Hungary
Hungary names 3 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Hungary a kingdom of southeastern Europe
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
a kingdom of southeastern Europe. It has been united with Austria since 1867 in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The two countries manage their foreign and military affairs in common and have a common monarch. Otherwise Hungary is entirely independent. The two states have the same coinage, weights, and measures. In addition to Hungary proper, the kingdom includes several provinces, as Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia. The total area is not far from 125,430 English square miles. The population at the beginning of the century was reported at 19,254,559, rather less than half of whom are Hungarians. The rest are Germans, Slavonians, Roumanians, Croatians, Servians, etc. The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. The adherents of the Greek Church are next in number. There is religious liberty for all. A system of public schools has been established. Education was made compulsory in 1868. There are three universities and numerous high schools. About half of the population can neither read nor write. AGRICULTURE. The plains of Hungary are noted for their fertility. They occupy a vast tract in the vicinity of the Danube in an amphitheatre formed by the Alps on the west and the Carpathian Mountains on the east. The mountain systems come together on the south, where the Danube breaks its way through a passage known as the Iron Gate . Agriculture is the chief industry. Sixty-eight per cent of the population is engaged in tilling the soil. The crops raised are those common in Central Europe, including the cereals, the sugar beet, and the grape. Forests occupy rather more than a sixth of the country. PRODUCTION. The production of oak, beech, and pine timber is considerable. There are mines of gold, silver, iron, coal, and lignite. The chief manufactures are foodstuffs, machinery, earthenware, glass, cloth, leather, and chemicals. In 1902 there were ninety-five breweries and 66,830 village distilleries. The manufacture of tobacco is a state monopoly. Budapest, on the Danube, is the capital. Commerce is carried on by means of the river and by rail. The railroads are owned by the state. The chief imports are tobacco, sugar, leather, clothing, and cloth. The exports are of an agricultural nature,--flour and grain, cattle, horses, pigs, eggs, and wine. POPULATION. The Hungarians proper, or Magyars, are thought to be a Scythian race. They are a high-spirited, warlike, generous people. They are proud, and are fond of elegant dress and of entertainment rather than of work. They are believed to be related to the modern Turk, to whom, however, they are incomparably superior. Their first king, Stephen, accepted Christianity. He was made a saint by the pope, and was presented with a crown. The crown of St. Stephen, as it is called, has been used at the coronation of every Hungarian king to the present day. Whatever their race affinities may be, Europe owes much to the Hungarian for barring the entrance of the Turk through the Iron Gate. Under their celebrated general, Hunyady, one of the great soldiers of Europe, they held back the Turks singlehanded. They cooperated with Prince Eugene and took Belgrade after a siege remarkable in history. The Hungarians are not happy in their relations with Austria. In many respects they are more progressive. It is quite possible that a separation may take place at some future day. STATISTICS. The following statistics are the latest to be had from trustworthy sources: Land area (square miles) 125,430 Population (1900) 19,254,559 Emigrants to United States (1907), 209,169 Budapest 732,322 Members of senate (magnates) 386 Representatives 453 National expenditure (1908) $279,000,000 Bonded indebtedness $1,129,900,000 Acres under plow 35,000,000 Agricultural Products-- Potatoes, bushels 170,000,000 Corn, bushels 143,000,000 Wheat, bushels 115,000,000 Oats, bushels 40,000,000 Barley, bushels 46,000,000 Rye, bushels 36,000,000 Turnips, bushels 136,000,000 Tobacco, pounds 122,000,000 Silk, cocoons, pounds 3,300,000 Exports $325,000,000 Imports 75,000,000 Domestic Animals-- Horses 2,308,000 Mules 1,911 Asses 24,000 Cattle 6,738,000 Sheep 8,100,000 Swine 7,330,000 Goats 308,000 Fowls 33,000,000 Bee hives 770,000 Hemp, acres 165,000 Flax, acres 50,000 Miles of navigable waters 2,450 Forest, acres 25,000,000 Miles of railway 12,100 Wage earners 1,207,000 Sugar, pounds 680,000,000 Beer, gallons 41,000,000 Alcohol, gallons 24,000,000 Gold output $2,300,000 Coal output $13,000,000 Steel and iron output $7,000,000 Lumber products $18,000,000 Teachers in public schools 43,000 Pupils enrolled 2,765,000 Periodicals and papers 1,536 Number postoffices 5,618 Letters and post cards 483,000,000
Hungary 1922. The death of ex- Emperor Charles
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
1922. The death of ex- Emperor Charles, April 1, 1922, transferred the allegiance of the Hungarian Legitimists to his eldest son, Prince Otto, who was formally proclaimed by the party to be rightful king of Hungary in a manifesto of October 3, 1922. Ex- Empress Zita, invited by King Alfonso of Spain to take up her residence in Madrid, notified Regent Horthy that she regarded herself as queen of Hungary and would devote herself to the cause of regaining the throne for her son. The first National Assembly was dissolved February 16, 1922, without having drawn up any constitution or determined any election law. An edict was thereupon issued by the government abolishing universal suffrage and replacing ng the secret ballot by open polling with the object of perpetuating the existing regime and checking the growth of radicalism. Subsequent elections (May 28-June 1) resulted in a large majority for the Horthy Regency, the Legitimists winning but a few seats, while the Labor Party won 25 seats in spite of oppressive measures directed against it. The end of the year was marked by the rise of a strong Fascista movement similar to that of Italy. Hungary was admitted to the League of Nations, September 18, 1922. I STATES, 1922-23.)
Hungary 1922 cording to recent tests made by the Chicago
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
1922 cording to recent tests made by the Chicago Commission on Ventilation and accepted as standard by ventilating engineers, human comfort under ordinary conditions of house circulation in winter requires a relative humidity of about 36 per cent at a temperature of 70 degrees. With higher temperatures the same degree of humidity becomes increasingly uncomfortable; and, conversely, a higher degree of humidity makes a lower temperature possible without discomfort within the range of ordinary indoor temperatures. In public halls where crowds are assembled the air becomes rapidly saturated if there is not proper ventilation, owing to the moisture given off by lungs and sweat glands, and this, more than any lack of oxygen or accumulation of carbon dioxide in the air, is the cause of the stuffiness commonly found in such places. Humidity is also of great importance in many industries, especially in those employing drying processes. Both absolute and relative humidity are measured by instruments called hygrometers. (q. v.)
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Aiton's 1910 kingdom of 125,430 square miles and 19 million people, "united with Austria since 1867," no longer exists: the Treaty of Trianon in June 1920 gave Transylvania to Romania and Croatia-Slavonia to the new Yugoslav state, leaving Hungary about 36,000 square miles and roughly 9.6 million people today. Aiton's guess that "a separation may take place at some future day" came true in 1918, but at a cost no one there foresaw. Collier's, writing as Admiral Horthy governed as regent for a vacant throne, took Prince Otto's claim seriously; no Habsburg ever returned, and Otto von Habsburg spent decades as a member of the European Parliament before dying in 2011. Hungary was a communist state from 1949, rose against Soviet control in 1956, became a republic again in 1989, and joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004.
Written for this edition, 2026.