Irbit

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

a town of the Russian government of Perm, 1,170 miles nearly due E. of St. Petersburg. Its celebrated held in February, is next to that of fair, fair, Nijni-Novgorod, the most important in the empire. Pop. about 20,000. IRELAND (in Irish, Erin; in Latin, Hibernia), is separated from Great Britain on the E. by the Irish Sea, and surrounded on all sides by the North Atlantic Ocean. Measured diagonally, the greatest greatest length, from Mizen Head in the S. W., to Fair Head in the N. E., is 300 miles; and the greatest breadth, from Carnsore Point in the S. E., to Benwee Head in the N. W., is 212 miles; the central breadth, nearly between the bays of Dublin and Galway, is 110 miles; area, 32,531 square miles. Pop. about 4,390,- 000. Ireland is divided into four provinces of Leinster, Ulster, Munster, and Connaught, and into 32 counties; capital, Dublin; chief towns, Belfast, Cork, Lim- 4 erick, and Londonderry. Geology and Minerals. The mountains are formed of vast masses of Primary and metamorphic rocks, while the Secondary formations spread over the interior. Basaltic rocks are almost entirely confined to the N. E., where they often form colonnades, of which the Giant's Causeway is a celebrated specimen. Granite has its largest develop- 8° A B 9° Fanod Hd. Mulroy B. Haven Horn Head Sheep Carricka TORY 1. Ballyness Tory Sound Bloody Foreland Crossroad Qunglow Derryveagh Mts L. Glen GOLA LOO Gweedore B. CLOCH ELY SCALE OF KILOMETERS Bunbeg OWEY ١٠ Errigal Glendowan Kilmacrenan Rathmelton 60 70 80 CRUIT Cveedore 20 30 40 50 doung 10 55 ARAN 1. Churchill ocharry 62 ROSSES Important towns are shown in heavy face type Burton Kort Letterkenny Important Rallways Canals Trawenagh DONEGAL Gweebarra B Bally borey on Milltowno Killygordon County Seats are underlined thus: Galway inntown Dawros Hd. Loughros More BuVaran o Mans Clochan Loughros Beg B 2 Glenties Glen Hd. Ardara Bluestack Mourner Glen B. Glen Columbkille Malinmore Hd Malinmore Barnesmore Mount- M charlesOR Milltown o Barnesmore Killy bege RATHLIN O'BIRNE 1. Donegal Ballyetragh A Donegal Bay Laghy Carrigan Hid Fintragh B L. Derg Carno St.Johns Pt. Ballintra Pettigoe Ballyshannon Mullaghmore inlough O Downpatrick Hd Bunatranir Doonfeenyo R. Drows E R ng L. Erne Milk Haven BROAD HAVEN STAGS Benwee B OF Belderg Har Hd Broad Haven L. Melvin Church Hilly Coonamore Pt INISHMURRAY Diffony atrison Derrygonnelly, Monea Lenadoon Pt Rathlacken Lacken Streedagh Pt Grange B Erris Hd KID 1. Sligo Ballysadar Killala Bay Jarney Enniskillen AC Dramelie Manor Bay or Kiltycloger ວ EAGLE I. Aughris heen Hamiltono Bel 3 Ballycastle L.Gill L. Macnen Drumore Annagh Hd Black Lion Inver LiChalough Palmerstowng romore Sl. Fyach Binghamstown' realitaire Steven Mts Ballygadare Inishcrone Killala L. Carrowmoore Rosserk TH Derrycorib Drumkeeran Killa Swanlinbar MULI N.INISHKEAS Bangor Bellacorick Br. Abbey 20Coolancy roy looney orballyy L. Easky Ballymagauran mon R. Owenmare S.INISHKEA Ballina Si.Gamph Allen Aana Ballinamore Riverstown DUVILLAUN MORE I Talt Ballymote phooma Crossmolina? Blacksod Bay Nephin Beg BLACK RK. L.Conn Tobercurry L. Arrow Aclare Drumshanbo.c Kendewots Mt. Nephin Mt. Saddle Hd Doogort 54 Carrowilkin Ballina Knoc more fad Cashcamearragh Achill Hd. Foxford Curry Carrigalleno Mts. orteen Inishgall Bellaby GarBogle Carrick on L.Levally Keel B.f L. Bettra Croaghan ShannonCloone MA Newport SYSwineford O EN Bellavar Mohill Kilkelly Ballaghadereen Jamestown ulra ACHILLBEGI Newport B. Derry coosh of Castlebar Kiltamagh Frenchpark L.Boder Drumod Partry Mts LoCarra Claremorris Ballinlough--Ballintober Clew Bay Westport Roosky CLARE 1. TIC Ballina.co Elphin Ballate Beetle Hd Westport B. Barrycarra Loughglinn Tulsk Strokestown tello 4 LoForbes Emlagh Pt. Mayo Castlereagh Q Ballyglass Newtown Louisburgh Patrick Kilkeeran Forbes Ballyhaunis CAHER I INISHTURK ker Longford Ballintober Cloontuskert p Mulrea Mt. Ballindine INISHBOFIN Hollymount Bally moe Roscommon Lanes Skillary Leena Dunmore Kilnalag Round for INISHSHARK Mar borough Ballinrobea Barry Ballynakill Har. Mask JOYCES COUNTRY Ashford Cong Milltown vn Glenamaddy Fuerty HIGH 1 ry Ballymakon 。 