India (BRITISH an extensive region)

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

BRITISH, an extensive region of Southern Asia, celebrated during many ages for its riches and valuable natural productions, its beautiful manucostly factures and costly merchandise, the magnificence of its sovereig sovereigns, and the HITHER early civilization of its people. INDIA is the central peninsula of southern Asia; its length may be stated approximately at 1,900 miles, and its width at 1,600 miles, with an area of about 1,300,- 000 square miles. Pop. about 320,000,- 000. The natural boundaries of this vast region are, on the N., the range of the Himalaya Mountains which separates it from Tartary, China, and Tibet; on the W. the Suliman Mountains divide it from Afghanistan and Beloochistan; on the S. the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Bengal; and on the E. the hill ranges which separate Chittagong and Assam from Burma. From the mouth of the Brahmaputra and the Indus the E. and W. coasts, inclining toward the same point, to meet at Cape Comorin, and thus give give South India the form of an irregular triangle. The two sides of the triangle have each a coast line of about 2,000 miles. India, from its great extent of maritime sea-board, is essentially a country. FARTHER INDIA is the usual name given to the S. E. peninsula of Asia. The great natural divisions of Hither India are the sub-Himalayan countries, the plain of the Ganges, the plain of the Indus, the highlands of northern Hindustan, and the peninsular portion of the country to the S. of the Vindhya Mountains. Topography. - The sub - Himalayan countries form an elevated tract lying between the chief ridge of the Himalayas and the lower elevations which adjoin the plains of the Ganges and Indus. The plain of the Ganges, which includes Bengal, Bahar, the Doab, Oude, Oude, and is a vast alluvial flat, extend- Rohilcund, ing from the Bay of Bengal to the Punjab. Scattered over the agricultural districts, and massed in the great cities and towns, there are not less than 100,000,000 people. The plains of the Indus in the N. W. are less extensive than those of the Ganges, and are separated from the latter by the Aravulli Hills. The Punjab occupies the N. portion. S. of the Punjab, and parallel with the river, the great sandy desert of the Indus extends horse and for nearly 500 miles. The which camel alone can cross this desert, is described in Hindu geography as "the region of death." Like the Terai, it forms a great physical barrier which separates west and east India. The highlands of northern Hindustan extend from the Vindhya Mountains as a base to the border of the Thur. They include the tableland of Malwa and Rajpootana or Rajasthan, which has an elevation of about 2,000 feet above the level of of the sea. The peninsular portion India, S. of the Vindhya Mountains, is The called by the natives the Deccan. most remarkable geographical feature of the area is a central tableland-vast plateau-rising from 2,000 to 3,000 feet above the sea, and inclosed on all sides by lofty mountains, between which and the sea, on the E. and W., are narrow strips of low, flat country, divided into several districts. From the low country on the coast to the central tableland the mountains rise abruptly in a succession of gigantic terraces or steps, and hence the name of "Ghauts." Vegetable Productions. The vegetation of India is as varied as its soil and climate, passing from the flora of a tropical to that of an alpine region. The groves of palm that border the coast, and, in the interior, the umbrageous mango topes, are striking features of Indian scenery. Rice is the chief article of food in India, and is produced in all parts of the country in which irrigation is practiced. Maize and wheat are the grain cultivated in the Northwest Provinces. Opium is one of the most valuable