Idaho
2 of the 7 encyclopedias on this shelf carry an entry for Idaho. Both are reproduced below, so you can see where they agree and where they differ.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a State in the Western division of the North American Union; bounded by Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia; admitted to the Union July 3, 1890; number of counties, 41; capital, apital, Boisé; area 84,800 square miles; pop. (1900) 161,772; (1910) 325,594; (1920) 431,- 866. Topography. The surface of the State is exceedingly mountainous. The Rocky Mountains form the N. E. boundary separating Montana from Idaho, and send to the Sierra Nevadas. The principal ranges are the Salmon, Bitter Root, Bear River, and Saw Tooth. The Salmon range extends along the Salmon river and reaches an altitude of 12,000 feet; the summits being rugged and several' being covered with snow. The Goose Creek and Bear River mountains extend along the S. portion of the State. Three-fourths of the State the S. portion-is arid, agriculture being practiced only by means of irrigation. The soil is very fertile and the water supply abundant. The principal irrigated sections of the State are in the Bear, Snake, Boisé, Payette and Weiser river valleys. These valleys lie at an altitude of from 700 to 5,000 feet. The Snake river, a tributary of the Columbia, and the Wood, Bruneau, Boisé, Payette, Weiser and Salmon rivers, its principal branches, form the drainage system of the S. portion of the State; the principal rivers of the N. part are the Spokane, St. Joe, St. Mary's, Clearwater, Cœur d'Alêne, Priest, and North Fork of the Columbia. The entire State drains into the Columbia with the exception of a small portion in the S. E., which is drained by Bear river into the Salt Lake basin. A large area in the S. portion is drained by streams which sink a short distance from the mountains (the lost river drainage system) and find an outlet to the Snake river by subterranean channels. There are numerous lakes, including the Pend d'Oreille, Cœur d'Alene, Bear, Henry, and Payette lakes. There are many beautiful waterfalls in the State, the Snake river having four important ones, namely, Shoshone, a 210-foot fall, Twin, Salmon, and American Falls. The mean elevation of the State is about 4,700 feet. Geology. Most of the State is covered with Azoic, Eozoic, and Tertiary formations. Numerous fossils have been found, including the remains of the mastodon, elephant, tapir, monkey, alligator, and saurian families. Large portions of the State are of recent volcanic formation, and the whole region is noted for its geysers, steam and soda springs and natural hot baths. Soil. The soil is largely of volcanic origin, and is very fertile when water is applied. The mountains are for the most part covered with forests, which are largely evergreen. The S. counties unties are covered with sage plains which, under irrigation, are well adapted to agriculture. The N. portion of the State and the upper portions of the Boisé, Weiser, and Payette valleys are cov ered with dense forests, the principal D 116° C 115° 118° A B 117° Porthill Addies Eastport Copeland. Sinclair Marble Pond Oreille o0 N. Fk. of Flathead R. f the Columbia Clark's Snyder R. Meadow Cr k8 R Kenney Eileen Z Rexford R Marcus Moravia, Bonner Conners Ferry Columbia Priest Kootena Naples Colville L. McArthur Troy Coolin Elmira Colburn R. Ponderay Sandpointe Wrencoe Kooten Jennings Chewlaho Laclede Sagleo Glengary MTS. Fk. Hope Atlanta T Priest River 0 Newporto Valley Kalispel • Grays Clarkfork Spokane ElkB L.Pend o Harlem Westmond Cabinet R 48 Granite Oreille Noxon Blanchard-o Cement 70 Spirit Lake Athol-Lakeview CCŒUR D'ALENE MTS. Twin Lakessey Corbin bine R. Trout Creek Chilco Mt.Bald Mt. Fish Lakeo Lake Lit Colbert Garwood Rathdrum Hay dên L. Post Falls Gibbs Murray Caur d Alene Eston De Burke Cœur d'Alene Reardan Spokane e Miga Mica Lake Prichard。 