Ree Creggs Mamturk Mts. Neale Shrule Strenuistown CRUAGH 1 Scregg ove Clifden Pins Ballygar Mannin B. Newtown Clare Moyne Cas. uburn Brideswell Bellew ONNEMARA Mount Bellew Castle- Ougiterard me Headford Slyne Hd. Suck Monivea A Ahascragh oblakeney Menlough. Athlone MARGONNAUGHT Drumgriffin Ballyconeely Moate Carrowreagh Bertraghboy B. G Y Balinasloe Shannon Shannonbridge-- Moycullen Ferbane Claregalway CROAGHNAKEELA Killconnell Cloonfad Laurencetown o Galway MWEENISH U 5 Athenry Kilkieran Bay Hd. N Salthill nveran Orunmore 02 GRAND Cloghan Craughwell Golam Spiddle Barna GOR Kiltormer Kinvarra Loughrea Eyrecourtó R Ranagher North Sound Stradbally Galway Bay INISHMCRE. Black Hd Kilchreest ✔ Frankford Riverstown Kinn Ardrahan Inevarra Tynagh Killimor INISHMAAN Ballyvaghan Newtown Parsonstown Kinvarra ARAN Portumna or Birr Woodfordo INISHEER Turlough o A Gort St. Aughty Lough Ballingarry ISLANDS South Sound Lisdoonvarna L Cooter Fisherstré stree annor Kilfenora Craney Whitegate Knockeven Borrisokane Shinrane New Pier Corrofin Crusheen Feakle Hags Hd. Roscrea Scarrift Derg P Liscannor Bay Ennistimon Le DromoveBaurre Puckaun Clochijordan, CLARTE Mal Bay co Bernagh por L Broadford and Moneygallo Portroe Tulla Militown Ennis MUTTON 1 Arra Nenagh Toomyvara Devilsbit Mts silvermines Kilmurry L. Dog Ballynacally Malbay Clare Quin Templemore 6 SoKillaloe Carrowmore Pt. Ballina Silvermina Mrs Sleigh Templetouhy Borri Kilmihil Killard Pt... Briensbridge, Castleconnell Rieper Mt Doonbeg Sixmilebridge to Newport Bunratty Cratloe Moore B. Cooraclave T Shannon Wood Thurles d alicee Kilrush Killadysert more Holycross Kallaskeury Charina Limerick Cappe TIPPERARY Labasheeda Carrigaho O Rose B. CARRIG Cappigh White New Foynes Askeaton Caherconlish argue~ Loop Head Dundrum Balltinure Cashel Tarbert Glin River Shannon Clonaultyme Shanaolden Adare Pallas Grean Ballylongford Ballyhahill Herbertstown Oula Limerick Golden Herbe Newtown Ardagho A Ballybunion Sandes MERICK Cullen Listowel Jc. Athea Ballingarry Hospital Newinn Kerry Hd Tipperary Ballyduff Brandon Bay Newcastle Castletown Bruree mly Bansha Tralee Glanrudderys Rough Pt Tralee Brandon Hd. Ballyheige Ballyclerahan Ballyaavid Hd.s Bay Knocklong Portrinard Rockbill Lixnaw Abbey feale Killeedy Charle ille Kilmallock Ballylanders Galty Mis Smerwick Har Abercorney Clonmel Kilflyix Mta Caber Broadford Milford Kilfinnane altymore Ardinnan R. Brosna ullar dfert Stack Sybil Hd. almereir Pallyhills Clogheen Newcastle Mts. Liscarroll 7 NISHTOOSKERT Baillyporeen Fenit Castleisland Meelin Liscarroll 5 Newmarket Buttevant Kildorrery Mitchelstown Knockmealdown Diennerville Castleg Claghane Slieve Mish Kingwilliams- Kanturk Doneraile Glanworth Kilworth GT, BLASKET Dingle Anascaul Castlemaine Currans-town Ve 0 Cecilstown Mallow Castletownroche Boherboy Farranfore Ballyduff Cappoquin Milltown Dromagh Ballymacooly Fermoy Blac ismore R. Slea Hd. Bay Ha. Banteer INISHVICKILLANE ale NSRU Killary Paps Bochragh Mts. Bottlehillo Glenville BraTallow Aglisho Dungarvan Dingle Rathcormack Glenbeg Millstreet Glantane Beaufort The Pups B Keli 52 Caragh L. Leane Kilgarvan so Derrynasagga Ballynoe Donoughmore Watergrasshillo Canglass Pr Carrantualer L Valencia Har aurne Stuake. Blarn allybrooky Middleton Cahiroiveen Bally Dungourney Mangerton VALENCIA