products of India. Coffee is largely produced in Ceylon, and the cultivation of the plant is rapidly spreading in THE AMBER TEMPLE AT JAGAT HEREMAIN, INDIA south India. Tea cultivation is now carried on with success in Assam, and is spreading over all the hill countries of northwest India. Cinchona, introduced from South America in 1860, has been naturalized with great success. The growth of cotton has been much extended. The finest is produced in Berar. The rhea, or jute plant, is grown in Assam and Bengal, and has recently given rise to an important trade. India rubber is another important product of Assam, the demand for which is increasing. In order to protect existing forests and extend the area of the timberproducing districts the Indian Forest Conservancy Department was organized. Animals. The domesticated animals are horses, asses, mules, oxen, buffaloes, sheep, and elephants. Of wild beasts the most formidable is the Bengal tiger. The other beasts of prey are leopards, wolves, jackals, panthers, bears, hyenas, lynxes, and foxes. Of poisonous snakes the cobra da capello or black-hooded snake, the cobra manilla, and the sand snake are the most common. Climate.-Hindustan proper may be said to have three well-marked seasons, -the cool, the hot, and the rainy. The climate of south India is greatly regulated by the monsoons. The central table-land is cool, dry, and healthy. Social System and Government. -Two of the most striking peculiarities of the social condition of the Hindus are the iron institution of caste and the village system. The latter is very simple. A village in Hindustan is a district embracing an area of some hundreds or thousands of acres of land, and is under the administration of native functionaries, the principal of whom is the potail ("head inhabitant"), a kind of chief magistrate. Under this simple form of municipal government the inhabitants of the country have lived from time immemorial. Agriculture and Industries. - The chief industry of India is agriculture. Out of a total population of about 313,000,000 nearly 225,000,000 are engaged in this form of industry. Rice is the largest product. There were, in 1918-19, 23,- 672,000 tons produced; of wheat there were 7,502,000 tons; of cotton, 3,671,000 bales; of jute, 6,955,600 bales; and of sugar cane, 2,337,000 tons. The production of tea in the same year was 380,- 459,000 pounds. The total area under cultivation was about 275,000,000 acres. After agriculture, the most important industry is the weaving of cotton cloth. Other industries are silk rearing and weaving, shawl and carpet weaving, wood carving, and metal working. The tea industry employs nearly 800,000 persons. The area planted with tea in 1918-19 was about 625,800 acres. There are over 235 cotton mills, and over 1,500 cotton ginning, cleaning, and pressing mills and factories. The cloth production in 1919 was 349,580,450 pounds. Mineral Production. - The mineral production in 1917, the latest year for which figures are available, amounted to £13,266,566. The most important product is coal, which was valued at £4,- 511,645. Gold was produced with a value of £2,221,889. Other minerals of value are petroleum, manganese ore, salt, and saltpetre. Commerce. The total exports for the year ending March, 1919, amounted to $823,574,016, and the imports to $548,- 389,663. The exports considerably exceed those of March, 1914, while the imports are about $50,000,000 less. The chief articles of import are cotton manufactures, cotton yarn, iron and steel, machinery, copper, woolens, and chemicals. The principal articles of export are tea, wheat, rice, rice meal and flour, and barley. The bulk of the trade is with the United Kingdom. Transportation. There were in 1919 36,616 miles of railway. Of these, 7,- 308 miles were owned by the State and 19,107 were worked by companies. The other lines were