Indiana
Indiana names 2 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below. 1 of them is described by more than one encyclopedia.
Indiana a State in the North Central Division of the North American Union
Described by 2 of the 6 encyclopedias.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a State in the North Central Division of the North American Union; bounded by Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, Michigan, and Lake Michigan; admitted to the Union Dec. 11, 1816; number of counties, 92; capital, Indianapolis; area, 36,350 square miles; pop. (1890) 2,192,404; (1900) 2,516,462; (1910) 2,700,876; (1920) 2,930,390. Topography. The surface of the State is generally level or undulating, ranging from 300 to 1,250 feet in altitude. The hills of the Ohio and Wabash river valleys inclose richly wooded bottom lands. The W. portion of the State is mostly prairie lands, interspersed with lakes, wood lands, and swamps. The rivers are mostly affluents of the Ohio and include the Indian Kentucky, Silver, Indian Blue, Big Pigeon, Little Little Pig Pigeon, and Laughery. The Wabash, rising in Ohio, flows 500 mils through the State, and is navigable for 300 miles. The Maumee is formed in Allen co., by the junction of the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's, and flows N. E. through Ohio, into Lake Erie. The Kankakee flows 100 miles through the State and forms one of the constituents of the Illinois. There are several lakes and large ponds with clear water and sandy shores and bottoms. Beaver Lake, near the Illinois line, once covering an area of 10,000 acres, has been drained nearly dry. Geology. Aside from Silurian deposits in the extreme N. W. and S. E. parts of the State, the entire surface is overlaid with Devonian and sub-carboniferous rocks. Three distinct varieties of bituminous coal are found in great abundance and the limestone region in the S. contains many sink holes and caves. The Wyandotte cave in Crawford co. is second only to the Mammoth cave in size. The coal measures cover an area of 6,500 square miles, with a depth of 600 to 800 feet, and present 12 to 14 distinct seams, ranging from 1 to 11 feet in thickness. Mineralogy. The State is rich in mineral resources, especially in coal. Block coal, used in pig iron smelting, is mined in blocks weighing upward of a ton each, and cannel coal and peat are found in abundance. Quarries of building stones cover an area of 200 square miles, adjoining the coal measures. The coal production of the State in 1918 was 27,- 325,000 tons, a gain of 785,000 tons over the production of 1917. The production of petroleum in 1917 was 759,415 barrels, valued at $1,475,548. Other important mineral products are cement, of which there was produced in 1917, 8,- 148,678 barrels, valued at $11,084,130; pig iron, the production of which in 1917 was 2,162,872 long tons; clay products; sand, and gravel. Other mineral productions are bog bog iron, antimony, bismuth, cobalt, ganister, lead, manganese, sulphuret of silver, and salt. Soil. The soil varies from a deep black sand to clay loam, and is generally fertile, excepting along the lake front. The river valleys of the Wabash and Whitewater are particularly fertile. The climate is changeable and marked by extremes. Nearly one-eighth of the area is open prairie, and well adapted to agriculture. The trees include the white, red, black, and blue oak, ash, beech, hickory, sycamore, elm, tulip, black walnut, red and sugar maple, tamarack, sumach, dogwood, and wild plum. Agriculture. The State is largely engaged in agricultural pursuits. All farm and garden vegetables and fruits are grown, and wheat, corn, oats, tobacco, hemp, flax, maple sugar, maple syrup, sorghum molasses, honey, beeswax, cider, vinegar, hops, and wine are among the varied products. The production and value of the principal crops in 1919 were as follows: Corn, 175,750,- 000 bushels, valued at $219,688,000; wheat, 46,025,000 bushels, valued at $96,- 642,000; tobacco, 15,215,000 pounds, valued at $5,316,000; hay, 3,080,000 tons, valued at $66,528,000; potatoes, 4,400,000 bushels, valued at $8,585,000; oats, 60,- 225,000 bushels, valued at $41,555,000; rye, 5,320,000 bushels, valued at $7,- 448,000. Banking. On Oct. 31, 1919, there were 255 National banks in operation, having $28,641,000 in capital, $26,735,653 in outstanding circulation, and $26,704,- 030 in United States bonds. There were also 435 State banks, with $16,980,000 capital, and $6,051,000 surplus; 179 private banks, with $2,838,000 capital, and $822,000 surplus; and 162 trust and loan companies, with $16,870,000 capital, and $4,811,000 surplus. In the year ending