I. acroom? Gallincollig Yongha Coachfordo O Cork R. Roughty Ballymakeery L.Berrianna Keninare Bray Hd. Killes th Youghal CarrigalineCork Harbour Portmagee Castlemartyr Sneem Tabilla Inchigeelagh- PUFFIN 1.0 aterville Queensto Cloy De Ballycottin Passage West St. Finans B. Ballinskelligs B Mts Goudane Barra L. Allua Currane Ballycottin B, Kilpatrick Tractor Crosshaven Bolus Hd Newceston Aghada D Bay WHIDDYDunmanwayo nane Ban Kenmare Riv. Enniskeeno Ballinade Kinsale SKELLIG 8 Glengarri Realkill Caha Ballyneeno RKS. Caherdanie Pooer Hd Bandono Inishannon SCARIFFI DEENISH Hungry Roberts Hd. Kilbritain Bantry Drimoleague p Nohaval Rossmore Castleto agu Lispatrick Ross Carber Clonakilty league Oyster Haven Ballydonecan crus Carrigboy Arundelmills Clonakilty DURSEY I Bantry Courtmacsherry B Carrig Leap Crow Hd. Ourtmacsherry Seven Heads Old Head of Kinsale llydebob Skibbereen Dunmanus Bay B. Sheeps Hd. Three Castle Hd Gen Milltown B. Glandore Har. Rosscarberry Cast ownsendo Galley Hd. Haven ✓ Toe Hd. Castle Roaring Water D CLEAR 1. Toormore B Baltimore Mizen Hd. Crookhaven KERKIN 1. Clear C. 9 10° Longitude C West A 9° 8° from B E F 6° 7° D Trawbreaga B. Malin Culdaff/B. Malin Hd NORTH Mull of Glengad/Hd. Bengore Hd. Pollan B Ballylifi Dunaff Hd Downhill Portrush Giants Kinnagoe B. Inishowen Hd. Pt. eway Port S Culdaff Magilligan SANDA 1. Cantire Ballintoy Lough Benmork or arndonaghol Fair Hd. Warre Bushmills Torr Hd. Slieve Moville Hallycastle Snaught Stewar Dervock Knocklay Redcastlep Cranford Colerain Cushendun Armoy Buncrana oGarrowke Rath Loughán Benevenag Milford NCH Cushendall Lough Ballymoney Pharis Macosquin Glenart Red B Muff Foyle Limavady Macfinn 。 Garron Pt. Dunloy Parkmore Furland Burnto Donalds lltown 55 Muff Ballykelly 0 Hill Carnlough Clogh Finvoy WD Londonderry Garvagh Kilren Newtown Cunningha Glenarm Aghafatten LONDONDERRY Rasharkin Ballygally Hd. Swatragh Gully backey Broughshane Carncastle St. Johnstowno Claudy Larne Lough Carn Larne Ballymena... Portglenone Dunnamanagh Castlennn Raphoe ISLAND Mt Ma ANTRIM Ballymagorry Maghera Glenoeo Glynn MAGEE Sperrin Bellaghy o borde L.Leg Bells Connor Glenceo White Hd Black Hd. Strabane Draperstowno Belfast Lough 2 Castle Dawson Cranagh Randalstown Ballyclare Rilroot Castlederg Carickmore Six Towns Magherafelt Toome Carrickfergus Bangor Antrim Newtown) Gortin Rousky Moneymoreo Ballyronan COPELAND I. Mountfield Cookstown Clare British ish Whitehouse Orumlin Legoniel Holy wood Donaghadee dre Loughra Bellatallying Nowtowards T carret Strangford N Carrowdore Drumquin O Carrickmore Pomeroy Stewartstown Glenavy Bally walter Comber Tubbrid- Omagh Six Mile Coal-Island Neagh Dunmurry Tack Grey Abbey Beragh Cross Maghery Moneyreagh 20 Mize Kiroubbin Ederny Derrya Dungannono Lisburn Kesh Dromore Fintona Glastry Moirn Saintfield 。 Charlemont Lowtherstown Lurgano o Trillick Ballygawley Hillsborough Loug Cloghy Ballynahinch Dromore BB Benburb Portadown Aughero Portaferry Bellanamallard Clabby Auchnacloy Gilford Rich Hil Crossgar Seangford Clogher Killylea o Tonea Tempo CANAL Banbridge Caledon N WY Five Mile Town Tanderagee D 0 own Emyvaleo Downpatrick Killard Pt. FERMANAGH Armagh Markethill Lough brickland Ballyhornan Brookeborough Glaslough Belcoo Lisbella Dundrum town ARMA GOH paynzpass Castlewellan Middletown Ardglass Maguires Br. 3 Miner Killough an Keady Me Norris Rathfriland Magheru Upper lisnaskea Scotstown FER Monaghan Town St.Johns Pt. Clontibret Hamiltown Hilltown Mts. Dundrum L. Erne Butler Clones ULSTE Crossmaglen Cyford Lough Newtown Newry.rne Newcastle Stranoodan Newtown , Derryling Bay Mou St. Donard Ballyconnello Uliss MONAGIHAN Gullion Belturbet Redhill Rosstrevor Rockcorry Bally bay Jonesborough Annalong Kilkeel Cooterim Castleblancy stle Ganfield Pi. lingford