Hawaii
2 of the 7 encyclopedias on this shelf carry an entry for Hawaii. Both are reproduced below, so you can see where they agree and where they differ.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a territory of the United States of America, consisting of a group of islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean; 2,000 miles from San Francisco; area, 6,449 square miles; capital Honolulu. Topography. The surface of the islands is exceedingly mountainous and of volcanic origin, with numerous active The most and quiescent volcanoes. prominent physical features of the group are the mountain peaks of Mauna Kea, and Mauna Loa, both 14,000 feet in height. Kilauea, on the Mauna Loa Hanalei BHanalei Haena Pt. 160 Alapii Pt-WAIMEA B HANALEL Kuachu Pt. 159° D Kilaues C A Waialeale PLLIHUE Lihue KAWAIHAU Anahola Ldg. Manac Kealia KAUAI Kekab Kapaa Hanamaula Ldg.. (EGG 1.) Oku Pt. Waimel ⑥ Nawiliwili Ldg. Pauwai Pt. Kaeo Mt. Makaweli Hanapepole Kona Pt. Ptoloa Waialee Kahuku Pt. Fuko Pt. Lawai Cooks Old Crater CHANNEL Makahuen Anchorage Haleiwa Kahuku. Pahau Pt. Kawahioa Pt. AIEI1 NIIHAU Hauula Lale KAULA Kahane B. Walkane (TAHOORA) Kaneohe Harbor Po Waialua Mokapu Pi. Kaena Pt. WWAAL 2 KA Lakilahi Pt TA KOOLAUPO Heela Walanae Kaneohe Walmanalo Makapuu Pt. E Sindhu dlO2O HONOL Laau / Pt. TO YOKOHAMA, 3445 CABLE TO Barbers Pl R MANILA Koko Hd TO HONGKONG 4916 Waialas B. HONOLUL Dianiond H MOLOKAI 21 P ACT B A 160° _ TO AUCKLAND 3915 TO SYDNEY 4578 Waiawa Pearl City Burial Church School I French Mjaston Ground Waiau Loko Eo THE PEARL LOCHS Halawa Mi 3 Kalauco 159° C White Bridge Fish Pond 0 Middle Aiea Halawa Cr. Loch East Loch Loko Hanalba Oyster Bede Beckoning MOKUUMEUME Fish Pond OR FORD 1. Pt. • Halawa Kalihi Cr. 158° KUAHUA S WAIPIO NUUANU VALLEY Salt Lake Keunapuaa 20 (Aliapaakai) Rekaa Pt. Moanalus Bishop Pt. Coral Rock Leper Asylum Plateau Puulos Sta Puu Ohla Kamehameha Pearl Harbor Insane Tantalus Schoo Asylum Royal Hammer Mausoleum Kuwili Pearl R Puulga Oahu Prison St. Hours College/Punch Bowl HIII Slaughterhouse Pr MOKULO 1. HONOLULU Ahua Pt. 4- Makiki QUARANTINE Pahu Callege Battery Pur hu Breakers bration Puuloa or Depot Kewalo Pearl River Entrance Kalihi Cr. Entrance PACIFIC HONOLULU OCEAN Telegraph Hill AND VICINITY Waikiki 199 Kalolani Scale of Miles Park D Longitude 2 Race Course Copyright, L. L. Poates Eng. Co., 1921 156° F 155° E 157° G TO SAN FRANCISCO 2089 ✓ TO VANCOUVER 2410 CABLE TO SAN FRANCISCO SCALE OF STATUTE MILES 20 30 40 50 60 10 SCALE OF KILOMETERS 100 80 40 20 60 2 Ka Lae o Ka Ilio Mauna Log Kaunakakai Logo Lever Settlement Important towns are shown in heavy face type Rallreads shown thus ILOLO CHANNEL MOLO Kalawao Pelekunu. Wailan Steamship Lines Halawa Pt. ১₂ Halawa Submarine Telegraph Linca Honakohau ilnku Kahului Har. Kahakulos Hamakuapoka Haiku Kamalo Kai O-Kalon Pukoo0 Sprecklesville 0 Kamaike Plahaina AHAINA Huelo Keanse Honokawai yau Chan Kaena Pt./LAHAINA o Nahika Olowalny WALLUKU Paia ০১০ LANAL Kahalepalao, Lansio Hana Maglaca BO BO Kihel MARIO Walakoa Kauiki Hd. Kealaikahiki Pt. Manele B. Keokea HANA HANNEL Maala Hamoa Kipahulu Nun Kealaikahiki Makenad Kaupo WAILUKU Chin Channel Alalakelki AHACH. 3 KAHOOLAWR uLdo Upolu Pt. MahAkokoa Pt. Kohala ENUIHA Kamamaka Pi Kukuihaele Kukaiau Ldg. Waipio Paauhau Mahukona Laupahoehoe Paquilo Mahukona Har Papaalon. Kuku Pt. ALE Ookala Kohala Mts. Nokaku P 5505 Popeekeoo/Alia Pt. Kawaihea Kamuela Hakalau Honomy 20 Kaara PiKOHALA Kaauau Pt. La Lalamilo Papaikou Mauna Kea Kiholo Ba Hilo/Bay Mahewalu P oked LAVA FLOW Nawili Pt. Haalalal HILO M EDW Leaano Karakea Ldg. 8278 Keahole Pt. OF JAK FLOW NORTH E Olaa Kaiwi Pto KONA OF 1880 Kailua B. Kailua Kurt Pohaku O Hanaler Mountainview C. Holualoa Keauhou HAWA P Kealakekua Pahor Kapcho Sta. 4 Mauna Loa PUNA Napoopoo A Volcano House Crate Crater of Hookena Mokuaweoил Kalapans Crater of 18,675 Kauluba Pi Kilauea SOUTH KA 404010 Keanhou Lag. KONA Pahala Hoopulon Hiles