KOOTENAI Cataldo King Ge Thompson Carlin Bayo Lane 2 Cheneyo Harrisono Medimont/Kelloggo Springston Wardner م Plains Sorrentoo Plummer, St. Joel Wallace 1 Mullan St. Regis Pas Chatcoleto Flathead R. Crown Pk. St. Maries R. Herrick St. Regis BENEWAH S SHOSHONE Missoula Joe Benewah, Oakesdale Tensed Santa Eagle M Avery Emida Fernwood Desmet St.John Palouse R 0 Sanders Tyson o Freese-ceton 47 Clarkia Cora R. Winona Prin TER Harvard Colfax North FRAR o Collins LATAH Bovill S Viola Avono Mosco Helmer Lacrosse Pullman Troy Deary Nora Elko Pot Mtn Ivyo Park River CLEARWATER Lolo Pass Snake Tan meron Juliaetta Southwick Lelandi Kendrick Dent or Kooskooskie RO 0731MS B 4 Myrtle Fle CEO/Cavendish cakean Genessee Summit Pomeroy 3 Spalding Bald Mt Orofino Porters Pock Sherman Clearwater Pierce • Turner Harrisbure. Lolo ssell Lewiston Lapwal Gfford Rosetta Melrose R Greer Grave Ph apwazo Culdesac WebboCuldesac The Crags Mts. o Fraser Fletcher Camer Pk. k. Fk Woodland R. Slickpoo Chesvoll Dayton S Middle Mohler Kamiah Diablo Pk. Woodsidublin Nezperce o Glenwood Winchester O Waha inona Kidder Foresto WAV Ferdinando Cralg Westlake CGreencreek Kooskia R Lowell Cottonwood Stites Biy Clearwater 46 Keuterville Denver Clearwater Bear 6 Grangeville Mt.Idaho Fenn Harpster Troy Clearwater Newsome R. Grand Ronde Canfield • Tolo Mts. Elk City Anderson Red RPk Fk. Cie Nearwater R. Whitebird Hot Surs Mt. McGruder Goldeno Orgrande Nez Perce DVD Buffalk Hump Adams Freedom Wallowa Pittsburg Elgin A Dixie H Minum R. 4 Lucile Enterprise Powder River Mts. Mt.Salmon Goff Florence Salmon R Ulysses Knott Sheepwater Riggins Shoup Fk Salmon R. Mt. Joseph Pollock Burgdorf R Big Union Helena Iron Springs Warren Edwardsburg Jo Clover Comfort vinegar Hill Leesburg Black Lake Secesh Cr North Powder Anthony Landore- Logan Big or Ledcocks Stap Salmon Cuprum Lit. Bear 45 Powder Profile Warm Spr. Sta RS Meadow Big Payette L. Blackbird) Mid. Ek. Salmon R. Keating R. Yellow Pine Lardo MeCall Yellow Rainbow Mt. Roosevelt South ADAMS Norwood Baker City Forney Thunder Mt. Snake Dale Council Donnelly Roseberry Johnsons Cr Heath P . Goodrich Arling Knox Burnt R. Durkee Cambridge L Tanwyck Indian Alpine Twin Pk Miner 5 Midvale Salubria Valley Naomia-Pk. Cascade WASHINGTON Challis Thunder Estes Pk. Alpha Greyhound Mt. Custer Ω Weiser Crane Willow Bayhorse R Yo Smiths Ferry WE pdo Bachelor Mt. Robinson o Wilburus High Veiser Dell Sullivans Ola CU Hot French Garden Valley) Sprs. Fruitland PAYETTE Payette Pinehursto Red Fish Lowinan Sawtooth- Mts. New Plymouthonte Monten White Hot Springs Sweet! Banks Grimes (Pierson P.O.) Quartzburg Pioneerville Vale Falkovo R. Silver Mt. Placerville o Centerville Letha Mathe Westfall Hores Shoe Steel Mt. Atlanta Gatena Ph. Emmett Pearlo Parma Bend Notus Middleton Idaho City OBOIS Boise Middle Fk. Wood Sta Boisek Shaffer Butte Hurt Smoky Mts. Roswell Steel Mt. 风 Wilder o Homesdale Caldwel • Rocky Bar Highland R R. Meridian Lydian C S Gimlet Nampa Trinity 6 Fk. Pickles Butte Kuna CAMAS R. Mayfield Boise R Enterprise Bowmont ADA Pine Corral Wilson Melbs Watson Soldier ELMORE Blaine Little Camasi Hill City Orchard Thurman. Owyhee Rockvilled of Cr Guffey Sta. coor Camas Fairfield Reynolds Murphy Canyon R Big Wood Mountain Home Dewey Sinker Oreana 6 43 De Lamar Blanche Garnet Malada o20 Silver City Glenns Ferry, Grandview Jordan R. Bliss Bruneau o Snake Gooding Castle Boulder Cr Cr. Wendell Hot Spring 01 Hagerman Owylee R. Jerome Rattlesnake JEROM Austin Flat To Bruneau Clearlake Shoshone North Fk. Falls YHEE W R Bubilo 7 Twin Falls Lowry Wickahoney 9 R Kimberly Rock Creek Cr Battle Cr Roseworth. TWIN Cr Lit. Owyhee Owyhee Deep Marys East h South Fk. R FAILS Salmon Falls R Bruneau R Riddle R Gedar DUCK VALLEY 42 McDermitt INDIAN RES. Threecreek N E V A D A 115 ° Longitude D 