Milltown Ballyhaise Bellatrain 54 Killashandra Lr Oughter Drumbillagh IRISH Carrick Dundalk A Ca Stradone CA AN Dundalk macross Arvagh Louth Gargangreen Bay Kingscourt Scrabb Bellananagh Bailieborough Castlebellingham Drumcondra R. Dee L Dallyjamesdjiff agassan Kilnaleek Virginian Kihnainham Nobber Ardee Dunloer Gowna LSheelin Ramor Clogher Hd. Drumlish Meynalty Siddan Finiten Me.Nugent 4 Drogheda Carlans- Collon Drogheda Oldcastle Kells Kells Granard town Slane Coole Crossakeelo Bay Rathor Castlepollard Boyne Mornington SEA Kilskeer Bohermen R. Duleek Navan Edgeworthstown Laytown Clonmellon Ardagh Nanny oven L. Deryavaraghe Collinstown M MEATH Balbriggan Ardeath Athboy Tara Multyfarnhamo Skerries o Ballinagarrigy Delvin Trim Lisk Loughshirny Abbey - We Lower Co Ballivor T Garristown Rush shrule ANA Kilmessan Rathmolyon Ashbournes Killudan Ballymore Mullingar LAMBAY 1. Dunshaughlin MEAT Kinnegad Summerhill Malahide Longwood Cloncurry Dunboyne Swords IRELANDS EYE LEnnell o Streamstowno Castleton Milltown Johnstown Baldoy'le Howth Kilcock Tyrellspasso Clon Hillof Howth Carbury tart Clara Kilbeggan Edenderry Maynooth Chapelizo DUBLIN Dublin Newtown Ballyeum ber Bay PhilipstownClone Robertstovu Newcastle Black Kingstown Tullamore 5 Dalkey CANAL Raticoole Carrickmine Bray NG SGeashille Clonbulloge Killeigh Clonygowan Kathangan Bray Hd. Newbridge Blessington, Enniskerry Greystones Mountbolis Portarlington Monasterevin C CHANNEL Ballymore Duff II. Delgany 6 ve Bloom Mount Clonaslee Eustace L. Tay Kilcullen Kilcoole Newtown mellick Ballybritt Calverstown Duniavin Donard Annamoe Annamoe Mt. Kennedy Maryborough Stradbally Loragh R Rat Balinalea Ballitoreo 5 Mountrath Athy Timolino . new Wicklow Stratford QUEENS C0 MoonWICKLOWgieneal Wicklow Hd. Ballyroano Timahce Moon Baltinglass Mathdrum Ardmore Pt. Borris in Ossory Abbeyleix Castledermot Kiltegan Aughrim Redcross Erfill Rathvil Mizen Hd. Ballycolla Ballinakill Clogh Hacketstown Gazebo Graigue Carlow Arklow Tinahely Darrow illford Tullow Blacklion Johnstown Arklow Hd, Castlecomer 6 Ballyragget Ballono Kilmichael Pt. Shillelagh Coolgreany oFreshford Leighlintridge Carnew Urlingford Kilkenny Bagenalston Gorey Killkoolyo Clonegall 6 Newtownbarry Littleton Tullaroan Gowran Goresbridge Courtown Har. Bar Slaney Ferns Baliveanew Borris Burn- Birminghamchurch Cahore Pt. Ballycarthy Mullinahone Killenaule Callan Bennettsbridge Hiltealy Ballygarrett C Thomas Craiguenamanagh Oulart Ford town Kilocktopher Kells Enniscorthy 6 t. Mullin Ballaghkeen Fethard Ninemilehouse Newmarket Inistioget Bally william Oilgate Blackwater Slan Slievenaman Rosbercon Adamstown Carrick on Sul Billtown Castlebridge Z New Ross Kilurin Mullinavat Dunganstown Taghmon Wexford Wexford Har. Suir Carrickbeg STGEORGES Rosslare Har. Ballygeary Fiddown Cannile Tullycanna Killinick Comeragh Mts. Ballyhack Portlaw Knockana Trin Bridgetown own Broadway Greenore Pt. Abbey itmille Kumtethonas Waterford Tinter Pethar KHmore Churelitown TERFORD Bannow B Ballyteige B. KEERAGH IS.. Waterford Haven Crossfarnoge Pt Carnsore Pt. Tacumshin Knockmahone Tramore Tramore B Dunmor Hook Hd. Brownstown Hd Stradball SALTEE IS. beyside Drum Dungarvan Har. Hills Helvick Hd 5 Clashmore Ingville Mine Hd. Ardmore Har &Bay Knockadoon. Hd. 6° F 7° E D Greenwich ment in the S. E., where it forms the great mass of the mountains of Wicklow. It is more sparingly developed in the W. and N. W. (Donegal), as well as in the N. E. Climate. The climate is on the whole moister, milder, and more equable than that of the greater part of Great Britain. It is highly favorable to vegetation, and allows plants to winter in the open air that can do so in very few places in BLARNEY CASTLE Great Britain; some species of plants also being peculiar