conducted under various conditions. There were in 1919 69,283 post offices and 10,373 telegraph offices. Education. The educational institutions are of two classes, those in which the courses of study conform to the standards prescribed by the Department of Public Instruction and are known as public, and those which do not fulfill these conditions, and are called private. The total number of institutions for instruction in 1919 was 196,919. These were attended by 7,948,058 scholars. There were 128,480 primary schools for males and 19,385 for females. The colleges numbered 185 for males and 16 for females, attended by 61,827 males and 11,109 females. The colleges are affiliated with the five universities, at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, the Punjab, and Allahabad. A Hindu university has recently been established at Benares, and another university at Poona. A university has also been created for the Mysore state. Finance. The revenue retained by the government in India for its own purposes and for meeting the expenditure incurred by the Secretary of State in England, is assigned as imperial, while that used by the local government is called provincial. The imperial revenue is derived chiefly from land revenue, opium, and other taxes. It amounted in 1918 to £82,060,000. The provincial revenue amounted to £35,888,000. The total revenue was £121,186,000. The total expenditure was £125,754,000. The chief expenditures are for civil salaries, military services, interest on railway debts, etc. The total debt of British India in 1919 amounted to £456,294,269. Defense. The military forces in India consist of the British Regular Forces, the Native Army, the Volunteers, and the Imperial Service Troops, all under the control of a commander-in-chief who is a member of the viceroy's council. At the outbreak of the World War the army in India was composed of about 75,000 British troops and about 240,000 native troops. The total number of native troops recruited during the war, up to Nov. 11, 1918, was 1,161,789. The defense force act was put in force in 1917 and by its terms compulsory service was applied to European and British subjects, between the ages of 16 and 50. The total number of British and native troops sent from India to France, Mesopotamia, East Africa, Egypt, Galipoli and other fronts numbered 1,215,338. RS Tashkurgan Oxuz Faisabad Kala Pendish or Kundus Tashkhana Afghan Tufkistan Karakoram Rang Hunza Mastui Mts. Shimshal Chitral Gilgit Hindu Kush Mt. Banji Ronda Chilas Astor Dir Skardo Palas Nanga Parbat Kargil Baltistan Kharmang Kabul R. Kanar KABUL 34 Maaufurabad Shekhabad Amb Srinagar Suru Naushahra War Suru Ladakh o Attock Kuram Murrce Punch Islamabad Ghasni Zangla Thal Aghat Rawal Pindi Naoshera Kistawar Zanskar Edwardesabad Padam Western Sulaiman its Ku Rupshu Jehlam 0 Kheura Gujrat Laki Pin Dadan Chamba 2 Khan Bhera R-Bundia Sialkot Gurdeepur Shahpur Gujradwala Kangra Dankas Sulaiman Dera Ghazi Ct. Sandeman b Hills A B Lahore Amritsar Ho Khan bпpиt BRITISH, oralai Anamber Thob B Jhang BALUCHESTAN Kapurthala Leiah Ray Jalandhur Simla Firozpur Montgomery er Taunsa Bン Ludhiang Kalkap Quette 30 Dipalpur Fazilk Multan Khanewal Harnai impala Nabba oo Ghazi 1 Muzaffargarh uz Thal Deva Klan Sutlej Bhatinda Dehra Patiala Mubarakpur Saharanpur Kitakic KHELAT Sirea • Khairpur koh Ahamdpur Panipat Deeband Lindsay Bahawalpur Vesert Nohar Hansi Meerut Rhatnair Hissar Chankot Suragarh Kahan us H Khanpur Gandava Surah Mahajan Bhiwano DELHI Rohtak Bahawalpur RAkaner 3 Jacobabad Ghaziabad Dulinera Kosdar Shikarpur • Delwa Bulandshara Sukkur Alwar Muttra Larkana BALU Rewari Khurja Rohri Bikampur Fatehpur Aligarh Khirpur Meharo UNagaur Naushahro Tayal Jadu Khairpur, Jaisalmer Bhartpur Pokaran Sambhar L. Jaipurs wans IAN D Merta Road Dholpur Kishangarh Karaulig. Thar 26 Ajmere Nasirabad Gulam Jodhpur o Hala Shahdaldpur