117° 116° C A B 110° 111° H 114 ° E 113 ° F 112 ° G ) Cut Banko Kipp Bolton Medicine R. Midvale Middle 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 Flathead Fk. Flathead SCALE OF KILOMETERS Essex 40 60 80 100 120 140 20 S. Fk. Flathead R. C 48 Canals Railroads County Towns Flathead Swan Chouteau R. N. Fk. 2 R. Sun Great Falls Missouri R. AN A T Blackfoot R. N Arlee 47 Neihart R Desmeto Missoula Big Bonner Marysville Hell Drummond HELENA Gate R. White Rock 3 Sulphur Sprs. Garrison Lennep 일 Wickes Townsend Marys Dorsey Philipsburg Stony Cr. Deerlodge Boulder Rumsey Hamilton St. Anaconda o Lombard 46 Butte Gallatino Silverbow Logan Whitehall Big Hole R. Waterloo R. R Bozeman Pass Gibbons Pass Je Ferson Livingston Madison Norriso R. Wisdom R. Twin 4 Gibbonsville Bridges RO Willis Yellowstone R. Gallatin Dead Virginia City Aldero Dillon Carmen Beaver Salmon Baker Gardiner C 45 Lemh Tendoy Riv Graylingo R. Redrock Lyono Jacket Lem Agency LEMHI IND RES. SLEMH B LEMHI Salmon Reynolds Pass YELLOWSTONE Lake Junction Red Rock R. Ellis L S May 18 Mile • Pansimer Henry Lima M ▼Bannister Rolling Plain Sand and Lava NATIONAL 5 Patterson Cr. Medicine Lodge Henrys or Goldburg Kilgore Gilmore Yellowstone L Nicholia, Blue Cr. Rea Spencer Cr. PARK FREMONT AoldR K Clayton LOST RIVER MTS. Crater Rice Cr Ashton Marysville Dubois Drummond Little STER Kaufman 10 Camas Small Dickey Reno Chess Farnu St. Anthony Squirrel Chilly nester Lillian Clyde 44 Monteviewo Camas I Parger, Newdale Pierremen Halisade Lost Teton Cy. Cler Hamer Jackson L. Mackay Felt 6 Mud L. LETON Range Salem Sugal Canyon C Berenice Teronia BoBig Hole Mts. Ryan Ph White Knob Leslie Rexburg MADISON Tet Sinks Level Cache Sweet Sageo Wyndman Pk Antelope BUTTE R Darlington JEFFERSON beerbert enan o Lost Driggs • Moore Howe Grouse Circular Roberts o Sunnydell Heise South Cr. Ketchum Lost River Bates Victor Teton Lewisville Butte --Rigby 이 Decraene Snake River Ra. Hailey Muldoon Martin Arc con lona Antelope M Willow Cr. Powell Idaho Falls 6 Ammon 。 Big 이 BLAINE BO Irwin Cerro Grande East Butte... Snake Rosa NEVILLE Crooks Bellevue Basaft Shelley Middle Butte Stanton BINGHAM Old Crater Gannett Big Butte Black foot Pk. Taber Wappele • Carey Magic Pichbo Presto Salt River Blackfoot Herman Mts or SPECIES O Wayan Black foot John Grays Burns Wood MEINGIDOKA Ft. Hall Springfield Rich Lit. Richfield FORT HALL Burmah Glen Tilden Ross Fork 43 Falls o Sterling Rok INDIAN RES Canal LINCOLN Chesterfield Henry Pillar Butte Aberdeen Shoshone Pocatello American Bedford Williamsburg Dietrich Rolling Lava CARIBOU American Falls Inkom Range Hatoh Bed nidokaj Bancrofts Sterrett Bannock Alexander Alexas Ra. E Wapio Salt Acequia Neeley BANNOCK Butte Yale Soda Sprs. Eden McOammon Lava Hot Rupert Boel Rocklands Central Hazelton Bench Preu Rosston Spiso Stanleyo Robin o Grace Badger Pk Paul Dempsey Ov Hansen 6 Avimo Turner Hey burn Georgetown Raft R POWER Hawkins 7 Range Burley Montpelier Nounan Bennington Cove Stricker Lago Arbon Milner Ianding o Thatcher Downey • Geneva Broncho Tsland ASSA Albion Perry Sharon Pari Wardboro Raymond Swanlake 16 Liberty Mt.Elkhorn Blue Spring Oxford Treasureton Mink Creek BloomingtonDingle/ Malta Sublet Marion Locust O Conant ONEID Alton Oakley Basin BEAR LAKE Border Elba Clifton Holbrook Hills, o Black Ping Goose Or CFRANKLIN Malad St. Charles Pegram Ward Bridge Samaria Dayton Preston Turnpike Cokeville Almo Mts. Cherrycreek Weston Fairview Fishhaven 42 Stone Na Standrodo Bear L. Franklin 111° West 114 ° from E Greenwich 113 ° H G 112 F Copyright, L. L. Poates Eng. Co., 1921 3/4 timber being white and yellow pine, fir, cedar, spruce, hemlock, and tamarack. Mineralogy. Gold, silver, and lead occur in abundance throughout all the mountains in the State. Large bodies of gold-bearing gravel are found along the Snake, Salmon, and Boisé rivers, the Boisé basin