in Ireland alone of the British isles, as for instance the in the strawberry tree or arbutus, found S. W. Agriculture. As regards agriculture though Ireland has great advantages, for there is a great extent of moorland, there surface is also a vast area of arable , covered with a deep, friable loam of rehad become markable richness. Potatoes the main food of the people by the end of the 17th century, and a potato famine 1739. Another occurred as early as flax staple crop, especially in the N., is . agricul- Much benefit accrued to Irish of the Irish ture from the operations Land Act of 1881. This act was supplemented in 1887 and 1899 by acts to encourage peasant ownership. Industries and Trade. Of industrial employments the linen manufacture is the chief and is in a very flourishing conthe dition. The woolen manufacture at outset outstripped that of linen; but it was hampered by unjust restrictions iminstance of posed by Parliament at the the woolen manufacturers of England. distillation of The brewing of porter and whisky form important industries. The a considerable number fisheries employ of persons. Religion. The prevailing religon is Reformation the Roman Catholic. The never made much progress, and though the Protestant Episcopal Church was established by law, it was only the Church of a minority. In 1869 an act was passed for its disestablishment. At the are head of the Roman Catholic Church four archbishops, who take the title of Armagh, Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam, and 24 bishops. The whole of the Irish Roman Catholic clergy are supported solely by voluntary contributions. The Presbyterian Church is chiefly confined to Ulster, where it may be said, especially to in the counties of Down and Antrim, be the leading religious denomination. Its ministers are supported by voluntary contributions, seat-rents, and church funds. They were formerly aided by the annual grant from government, called the Regium Donum. This grant was abolished by the Irish Church Act of 1869, and was commuted to a single sum of $3,506,860 paid to the Church. Education. The principal educational institutions are Dublin University and the three colleges of Belfast, Cork, and of Science, Galway. The Royal College established in 1867, supplies a complete applicable course of instruction in science The Catholic Ca to the industrial arts. University of Ireland, established in 1854, consists of University College, Dublin; St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, several other colleges. The semiand naries for the education of the Catholic priesthood are numerous, the most prombeing the College of Maynooth, inent founded in 1795. The General Assem- Belfast, and bly's Theological College, Magee College, Londonderry, are the Presbyterian colleges. The chief elementary schools are those under the superintendence of the Commissioners of National Education. In 1878 an act was passed setting apart $5,000,000 from the for the pro- Irish Church surplus fund educamotion of intermediate secular examinations, tion by means of special exhibitions, prizes, etc. Government. Ireland, by the Act of Union, became in 1801 an integral part and shares in its of the United Kingdom, legislation by means of 28 representative peers in the House of Lords, and 103 rep- House of Commons resentatives in the The representative peers are elected for life by the whole of the Irish peers. The lord-lieutenant, who represents the sov- , and ereign, is the head of the executive holds his court in Dublin Castle. He is a chief assisted by a privy council and secretary, who takes the most active part of affairs. As in in the administration England, the chief legal functionaries are a lord chancellor, a lord chief-justice, The