Punaluu Lag. Okoe Ldg. Walohinu Honuapo Kauna Pr. Naalehu 19 Kaalualu Har. 155° 157 ° West from E Greenwich 156 ° G Kalae F mountain in Hawaii, is the largest active volcano in the world, and has an ovalshaped crater, 9 miles in circumference, and 6,000 feet above sea-level. On the island of Maui is the dormant crater of Mount Haleakala, from 25 to 30 miles in circumference, and 3,000 feet deep, standing 10,000 feet above sea-level. On account of its insular formation the coast line is extensive, but there are few good harbors, Pearl Harbor at Honolulu being the only important one. The rivers are few and unimportant, being mere mountain streams. Climate, Soil and Productions. Though the islands are entirely within the tropics the climate is mild, tempered by the N. E. trade winds, blowing nine months of the year. The rainfall in the mountain region is quite abundant, but on the coast Des rain seldom slopes falls. The soil is very fertile, being formed by the disintegration of the volcanic rocks and decay of vegetable matter. There is abundance of good pasturage, and cattle and sheep raising are important industries. The N. E. mountain slopes are covered with dense forests, and sugar cane, Indian corn, coffee, and wheat are cultivated on the plains. Tropical and semitropical fruits are grown on a large scale. The two chief crops of the islands are sugar and pineapples, and the production of these has been greatly increased in recent years. The sugar yield in 1919 was about 600,000 tons, and the yield of pineapples, about 5,- 000,000 cases. The yield of sugar for the year 1920 was estimated at 568,671 tons, and that of pineapples, 6,000 cases. A large area has been made available for crops by irrigation. Extensive irrigation systems have been developed on the four main islands. A considerable area has been set aside as forest reserve. There were in 1920 about 74 of these reservations with a total area of 818,- 739 acres. Commerce. The imports for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1920, amounted to $63,283,647, compared with $50,743,- 899 for 1919. The exports amounted to $104,799,804 , compared with $88,250,021 for 1919. The greater part of trade has been done with the United States. The imports to the United States in 1920 amounted to $53,669,174, and the exports to $101,194,733. The chief exports were sugar valued at $78,589,467; fruits and nuts, $18,509,028; and raw coffee, $521,316. Communications. - Traffic with the mainland is conducted through lines of steamships operating direct passenger service in San Francisco and Honolulu. Five steamers were employed in 1920. This was augmented in 1921 by the addition of two additional steamers for service between New York and Honolulu, by way of the Panama Canal and San Francisco. The Pacific Mail Steamship Company operates three large steamers between San Francisco and Oriental ports, with stop-overs at Honolulu. Ten large freight steamers have also been put on this service. There is also a Manila- East India service with two passenger and freight steamers which stop at Honolulu. P Preparations were made in 1920 to greatly increase this service by the addition of more boats. The Japanese company operates a fleet of vessels between China, Japan, Honolulu, and San Francisco. The Oceanic Steamship Company operates steamers between San Francisco and Australia , touching at Honolulu. There are other lines operating from Canada to Australia and Australasia, and from China to San Francisco, touching at Honolulu. Most of the interisland traffic is conducted by the Inter-island Steam Navigation Company, which operates a fleet of 11 steamers. There are about 350 miles of steam railway in the islands. These carried in 1920, 2,054,568 passengers. Many of the large plantations operate their their own railroads. In addition to the cable system across the Pacific, which has been in operation for a number of years, there are three wireless plants in