Lumi R Beawar MBEYALA Chambal Gwalior AJMERO Barmer Tonk Kotris B Palio Raw Umarkot Sindri Hyderabad Bakhasar Jalor Ara Bundi Jerruckom Siprie Jhanst Karachi Bhilyara Tando a Muhammad Khanad Sirohi Chitor Kotak Baran Tatta Chanderi Nimbhera Mughalbhin Shahbandar Roof Outer Deodara Udaipur Sadrio Nimach Jhalra Patan Mouths ofー 4 Disa the Indus Goona Palabpur Partabgarh Manosaur Kherath Rad Radhanpuro Abhol Patan Jaora Dungarpur Banswara Cute Rotlamhopal Bhilsa Bhuj Dhangadra Mundvi Morvi On Tehri Ammadabad Vijijaln G.of Cutch Wadawan Kala Hoshangabad Kaira Nadiad Dwarka Nuwanagar Godhra Dhat Indore Rajkot Cambayo Baroda 22 Narbada Mhow Barwal A Dholera Chandod Jetbpur Harda Bhaunagar Kathiawarg Porbandar Khandwai Nandod Satpura Range Badaur Gogo Mangrol TO BAROD Datha R. Ellichpur Elitehpur Tapt Bhusawal bay Jafarabad RA Verawal amo Surat Dhulia Melkapигo Atлacя, Dharampur Diu Chalisgaon Khamgaon Akola Port) Daman 5 Ajanta BERAR Chandoro Manmad (Port.) Nasik Aurangabad Basimo Jainaenggaga Jawhar 9 That Cha Parbhani Kafyan SALSETTE Ahmednuggar Bombay Pauwel Bhir Godavari B Dharur Aden Alibagh Dhond 18 8 to Janjira Bhima To Barsi ( NIZAM'S Cable Bhor o Bankot Mahabaleshwar Dabhol Satara Bidar I A K Pandharpur Sholapur Patan Jath Kulbarga Ratnagirio Sangli Kolhapur Yadagiri Kurundwad Muddebihal Viziadrug Kistno paichur Malwan Wari Kaladģio Vengurla Belgaim Nova Goa (Panjin) Hoa Dharwar Oлo Kopa Hospet Karnul Port. Marmagao Adoni GOA Londa H Gunta N Bellary, Gun Sandur MA Sirsi RanibennuAnantapur Karwar 4 Harihar Chitaldrug Kumpta Honawur Shimoga Kandapur Kadur Sira Barkur Tumkur MYSORE Mulki Hassano Hassano Bangalore Mangalore Bantwal orka Seringaratam Terkara Mysore Collegal Cannamored Mahe Tellicherri Salem LACCADIVE (Pr.) • Odorcamund Calicut Beypur Balghato Coimbatore G Porani Trichinopor ISLANDS 0 Trichur/ Madura Kodungarlur 4 Cochin Travanconerelli حد Alleppi Satur Quilon Kollam Aniengo Fum Palaikotta Trivandrum INDIA Kolachel Cape Comorin SCALE OF STATUTE MILES 400 300 200 50 100 SCALE OF KILOMETERS 500 000 0 100 200 300 400 Important towns are shown in heavy face type Canals Railroads C 74 B A 70° pyright, L. L. Poates Eng. Co., 1921 NI K S I Khotan Ak Tagh Keria • Sorgak Godwin Austin 34 Pass Kizil Jilga Dabni Murghi Lingri Then Plains Lanak Pass Leh Tanke Shushal Rudok Kangar 2 D E Hanle Demchok B Lankhar ingmath Tot MA 。 30 Garhwal Badrina nath Tohri Nan LASSA Febrinagar Hardwar R. Bramaputr Kotdwara Almor Bijnaur Naini Tai 3 Sil Garhi UNITED N Muktinath Rampur Morand Morgan Kathgodam Sadiya Dhaulagiri Sa Sonaripur 26,826 Bil Salang Than Gosa Than Mt. Everest Dibrugarh Salena o Dhirang Jong Chandaus Bareilly ShahjalfNCES Bahraich Tassgong Naipalganj Palpa Budaun Lakhin inpar Bhatgaon Kanchanjanga SIKRIN BHUTAN RROVIN。 LaKi 28,150 TUM LON • KHATMANDU A Bibsagar bra Sh Taga Zong Diwan giri • Sindhulia Taplang Golaghat Tulsipur ezpur Sitapu 26 Aro Mainpuri banga Grandad Moharajaryo Phubro. Dhubri Rarpe Dhankutao Bettia peta Nowgong Jalpaiguiri Thar Etarbucknow aiya Unao Oudu Gorakhpur Bhairaghia Bhindo Gauhati Aurai Matigra, Darbhangah Faizabad Goalpara Bho caipur Dal Ganges SS o Ararivac Kohima Ghazipur Ballia Chapra Tuzaffarpur AS Azamgarho Purniah Shillong do Hajipur d Didaipur Rangpur J aunpuro Datiyaamarpurges ra Punji Tura 9890 Silchar Ba Banda Mahabad Gan • Manipu Arrah Patna Nasirabad Katha English Bazar Sylhet wao Sitlahaco Shanganj Mo M Mau Manikpur Behares 4 Rograo arun Mahanabad Moirang Rajmahal Hills Sirajang Gaya Deogarho Dumka Lalitpur Mirzapur Kaliganj d Panna bana Naya Tehri N D bari Branman Kungaung TROPIC OF OF CANCER Karharbarika Shertghati TATES Agartala Maihar Murshidabad Bardi R. Pabna Binage Slugpur bu Paltongan Hazaribagh Dauda Son Naraingan Goalanda Katwax Benga Sagar Comillah Kalemy Damah Katni Janakpur Rangarh Pratabpur Raul Chandpur Garda Purulia Bardwang P Haka Chutia Nagpur Bankurd