Irish and a master of the rolls. police force is a semi-military body, paid out of the Consolidated Fund. Vol. V-Cyc-M History. As in Western Europe generally, the earliest inhabitants are believed to have been of Iberian race, and, therefore, akin to the modern Basques. Divided among a number of hostile kings or chiefs, it had been long torn by internal wars, and for nearly two centuries ravaged by the Danes, numbers of whom settled in the country, when, in the beginning of the 11th century, Brian Boroimhé united the greater part of the island under his scepter, restored tranquillity, and subdued the N. invaders. After the death of Brian at the close of the battle of Clontarf, 1014, gained against the Danes and their Irish allies, the island relapsed into its former state of division and anarchy. In this state ST. PATRICK'S GRAVE of matters Henry II. of England obtained a papal bull giving him the right to subdue it, it, and the way was paved to this when Dermot, Prince of Leinster, who had been driven from the country, was reinstated by the aid of Richard de Clare (Strongbow) and other Norman nobles. In 1172 Henry entered Ireland himself, and partly through the favor of the clergy and his affability, the great princes did homage to him and acknowledged his supremacy. Many Norman barons and their followers now settled in the country, but the English power was far from being established over it. Henry VIII. assumed (by act of the Irish Parliament) the title of King of Ireland, instead of "Lord," which he had before borne as a vassal of the Pope, and the Irish chiefs generally acknowledged his authority; but but the the change of religion was bitterly opposed, and Mary was easily able to undo all that had been done in this direction by her two predecessors. Elizabeth imposed a Protestant clergy on the people, and her reign was marked by a series of risings, which terminated in the reduction of the whole island. Great stretches were taken from the Irish chiefs, and distributed among English noblemen and others, who were to settle their new estates with English farmers. Little was done in this way, however, compared with the great plantation of the N. by James I., under whom 800,000 acres of land in Ulster were Pachic declared forfeited, a large part of this being entirely withdrawn from the Irish, and divided among Scotch or English settlers. In 1641 there began an attempt to shake off the English yoke, in which great atrocities were perpetrated on both sides. In 1649 Cromwell was appointed lieutenant, and energetically, but cruelly reduced the whole country within nine months. The next struggle was that which followed the Revolution, when James II. landed in 1689, and hoped to regain his crown by French and Irish aid. He failed to reduce Londonderry, which held out, enduring the extremity of famine, till it was relieved by some ships from England. In the following year (1690) William III. arrived, and on July 1 gained a decisive victory over the forces of James on the Boyne, near Drogheda. In 1778 the penal laws against the Catholics, though not repealed, were made much more lenient. The French Revolution had a great effect on the minds of the Irish people, and it was partly through this influence that the Society of United Irishmen was formed, and that rebellion broke out in 1798. Great atrocities were perpetrated, but the rising was speedily crushed. A body of French soldiers, 1,500 strong, landed in Killala Bay, but were compelled to surrender. The British Government now resolved to unite the Irish and English Parliaments, and an act providing for the legislative union of the two countries VILLAGE IN SOUTH OF IRELAND passed the Irish Parliament in May, 1800, and the British Parliament in July of the