operation. Education. In 1920 there were maintained on the islands, 173 public schools with 1,161 teachers and 38,295 pupils, and 59 private schools, with 384 teachers and 7,406 pupils. The number of pupils of all races in private and public schools was 45,701, compared with 43,271 in 1919. The University of Hawaii was established in 1920. This institution developed from the College of Hawaii. There were registered in 1920 242 students. There are in the territory two industrial schools, one for boys and one for girls. Finance. The total revenue collected by the Territory in 1920 amounted to $10,925,406, and the total expenditures aggregated $10,949,897. There was a balance on hand June 30, 1920, of $506,- 334. The assessment of personal and real property in 1920 aggregated $287,- 006,792. The total bonded debt in 1920 was $9,394,000. Banking. There were in 1920 two banks in operation. The total deposits amounted to $52,783,114, of which $15,- 807,778 were savings deposits. Population. The population of Hawaii, according to the census of 1914, was 255,912, compared with 191,909 in 1910. According to the 1921 census, the population was 255,912, divided as follows: American, British, German, and Russian, 25,000; Chinese, 22,600; Filipinos, 23,400; Hawaiian, 22,000; Japanese, 113,500; and Portuguese, 24,800. The remainder was made up of Coreans, mixed Hawaiians, Porto Ricans, Spanish, and others. History. The Hawaiian Islands were discovered by the Spaniards under Gaetano in 1549, and examined by Captain Cook in 1778, and during the greater part of the 19th century formed an independent kingdom, recognized as such by the United States, Great Britain, France, and other governments. In 1893 the reigning queen, Liliuokalani, was deposed and a provisional government formed. This provisional government resolved itself into a Republic in 1894, with two Houses and a President. Several attempts were made toward the annexation of Hawaii to the United States, and on July 7, 1898, the Congress of the United States passed a resolution to that effect. On Aug. 12, 1898, Hawaii was formally annexed to the United States. The islands, now known as the Territory of Hawaii, are governed by a governor appointed by the President. All whites, natives of Hawaii, and persons of African descent who were citizens of Hawaii before the annexation, are citizens of the United States. The president of the provisional and republican governments, and also the first governor after annexation was Sanford B. Dole. On June 14, 1900, Hawaii was organized as a Territory. Mr. Sanford B. Dole was succeeded as Governor by George R. Carter. He served until 1907. In 1909 the United States Government decided to establish a large military station at Hawaii and work was begun on the fortifications and other necessary work. The organic act was amended in important details in 1910. Especially important changes were made in the land laws. Dredging of Pearl Harbor Channel, which had gone on for many years, was completed in 1912. The legislature of 1913 adopted measures of electoral reform. Hawaii is the largest military outpost of the United States and was much affected by the declaration of war between the United States and Germany. The National Guard was brought to the maximum point of enlistment and efficiency and took over the policing of the islands. Eight German vessels and gunboats, which had been interned at Honolulu at the outbreak of the war, were seized by the United States Navy, following the declaration of war with Germany. On June 1, 1918, the first and second regiments of the National Guard were drafted into Federal service. The Territory suffered the greatest storm in its history during 1918. Much damage was done to property. A special session of the Legislature provided for the rebuilding of bridges and other public works. The great Pearl Harbor dry dock was opened in August, 1919. The Secretary of the Navy and others were present. In 1920 the islands were unusually prosperous, due largely to the high price of sugar. A commission was appointed by the Legislature to ask Congress to amend the Territorial Organic Act in relation to the land laws. There were strikes during 1920 which lasted from These affected Feb. 1 to June 30. the large plantations. In April, 1920, there was celebrated the centennial of the landing in Hawaii of the first Christian missionaries. During the ceremonies the Prince of Wales was a guest for several days.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