brakestar Jeksar Madaripur Sudharam Sanhat Mandalay Deor Sohagpur ckhulua 22 R Kangar Seoni Maikal Range Chandaragar Jabalpur Jashpurnagaro Kharsawan Manaplowra Calcutta Chittagong Narsinghpur Rabkol Sarajkala Port Caping Pendra) Bandarban Pachmarhio Mohpani Manikpu ond Har Khunchu Pakokku Kawardha Sakti Suadi Mouths of the Ganges Maskha Baripada Bonai Garho Keunibar CENTRA Bilaspur Cox's Bazar Nilgiri Ku Balasor Sarangarho SambalouroA Kumthi Bhandara Orissa Naaf Nandgaon Kauriya Dhamra Mrohaung (Ar Jajpur 5 Manypte Dongargarh Raipur Myebon o Cuttac Mouths of the Minba Patna Akyab Wardha? PROVINCES Dod Mahanadi B. Daspalla Nowagarh Warora Paunimapur Dhante Kauker Combermere B Harishpur Partabpur Deobhog Russellkonda Wund Chanda Kyauk-pyu Ram Prome Jagannatt Raigarn Nander Ganjar Edalabad Ampani Kasipur Chilka L. Manaung Abirl Berhampur Jagdalpur B 18 Gopalpur Nirviel ironcha Dantewara Barwa Henzada Indore Chinur Jaipur HYDERABADA Baster Nagar Kalingaratam S Kwa DOMINIONS) Kelgandal Malkangir Warangal Chicarole Bimlipatan Golkondaoo Secunderabad Yellande tampa Anakapalle Vizagapatam Rangoon A Khamamat Tuni 6 Hyderabad Rajamahendri the Irawadi Devarkonda Nalgonda, Ellore Cocanada Coringa Mouths of the Yanaon (Fr.) C. Negrais Chanapura Bezwaka Kolas D Mouths of the Godavari Pangal Gunturo Masulipatam F R 0 Mouths of Nandial Nizampatam AY the Kistha 1. PREPARIS Cumbun B 0 Preparis&th Channel Ongol 14 Gooty C - DRAS Kavali Sidhaut GREAT C Coow Channel Cuddapah Nellore 0 Kadirio NORTH ANDAMAN 2 Gurramkonda ANDAMAN SRIHARIKOT 1. Pakala Tirupati Pulicat MIDDLE ANDAMAN 2 L Chittur Arcot Madras 7 A ENG Kolar Conjevaram Vellore Port Blair Wandiwash hengalpat B SOUTH ANDAMAN ISLANDS a Cable Pondichery Fr. Duncan Passage Panroti Cuddalore Atur to Porto Novo LITTLE ANDAMAN Combacorum Penang 0 Mayavarum 10 , Tanjore Tranquebar Karikal (Fr.) Negapatam Tondi Palk Strait Pudukotta Ten Degree, Channel. Adrampet Pt. Pedro Devikota CAR NICOBAR Jaffna Mullaitivu Ramnad NICOBAR 8 Manar CAMORTA Gulf of nevelli Tuticorin Trincomali KATCHALL 1. Kayalpatnam Anuradha Sombrero Channel Tamankaduwa CEYLON Nagarkoil Manar GREAT NICOBAR Puttalam ISLANDS Kurunegala Battikaloa Polgahawelo Kandy D Negombo Nuwara, Badulla Komariya 6 COLOMBO Eliya Bandarawela Kota Radja Little Bassas Kalutara SUMATRA Hambantot Great Bassas Galle 19 OCEAN Matara INDIA N 1907 H 94° G 90° 82° from E Greenwich 86° F 78° Longitude D East The casualties numbered about 115,000. By the end of 1919 only about 13,000 British troops remained to be demobilized in India. Government. The present form of government of India results from the Indian Act of 1915, and amended in 1916 and in 1919. The administration is entrusted to a Secretary of State for India, who resides in England and who is assisted by a council of from 8 to 12 members. In 1919 power was given for missionary the appointment of a high commissioner النسيم mши mmmmmm Πτηv www wwwwwwwww w www min THE GOLDEN TEMPLE AT AMRITSAR, INDIA of India, to whom may be delegated powers by the Secretary of State respecting contracts. In India, the supreme executive authority is vested in a Governor-General Council. The governor-general, or viceroy, is appointed by the Crown and holds office generally for five years. There is a legislature consisting of the governorgeneral and two chambers, the Council of State and the Legislative Assembly. The Council of State consists of not more than 60 members, of whom not more than 20 are officials. The Legislative Assembly consists of 144 members, of whom 26 are officials, and 103 are elected. The Council of State exists for five years and the Assembly for three years. The various departments of government are in charge of the governor - general's executive council. For administrative purposes India is divided into 15 administrations, each of which has a governor, lieutenant - governor, or chief comary. Important changes in the . government of the provinces were mmmmmmm mmmy brought about by the Government of India Act of 1919, which went into effect in 1920. This brings about a greater amount of self-government than heretofore existed. Religion, Philosophy, History, etc.