same year, in virtue of which the union was effected on Jan. 1, 1801. In 1829, mainly through the efforts of O'Connell, the Catholic Emancipation act was passed under which Catholics could take a seat in Parliament, and were admitted to most public offices. The Irish National party now tried to repeal the Union, for which purpose O'Connell founded the Repeal Association. This movement collapsed in 1843, and afterward the potato famine in 1845, and again in 1846, cast all other interests into the background. To mitigate this calamity Parliament granted enormous sums of money; yet thousands died from starvation, and hundreds of thousands emigrated to America. The year 1865 witnessed a new conspiracy designed to separate England and Ireland. This originated in the United States, when the numerous Irish during the Civil War in that country hoped for a rupture between it and England, of which they might take advantage. This conspiracy, the members of which called themselves "Fenians" (See FENIANS), soon spread to Ireland; but before they could take any overt action in that island their design was stifled by the British Government (1865-1866). The ministry now resolved to do all in their power to render the Irish people loyal and contented; and accordingly the Irish Episcopal Church was disestablished in 1869, and another act was 186 passed to improve the tenure of land, in 1870. Since 1871 an agitation for what is called Home Rule has made itself prominent. Its chief supporters, designated "Nationalists," profess not to desire the severance of Ireland from Great Britain; what they mainly want, is to have an Irish Parliament for matters exclusively Irish. In 1880 Ireland became the scene of an agitation carried on mainly by a body known as the Land League. The movement was so lawless that two special acts, a "coercion" act and a peace preservation act, were passed. Still further to redress Irish grievances a land act was also passed in 1881, the chief provisions of which have already been mentioned. The Land League was suppressed, but a body called the National League was soon organized in its place. In 1885, 86 Nationalist members (under the leadership of Parnell) were returned to Parliament, and their pressure on the government led to Gladstone's scheme in 1886 by which Ireland was to receive a Parliament of her own and the Irish members to be withdrawn from the Imperial Parliament. This and the accompanying scheme for the buying out of Irish landlords, were rejected by Parliament and the majority of the constituencies, thus bringing a Conservative government under Lord Salisbury into power. A permanent act for the repression of crime in Ireland was passed in 1887, and an act (Lord Ashbourne's) for the benefit of Irish tenants, under which money is advanced to them to aid them in buying their farms. The agitation by the Home Rule party continued through 1892 and 1893, Gladstone advocating eloquently the cause of the Irish people. In 1900 the Irish Parliamentary party reconstituted itself with John Redmond as chairman. In 1903 the Wyndham Act was passed enabling tenants and oco occupiers to purchase the land and hold it. In 1906 James Bryce (now Viscount Bryce) began the work of creating the National University of Ireland making it possible for the Catholics to secure a higher education. Riots, and agrarian outrages, particularly "cattle driving," were frequent during 1907-09. The Home Rule Bill of 1912 (See HOME RULE) was opposed in Ulster and a volunteer army was enlisted by Sir Edward Carson to resist its enforcement. The Nationalists also formed a volunteer army and the country was divided into two hostile camps. A crisis arose in 1914 when the British Government moved to send troops to Ulster and a