being noted for its auriferous gold deposits. About one-third of the lead mined in the United States comes from the Cœur d'Alêne district. The production and value of the principal metals in 1917 was as follows: lead, 196,780 tons, valued at $33,846,119; zinc, 38,927 tons, valued at $8,145,122; copper, 7,827,574 pounds, valued at $2,- 136,928; silver, 12,029,338 fine ounces, valued at $9,912,175; gold, 38,933 fine ounces, valued at $804,809. The total value of the mineral products of the State in 1917 was $55,244,026. Agriculture. The N. part of the State is noted for its wheat. Ov Owing to the sheltered location of many of the irrigated valleys agricultural products cover a wide range. All cereals and the ordinary garden vegetables and small fruits are grown. Peaches, pears, apples, apricots, and prunes are the principal products of horticulture. The mountains of the S. portion afford excellent pasturage and, with irrigation, the plains of the Snake river and its tributary valleys are rapidly being converted into cereal fields. The production and value of the principal crops in 1919 was as follows: corn, 840,000 bushels, valued at $1,386,000; oats, 7,700,000 bushels, valued at $7,546,000; barley, 3,360,000 bushels, valued at $4,704,000; wheat, 18,705,000 bushels, valued at $38,- 345,000; hay, 1,625,000 tons, valued at $35,750,000; potatoes, 5,400,000 bushels, valued at $8,154,000. Manufactures. There were in 1914, 698 manufacturing establishments in the State, employing 8,919 wage earners. The capital invested amounted to $144,- 961,000; wages paid amounted to $7,- 491,000; value of materials used to $14,- 892,000; and the value of the finished product to $28,454,000. The principal articles of manufacture include flour and grist, railroad cars, lumber and timber products, printed matter, harness and saddlery, dairy products, furniture, foundry and machine-shop products, clothing, tobacco, and cigars. Banking. In 1919 there were 71 National banks in operation, having $4,385,- 000 in capital, $3,298,882 in outstanding circulation, and $18,643,000 in United States bonds. There were also 138 State banks. Education. There are about 125,000 pupils in the public schools. The teachers number about 3,000. The average salary of women teachers is about $73.00 a month and of men teachers about $95.00. The total expenditure for educational purposes is about $5,000,000 annually. For higher education there were high schools (public), private secondary schools, public normal schools, College of Idaho and the University of Idaho. Churches. The strongest denominations in the State are the Mormon, Roman Catholic, Methodist Episcopal, Presbyterian, Congregational, Lutheran, and Protestant Episcopal. Railroads. The total railway mileage in the State in 1919 was 3,629 miles of single main line track. There was practically no new construction in the past years. The systems having longest mileage are the Oregon Short Line, the Northern Pacific, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul. Finances. The receipts for the biennial period ending Sept. 30, 1918, were $8,641,270, and the disbursements $9,121,013. There was a balance at the end of the year of $705,187. The State has a bonded debt of about $3,000,000. Charities and Corrections. The charitable and correctional institutions of the State include the Soldiers' Home at Boisé; Insane Asylum at Blackfoot; Sanitarium at Orofino; Sanitarium at Nampa; and a penitentiary at Boisé. State Government. -The governor is elected for a term of two years. Legislative sessions are held biennially, and are limited in length to 60 days each. The Legislature has 37 members in the Senate and 65 in the House. There are two representatives in Congress. The State government in 1920 was Republican. History. Idaho was for years successively a part of Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Nebraska, and was explored early in the 19th century by Lewis and Clarke. A mission was established at Cœur d'Alêne in 1842, but till the discovery of gold in 1852 the State was visited only by hunters. Idaho was organized as a Territory, March 3, 1863, but in 1864 part of it was set apart as Montana and in 1868, another part, forming part of Wyoming. In the summer of 1889 a convention framed a constitution and a petition for admission to the Union, being admitted the following year, the 30th State in order of admission.