- Hindu theology is contained in the ancient books of the Vedas, which inculcate the worship of the deities, Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva, the transmigration of souls, and their final absorption into the deity. Buddhism had also its origin in Hindustan, and Mohammedism now extensively prevails. Philosophy, science, and the arts were cultivated from an early period by the Hindus, especially the domestic arts of weaving, dyeing, and working in metals and gems. From the earliest records of history the nations of the Western World derived their merchandise from India. The country was entered and partly subdued by Alexander the Great. About 126 B. c. it was also invaded by the Tartars, or Scythians of the Greeks. From the 10th to the 12th century of the Christian era the Mohammedans overran and conquered considerable portions of Hindustan, and sub- AN على sequently the Mogul empire was formed. In 1428 India was first visited by Vasco de Gama, and later the Portuguese and Dutch established settlements on the peninsula, but the former never acquired more than a paltry territory on the W. coast, and the latter a few commercial factories. The French influence in India, at one time considerable, also yielded to the superior enterprise of the British, and finally the French relinquished the field. In 1625 the first. English settlement was made by a company of merchants in a small spot of the Coromandel coast of 5 square miles, transferred in 1653 to Madras. A short time previous a settlement had also been obtained at Hooghly, which afterward became the Calcutta station. In 1687 Bombay was erected into a presidency. In 1773, by act of the British Legislature, the three provinces were placed under the administration of a governor-general, and Calcutta was made the seat of a supreme court of judicature, the presidencies of Madras and Bombay being made subordinate to that of Bengal. Hitherto the affairs of India had been managed by the TAJ MAHAL, AGRA, INDIA East India Company, but in 1784 a board of control was appointed by the government, the president of which became secretary of state for India. From the year 1750, when the warlike acquisition of territory commenced under Lord Clive, a succession of conquests, almost forced upon the British contrary to their inclinations, have now placed nearly all India under their sway. The early part of British rule was marked by wars with the native princes. Indeed, British power was maintained only by constant fighting. Gradually, however, all the fierce tribes were connowe quered, although at great cost of men and money. The most important campaigns carried on during these years were the First Burmese War, from 1823 to 1828; the Afghan War, which resulted in British disasters, in 1842; the conquest of Sind by Sir Charles Napier from 1842 to 1844; the first Sikh, 1845-6; and the Second Burmese War from 1849 to 1852. By 1856 India was apparently conquered, and was comparatively contented with British rule. that year, however, dissatisfaction arose was and became widespread. This chiefly due to the introduction of modern European improvements and by the annexation policy adopted by the British Government. There had been a failure on the part of English officers to respect the religious feelings of their Indian subjects. This aroused the religious prejudices of the natives, especially the Hindus. Dissatisfaction broke out on May 10, 1857, and is known as the Sepoy Mutiny, from the fact that a large part of Sepoy troops were among the mutineers. Their insurrection rapidly spread ly all the British