Sept. 30, 1919, the exchanges at the United States clearing house at Indianapolis aggregated $776,325,000, an increase over the previous year of $13,- 353,000. Education. There were in 1918 706,- 868 children of school age. There was an enrollment in the schools of 564,152. There were over 20,000 teachers and supervisors. Among the colleges are Indiana University, at Bloomington; Purdue University, at Lafayette; De Pauw University, at Greencastle; University of Notre Dame, at Notre Dame; and Franklin College, at Franklin. Churches. The strongest denominations in the State of Indiana are the Methodist Episcopal, Roman Catholic, Disciples of Christ, Regular Baptist, United Brethren, Presbyterian, Friends, and Lutheran. Railroads. The total railway mileage in the State in 1919 was 7,808. There has been practically no new construction in recent years. Charities and Corrections. The prinitucipal charitable and correctional institutions are Central Hospital for the Insane, Ind ndianapolis; School for the Blind, Indianapolis; Boys' School, Plainfield; Northern Hospital for the Insane, Logansport; Eastern Hospital for the Insane, Richmond; Southern Hospital for the Insane, Evansville; Southeastern Hospital for the Insane, North Madison; Hospital for Treatment of Tuberculosis, nomics individualism means what is Rockville; State Farm, Putnamville. There was paid for the support of the State institutions in 1918, about $3,600,- 000. State Government. The governor is elected for a term of four years, and receives a salary of $8,000 per annum. Legislative sessions are held biennially, and are limited to 60 days each. The legislature has 50 members in the Senate, and 100 in the House. There are 13 representatives in Congress. In 1920 the government was Republican. History. Indiana was part of the territory ceded to Great Britain, in 1763, by France. Early settlements had been made by the French at Corydon and Vincennes in 1702. After the American Revolution the Indians gave considerable trouble to the settlers, but after several years were conquered and brought to peaceful terms by Anthony Wayne. They became troublesome again in 1810, and in 1811 Gov. William Henry Harrison was appointed commander a force of regulars and militia for the purpose of subduing them. On Nov. 7, 1811, he met and defeated the Indians under Tecumseh, at Tippecanoe, on the Wabash. During the War of 1812, the Indians under British command were again troublesome, but were soon subdued. In 1813 Corydon was made the capital, in 1816 Indiana was admitted to the Union, and in 1825 the capital was removed to Indianapolis. The present constitution was adopted in 1851, and in 1853 a free banking law was passed.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
one of the central states of the American Union. It lies on the northern shore of the Ohio, midway between the Mississippi River and the Alleghanies. It is situated between Illinois and Ohio, and has a shore line of sixty miles on Lake Michigan. By a peculiar clause in the cession of the Northwest Territory by Virginia, the boundary follows the low water mark on the Indiana shore. All islands in the Ohio River belong to Kentucky. The extreme length of the state is 276 miles; the usual width is 145 miles. The area is 36,350 square miles. The greatest elevation in the state is little over 1,200 feet above sea level. The mouth of the Wabash has an elevation of 370 feet. The territory adjacent to Lake Michigan is drained, of course, into that body of water. A small section in the northwest sends its waters through the Maumee to Lake Erie. The greater part of the state is drained by streams that find their way eventually into the Ohio. CHARACTERISTICS. The general surface of the state is level. The southern part is the more broken and bluffy, especially along the Ohio. The southwestern portion of the state was covered originally with heavy forests of oak, maple, walnut, hickory, ash, and other hardwoods. The northern portion was principally prairie. Extensive areas of swamp, especially around Kankakee, have been drained and are now agricultural lands of unsurpassed fertility. Naturally the climate in the southern portion of the state is somewhat the warmer. The mean annual temperature of the northwest is 49 deg.; in the Ohio valley 57 deg. . The southern third of the state, roughly speaking, has a peculiar white clay soil, admirably adapted to fruit raising. The Ben Davis apple and the Kieffer pear, the peach, and the plum do well. Orchards of from 10,000 to 40,000 trees are not uncommon. The Kankakee valley is famous for sugar beets. Save Iowa, no state in the Union has less waste