ha-wi'e, a territory of the United States . It consists of a group of islands lying in the Pacific Ocean about 2,100 miles southwest of San Francisco . The latitude is about the same as that of Porto Rico . There are seven inhabited islands. The largest is Hawaii. The others are Maui, Lanai, Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau. There are also a dozen or more islets and coral reefs visited chiefly for guano and eggs. It is about 400 miles from one end of the group to the other. A slender chain of uninhabited rocks and islets stretches north by west for a distance of 1,350 miles. The total area is 6,449 square miles of which a small portion, only, is suitable for agriculture. Honolulu, the capital and chief port is on the island of Oahu. The islands are the mere summits of volcanoes that rise from the ocean floor. Hawaii, the most south-easterly island of the group, has three active volcanoes. Mauna Kea, 13,805 feet high, is the loftiest peak in the Pacific Ocean. Kilauea has an oval crater nine miles in circumference. It is the largest active volcano in the world. For the benefit of tourists a telephone line runs from the hotels up to the crater. Mauna Loa, the third peak, has a circular crater 8,000 feet in diameter, with vertical inside walls from 500 to 600 feet high. The coasts of the islands are in places lava cliffs 2,000 feet high. In other places there are plains between the mountain and sea. A first sight of so much water and so little land gives visitors an impression of a toy country. There are coral reefs surrounding the islands, through which a number of artificial channels have been cut to permit the passage of ships. The islands lie between the eighteenth and twenty-third parallels of north latitude. The trade winds blow from the northeast steadily from nine to ten months in the year. The northeastern sides of the peaks receive an enormous rainfall, amounting in places to 200 inches a year. The mountain slopes on that side are covered with heavy forests and swamps. The opposite slopes are arid and barren, except where they are irrigated by means of flumes and artesian wells . For a region so near the equator the climate is remarkably even and free from heat. The soil consists of disintegrated lava. It is exceedingly fertile. The cultivation in one part of the island is hampered by drouth, while possibly not over a mile away, or even on a different part of the same plantation, tremendous freshets carry away the soil. Water for purposes of irrigation is pumped at a cost as high as thirty-five dollars per acre. The upper slopes are devoted to pasturage and to the production of hides, tallow, and meat. The coasts produce bananas, pineapples, and cocoanuts. Ninety-five per cent of the effort of the islands, however, goes to the production of cane-sugar. The cane is said to be the sweetest in the world. The annual product at last accounts was not far from 1,000,000,000 pounds a year. Coal is wanting; wood is scarce. Bagasse, the crushed stalk of the sugar-cane, is the chief fuel. The labor problem is a serious one. The native islanders, who constitute about one-fifth of the population, cannot be induced to work. European labor is too expensive. Over half of the population in 1900 consisted of coolie laborers, but these are dying off or returning to China or Japan. The laws of the United States, now extended to the