residents of India. Lon until practically in India were in danger. The principal events of the struggle were the siege of Lucknow, which is one of the most famous sieges of history, and the siege of Following the suppression Cawnpore. Follow , the government of India of the mutiny, ny was transferred to the British Crown in 1858. From that time no serious outbreak has occurred, although small wars een Victoria have occurred yearly. Queen was proclaimed Empress of India, in 1877. Burma was formally annexed by Jan. 1, 1886. Lord the English on Curzon of Kedleston became viceroy in 1898. He devoted himself with great energy to combat plague and famine, then from which the country was suffering. Tibet was opened to British trade as a result of the exposition of 1903. Bengal was partitioned in 1905, and this resulted in much bitterness of feeling among the natives. Lord Curzon resigned in 1905, chiefly as a result of the controversy with Lord Kitchener over the conduct of military affairs. The Earl of Minto was appointed as successor. During his administration there was much discontent, caused chiefly by the wide and swift spread of radical theories among the natives, and a very definite desire for Home Rule. This feeling was stimulated by the victory of Japan over Russia. The government took strong measures to suppress the agitation and at the same time introduced many reforms. In 1910 Lord Hardinge became viceroy. King George, accompanied by Queen Mary, visited India in 1911 and was enthusiastically received. In spite of its internal disturbances, at the outbreak of the World War in 1914 the country at large showed great loyalty to the British Crown. Many of the , Indian princes volunteered for service. in Indian troops were sent to France and , other battlefields, where they greatly distinguished themselves by their courage and endurance. During the progress of In the war, there was continued unrest throughout India and martial law was declared in some parts of the Empire. Much of the trouble was due to propaganda caused by the Mohammedan agitations and by Hindu priests. Lord Hardinge was succeeded in 1916 by Baron Chelmsford, formerly of governor Queensland. During the ea early part of April, 1919, serious disturbances occurred in India. These were scattered over a wide area, and were largely due to legislation enacted for the purpose of suppressing sedition. During 1919 measures were considered in the British Parliament for changes in the Government Lord Chelmsford was succeeded by Earl Reading as Governor-General in 1921. The Catholic missions now confine their attention to their Christian converts. The earliest Protestant missionaries in India came from Holland and Denmark. England's first missionary effort was put forward by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and the Christian Knowledge Society, which commenced in the beginning of the 18th century by aiding the Danish mission already established in South India. The entire number of Indian Protestants in India is about 500,000. Governors-General. -The following is a list of the governors-general of India, with the dates of their appointments. Warren Hastings, 1772. | Sir H. (Lord) Hard- J. McPherson, ing, 1844. Sir Earl Dalhousie, 1847. 1785. Earl (Marquis) Corn- Lord Canning, 1855. Lord Elgin, 1862. wallis, 1786. Lord Teignmouth (Sir Sir John Lawrence, J. Shore), 1793 1863. . of Mornington Earl of Mayo, 1868. Earl (Marquis Wellesley), Lord Northbrook, 1872. Lord Lytton, 1876. 1798. Marquis Cornwallis, Marquis Ripon, of 1805. 1880. Sir G. Barlow, 1805. Earl Dufferin and Ava, Earl of Minto, 1807. 1884. Earl Moira (Marquis Lands- Marquis of of Hastings), 1813. downe, 1888. Earl Amherst, 1823. Lord Elgin, 1893. Lord Curzon, 1898. Bentinck, Lord W. Earl of Minto, 1905 1828. Lord Hardinge Lord Auckland, 1835. Lord Chelm Ellenborough, Lord Earl 1842. INDIA RUBR