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
a Rocky Mountain state of the American Union. To those traveling westward Idaho is the first state beyond the Rockies. Although presenting an irregular appearance on the map, the boundaries of the state may be drawn readily. The northern boundary is the 49th parallel, the southern boundary the 42nd. The western boundary is the 117th meridian, save that, in the center, the line follows the Snake River for 200 miles or more. The eastern boundary begins at the southeastern corner with the 111th meridian and ends at the British boundary on the 116th meridian. Across the interval between these meridians, the line follows the highest summits of the Rocky and the Bitter Root mountain ranges. Thus the southern part of the state occupies six meridian spaces, the northern extension but one. The general outline suggests a ham, trimmed square at the large end. The extreme lenght is 485 miles. The breadth varies from 50 to 300 miles. The area is 84,800 square miles, a little larger than Korea. TOPOGRAPHY. Idaho is decidedly mountainous. The mean elevation is about 4,700 feet. The greatest elevations are in the northeast. They attain a height of 12,000 feet, and are capped with perpetual snow. The state is drained almost wholly by the Columbia River. The waters of the southern four-fifths of the state reach the Columbia through its largest tributary, the Snake. There are numerous cataracts. The Shoshone Falls are 210 feet in height. The soil of the southern part of the state is volcanic in origin. There is one lava desert in the valley of the Snake having an area of 20,000 square miles. There are many geysers, soda springs, and hot pools in this region. Geologists have found it rich in fossils of animals once supposed to be peculiar to other continents. The remains of the elephant, mastodon, tapir and huge lizard-like animals have been found here. In this particularly arid region, the streams formed by the melting snows of the mountains lose themselves in the sands not far from the mountain ranges. A part of their water finds its way to the Snake. Some day it will all be utilized for purposes of irrigation. The northern part of the state is covered with a dense growth of timber, consisting chiefly of pine, cedar, spruce, and hemlock. In this region, lumber is an important industry. The output is worth about $1,000,000 a year. The northern extension is noted for beautiful lakes. Kaniksu, Pend d'Oreille and Coeur d'Alene are deep, clear lakes, well stocked with fish, and are unsurpassed for scenery. CLIMATE AND PRODUCTIONS. The climate of Idaho is much milder than that of corresponding latitudes on the Atlantic coast. Rainfall is abundant in the north. Mining is the chief industry. There are rich deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, coal, and salt. The Coeur d'Alene mines produce a third of the lead supply of the United States . AGRICULTURE. Agriculture is gaining in importance. There are vast areas in the southern part of the state suitable for agricultural purposes in all respects save that of water. In the valleys, among and near the mountains, rainfall is abundant. Other districts require irrigation. Idaho has over 1,500,000 acres of land cultivated by irrigation; over 3,000,000 acres of farm lands lying under canal