islands, forbid further importation of this class of laborers. The islands, though not unknown to the world, were visited and described for the first time in 1778 by Captain James Cook. He called them the Sandwich Islands. In 1792 cattle were introduced by the Dutch navigator, Vancouver. A fine growth of fragrant sandalwood, now depleted, attracted American and English ships. An active trade in the exchange of firearms, cloth, knives, beads, looking-glasses, and the like was set up. American missionaries were established in the islands early in the nineteenth century. In 1820 a native ruler of Hawaii brought the other islands under subjection and caused the Christian religion to be adopted officially. His descendants became extinct in 1872. During the period of local faction which followed, intriguing Americans succeeded in overthrowing Queen Liliuokalani. She had been chosen by the native legislature and was aiming to restore the heathen customs. Without going into detail, it may be said that July 4, 1894, the resident Americans proclaimed a republic with Sanford B. Dole president. In 1898 Congress ratified a treaty with President Dole's government for the annexation of the islands. June 14, 1900, Congress organized the territory of Hawaii, with Dole governor. The inhabitants of Hawaii are therefore citizens of the United States. The population is increasing rapidly. There are about 150 miles of railroad on the islands. A cable line runs the length of the group. Local telegraph lines have been established. The territory has a debt of about $4,000,000. A system of graded free schools has been established. Attendance is compulsory. The English language is used. Over half the teachers are Americans. At present, about one person in fifteen is able to read. There is a leper settlement on the island of Molokai, to which all lepers are banished. STATISTICS. The following statistics are the latest to be had from trustworthy sources: Land area, square miles 6,449 Population (1908)- Chinese 20,000 Japanese 75,000 Koreans 5,000 Orientals 100,000 Portuguese 27,000 Spanish 3,000 Porto Ricans 2,500 White foreigners 32,500 Hawaiians, including half-breeds 37,000 Americans, British, Germans, etc 12,000 Various Pacific islands 2,000 51,000 Total 183,500 Principal islands 8 Members of territorial senate 15 Representatives 30 U.S. representatives 1 Presidential electors 0 Assessed valuation $134,000,000 Bonded indebtedness $3,861,000 Annual expenditure $3,000,000 Forest reserves, acres 19,853 Products: Corn, bushels 120,000 Sweet potatoes, bushels 9,000 Potatoes, bushels 9,000 Honey, pounds 97,000 Butter, pounds 118,000 Cheese, pounds 12 Eggs, dozens 156,000 Sugar (1908), pounds 1,100,000,000 Wool, pounds 500,000 Total Exports (1908) $43,000,000 Coffee $157,000 Fruit $797,000 Sugar $40,000,000 Rice $140,000 Domestic Animals: Horses 13,000 Mules 7,000 Cattle 103,000 Sheep 102,000 Swine 8,000 Goats 653 Fowls 32,000 Cane, acres 66,000 Railway, miles 160 Telephone lines, miles 600 Steamers, lines of 7 Teachers in public schools (1908) 476 Pupils enrolled 25,000 A PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. Hawaii ha-wi'e Kauai kow-i'e Kilauea ke-lau-a'a Lanai la-na'e Liliuokalani le-le-wo-ka'la-ne Maui mou'e Mauna Kea mou'na ka'a Mauna Loa mou'na lo'a Molokai mo-lo-ki' Niihau ne-e-how' Oahu o-a'hoo See Honolulu ; Cook ; Leprosy ; Damien 2026 Editor's Note: This page uses language about race that was commonplace when the book was published and is offensive by today's standards. The text has been left exactly as it was printed, rather than cut or softened, so that the historical record — including how ordinary such language once was — is preserved. (Ed: BR 2026-07-22) 2026 Editor's Note: The annexation story has an official coda: in 1993 the United States formally apologized by joint resolution for the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Statehood came in 1959. See the overthrow . (Ed: BR 2026-07-02)