was this Pope who, in 1622, canonized Igna- Philip tius Loyola, Francis Xavier, and of several de Neri. He was author works, one of which is entitled "Letter to the King of the Persians," etc. (1627). He died in 1623. GREGORY XVI., MAURO CAPPELLARI, born in Belluno in 1765, and succeeded Pius VIII., 1831. His pontificate was a period of no ordinary interest and difficulty in the history of the Church, and in the relations of the Vatican with the temporal powers of Christendom. Simple in his habits, though narrow in his ideas nevertheand timid in his manners, he less displayed great energy in conducting the affairs of the Church. He died in 1846 and was succeeded by Pius IX.
Gregory AUGUSTA (LADY)
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
AUGUSTA (LADY). Irish authoress, née Persse. In 1880 she married Sir W. H. Gregory, whose autobiography she edited in 1894. She became interested in the Irish literary movement and finally published "Cuchulain of Muirthemne" and "Gods and Fightparaphrases ing Men," translations and of old Irish epics which created much stir, by their idiom modeled on old Gaelic and the powerful breath of romance contained in them. She helped to establish in 1899 the Irish Literary Theater, now the Abbey Theater. Her chief books, includng plays are: "The Kiltartan History ing Book"; "Poets and Dreamers"; "Visions and Beliefs"; "The White Cockade"; "The Full Moon"; "Seven Short Plays"; "Irish " Folk History Plays"; "New Comedies.
Gregory ST., surnamed Illuminator
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ST., surnamed Illuminator, the founder of the Armenian Church; born in Valarshabad, Armenia. about 257. He was of the royal Parthian race of the Arsacidæ, and son of Anak, Publishers' Photo Service OVERLOOKING GRANADA FROM A PORCH OF THE ALHAMBRA Enc. Vol. 4-p. 404 Photo, H. T. Cowling, Courtesy of National Park Service THE CAÑON FROM RIM ROAD, GRAND CAÑON NATIONAL PARK, ARIZONA Ewing Galloway
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Aiton's count of "sixteen popes" named Gregory still holds: Gregory XVI, who died in 1846, remains the last, so no pope has taken the name in over 175 years. The one substantial reversal is Aiton's claim in 1910 that Gregory I "introduced into cathedral music the melodies known as the Gregorian Chant" — scholars now hold that the surviving chant repertory was largely shaped in Frankish lands in the 8th and 9th centuries and attached to Gregory's name for prestige, though his liturgical reforms are still credited to him. Collier's note that Gregory XII in 1415 "laid aside the pontifical dignity" to end the Great Schism gained new point in 2013, when Benedict XVI became the first pope since to resign. Two small corrections: Gregory XII's family name was Correr, not Cornaro, and Gregory IX was Ugolino di Conti of Segni.
Written for this edition, 2026.