systems; over 10,000 miles of irrigation canals built at a cost of approximately $21,000,000. It has 200,000 acres under plow in the irrigated district, and about 100,000 acres under plow, not irrigated and located in the northern part of the state or Panhandle. Hay is the most important crop. Several crops a year are taken from the land. It brings high prices. Several million bushels of wheat and other cereals are produced. Idaho is assuming importance as a fruit producing state. Apples and plums are shipped from the irrigated districts to the eastern markets. The dairy and stock interests are increasing. Idaho ranks third in the Union in its production of wool. In 1905 its wool clip reached 15,000,000 pounds. Both sheep and cattle live the year around on the ranges without artificial protection and without hay in winter. The natural grasses cure on the stem, making an excellent hay, which the stock gathers for itself. Four lines of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific railroads cross the northern part of the state. The Oregon Shortline follows the Snake River from east to west. EARLY HISTORY. Idaho was explored in 1805 by Lewis and Clark. In 1842 Father de Smet, a Jesuit missionary, established a mission at Coeur d'Alene. In 1882 gold was discovered at the mission and immigration set in. In 1883 the territory of Idaho was organized. It then included Montana and part of Wyoming. Idaho was admitted to the Union in 1890. It has two senators, one representative, and three electoral votes. There are twenty-three counties. Many names have been imported from the East by settlers. Many are local. Such racy county and town names as Kootenai, Coeur d'Alene, Shoshone, Nez Perces , Boise, Canon, Bear, Blackfoot, Buffalo Hump, Salmon, Basalt, Lost River, Shotgun, and Teton are full of suggestion. The population returned by the census of 1900 was 161,772. The next census will show two or three times that number. There are about 5,000 Indians, living on reservations. A state system of education has been established, including common schools , high schools, two normal schools, and a state university at Moscow. Women as well as men vote. The capital and largest city of the state is Boise. It enjoys the distinction of being heated by hot water obtained from an artesian well and distributed by means of pipes. At a depth of 1,500 feet or over water is obtained at a temperature of 220 deg. F., 12 deg. above boiling. STATISTICS. The following statistics are the latest to be had from trustworthy sources: Land area (square miles) 84,290 Population (1907) 273,000 Boise (est.) 25,000 Lewiston (est.) 8,000 Moscow (est.) 5,000 Sand Point (est.) 5,000 Wallace 7,000 Coeur d'Alene 9,500 Pocatello 8,000 Idaho Falls 6,000 Weser 5,000 Number counties 23 Members of state senate 23 Representatives 53 Salary of governor $5,000 U. S. representatives 1 Presidential electors 3 Assessed valuation of property $115,680,056 Bonded indebtedness $1,079,000 Acres under irrigation 3,250,000 Farm Products-- Wheat, bushels (1905) 6,960,000 Oats, bushels 5,588,000 Barley, bushels 2,132,000 Wool, pounds 17,000,000 Beet sugar, pounds 50,836,000 Timber, acres 20,000,000 Domestic Animals-- Horses (1908) 150,000 Milk cows 69,000 Other cattle 344,000 Sheep 3,575,000 Swine 56,000 Miles of railway 1,918 Miles of irrigating canals 10,000 Output of manufactures $8,800,000 Output of grist $1,500,000 Copper mined, pounds 9,700,000 Lumber products $2,800,000 Coal mined (1907), tons 7,588 Zinc mined, tons 3,508 Output of gold $1,250,000 Output of silver $5,200,000 Lead, tons 112,000 Teachers in public schools 1,897 Pupils enrolled 67,000 Average number of days attended by each pupil 5 Average monthly salary of men teachers $74.92 Average monthly salary of women teachers $54.43 Average annual expenditure per pupil $28.29 Percentage of male teachers 24.3