land. Cereals, small fruits, and vegetables of all sorts thrive. The melons of Indiana are celebrated for their size and quality. RESOURCES. The mineral wealth of the state consists of coal, petroleum, building stone, brick clay, glass sand, and natural gas. The latter is conducted through pipes into many cities, including Indian-apolis. It is cheap enough to be used as fuel. Indianapolis, the capital, is the largest city. It had a population in 1900 of 169,164. Evansville, Fort Wayne, Terre Haute, and South Bend are next in order of size. The manufacturing interests of the state named in order of value are packing-houses, mills, distilleries, sawmills, manufactories of wooden wares, foundries, implement factories, woolen mills, brickyards, and pottery works. There are over 18,000 manufacturing establishments with an annual output exceeding a third of a billion dollars. EDUCATION. The common school system of Indiana is considered the most efficient in the West, if not in the Union. Half a million books are circulated by free township libraries. High schools, state normal school at Purdue, university at Lafayette, and a state university at Bloomington, are maintained at state expense. There are many denominational and endowed colleges. SETTLEMENT. The first white man known to have visited Indiana was La Salle. He explored the Ohio Valley in 1669-70. The French built several stockade forts. A post was established at Vincennes in 1731. General Clark took possession of the territory for the colonies in 1778. Indiana was a part of the Northwest Territory established by the Ordinance of 1787. In 1800 the territory of Indiana was organized, including all of the former territory except Ohio. Michigan and Illinois were cut off later. In 1816 Indiana was admitted as the nineteenth state of the Union. It has been nicknamed the Hoosier State. The word is said to be of southern origin, meaning "a rustic." The population in 1900 was 2,516,462. STATISTICS. The following statistics are the latest to be had from trustworthy sources: Land area (square miles) 35,910 Population (1908) 2,775,702 Indianapolis (1907) 233,217 Evansville 63,957 Fort Wayne 50,947 South Bend 44,605 Terre Haute 52,805 Muncie 27,293 New Albany 20,628 Anderson 25,842 Richmond 19,002 Lafayette 19,238 Marion 24,030 Elwood 19,232 Number counties 92 Members of state senate 50 Representatives 100 Salary of governor $8,000 U. S. representatives 13 Presidential electors 15 Annual state expenditure $6,620,000 Assessed valuation of property $1,767,000,000 Bonded indebtedness $1,389,000 Acres under plow 16,000,000 Agricultural Products-- Corn, bushels (1908) 137,000,000 Wheat, bushels 45,000,000 Oats, bushels 34,000,000 Barley, bushels 260,000 Rye, bushels 564,000 Tobacco, pounds 9,000,000 Clover seed, bushels 472,000 Wool, pounds 5,040,000 Butter, pounds 55,000,000 Eggs, dozens 75,000,000 Orchard products, value $4,500,000 Domestic Animals Horses 814,000 Mules 4,423 Milk cows 660,000 Other cattle 1,096,000 Sheep 1,215,000 Swine 3,159,000 Miles of railway 7,142 Operatives 176,000 Raw material $220,000,000 Output of manufactures $394,000,000 Output of grist $36,000,000 Output of liquors $25,000,000 Meat products $30,000,000 Tons of coal mined 14,000,000 Petroleum, barrels 5,000,000 Glass output $15,000,000 Clay products $7,000,000 Quarry products $3,600,000 Output of cars--vehicles $40,000,000 See Indianapolis ; Harrison
Indiana UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational State institution in Bloomington
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational State institution in Bloomington, Ind.; founded in 1820; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 150; students, 3,700; volumes in the library, 100,000; president, William L. Bryan, LL.D.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Collier's counted 2,930,390 Hoosiers in the 1920 census; the 2020 count was 6,785,528, and the state's economy has tilted from the farms and coal seams the entry dwells on toward steel, vehicle manufacturing and pharmaceuticals. The 27 million tons of bituminous coal mined in 1918 came mostly from deep shafts in the southwest; Indiana still mines coal, but from surface pits and in a market shrinking as power plants convert to gas. The 7,808 miles of railroad noted in 1919 have been cut back by well over half through mergers and abandonment, while the interstates and Indianapolis International Airport now carry the freight. The state's asylums, listed here as "Hospitals for the Insane" at Logansport, Richmond, Evansville and elsewhere, were largely emptied by the mid-century shift to community psychiatric care.
Written for this edition, 2026.