warship to Belfast. The Sinn Fein, founded about 1905 had now become a revolutionary body, and seized the opportunity to unite with the Nationalists' Volunteer Army, drilling openly and secretly planning an uprising. On Easter Monday, April 24, 1916, the Rebels seized the Post Office and other public buildings in Dublin. The Irish Republic was proclaimed with Padraic Pearse, president, and James Connolly commandant of Dublin and Messrs. Clarke, MacDonough, Ceannt, Plunkett, MacDiarmid members of the provisional government. Sir John Maxwell commanded the British troops engaged in suppressing the rebellion which came to an end April 29 when Pearse surrendered. In the fighting the British lost 521 men. In May Pearse, Clarke, MacDonough, Plunkett and 11 others were executed. Over 3000 were imprisoned for taking part in the rebellion. Sir Roger Casement (q. v.) was hanged in England June 29, 1916. In the general election held in December, 1918, the Sinn Fein overthrew the Nationalists but declined to take their seats in the English Parliament, agitating meanwhile for a separate government. At a conference held Jan. 21, 1919, independence was declared and the provisional government of the Republic of Ireland proclaimed. Eamon de Valera, Count Plu Plunkett, and Arthur Griffith were appointed delegates to the Paris Peace Conference but were denied passports by the British Government. De Valera then sailed for the United States where he was received with enthusiasm by the Irish and hailed as the "President of the Irish Republic." An attempt was made by De Valera to get a strong plank inserted in the Republican and Democratic platforms during the presidential conventions of 1920 but only succeeded in securing an expression of sympathy for Irish national aspirations in these declarations. Municipal elections held on Jan. 15, 1920, indicated the growth of the Sinn Fein movement, and indicated that a large element of the Irish people would be satisfied with nothing less than independence. Out of 1,240 vacancies, the Sinn Fein won 422, the Labor Party 325, the Nationalists 213, and the Unionists only 297. The Nationalists who favored Home Rule were ousted by the Sinn Feiners from almost every seat in Parliament, and as a result Ireland was almost without representation in the House of Commons during 1920. In the meantime, violence continued to flourish. On March 10, Lord Mayor Mc- Curtin, of Cork, was assassinated by masked men in his own house. His successor, Terence MacSwiney, was arrested on August 12, on charges of sedition, and following his conviction, immediately began a hunger strike which ended in his death on Oct. 25, 1920, after a fast of 74 days. Other Irish leaders who were arrested on similar charges, refused to eat and several of them died. The Sinn Fein established their own court and police, erecting an entire system of self-government under the eyes of British officials, while police, constabulary, and soldiers were assassinated or shot from ambush. On April 2, Sir Hamar Greenwood was appointed chief secretary to succeed Ian MacPherson. In May, civil war continued fiercer and many police barracks were burned. The government sent large forces to Ireland in command of Sir Neville McCready. The situation was further complicated by a strike of English railway dock and ship laborers who refused to move troops or munitions. The terror culminated in the partial burning of the city of Cork on the night of December 11, when 311 houses were burned and damage was done to the amount of $20,000,000. In the same month Parliament passed the Home Rule Bill in both houses, and it was signed by King George. It was left at his nominal discretion to put into effect at any time within three years following its passage.