Ireland
Ireland names 6 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below. 1 of them is described by more than one encyclopedia.
Ireland For information regarding ancient Ireland See " Celts ."
Described by 2 of the 6 encyclopedias.
An Encyclopaedia of Occultism (1920)
For information regarding ancient Ireland See " Celts ." Although nominally Christianised, there is little doubt that the early mediæval Irish retained many relics of their former condition of paganism, especially those which possessed a magical tendency. This is made clear by the writings of Giraldus Cambrensis, the first account we have of Irish manners and customs after the invasion of the country by the Anglo-Normans. His description, for example, of the Purgatory of St. Patrick in Lough Derg, Co. Donegal, proves that the demonology of the Catholic Church had already fused with the animism of Irish native heathnesse. He says:- " There is a lake in Ulster containing an island divided into two parts. In one of these stands a church of especial sanctity, and it is most agreeable and delightful, as well as beyond measure glorious for the visitations of angels and the multitude of the saints who visibly frequent it. The other part, being covered with rugged crags, is reported to be the resort of devils only, and to be almost always the theatre on which crowds of evil spirits visibly perform their rites. This part of the island contains nine pits, and should any one perchance venture to spend the night in one of them (which has been done, we know, at times, by some rash men), he is immediately seized by the malignant spirits, who so severely torture him during the whole night, inflicting on him such unutterable sufferings by fire and water, and other torments of various kinds, that when morning comes scarcely any spark of life is found left in his wretched body. It is said that any one who has once submitted to these torments as a penance imposed upon him, will not afterwards undergo the pains of hell, unless he commit some sin of a deeper dye. " "This place is called by the natives the Purgatory of St. Patrick. For he, having to argue with a heathen race concerning the torments of hell, reserved for the reprobate, and the real nature and eternal duration of the future life, in order to impress on the rude minds of the unbelievers a mysterious faith in doctrines so new, so strange, so opposed to their prejudices, procured by the efficacy of his prayers an exemplification of both states even on earth, as a salutary lesson to the stubborn minds of the people. The ancient Irish believed in the possibility of the transformation of human beings into animals, and Giraldus in another narrative of facts purporting to have come under his personal notice proves that this belief had lost none of its significance with the Irish of the latter half of the twelfth century. The case is also interesting as being one of the first recorded examples of lycanthropy (q.v.) in the British Isles, and that must be our excuse for quoting it at some length. a "About three years before the arrival of Earl John in Ireland, it chanced that a priest, who was journeying from Ulster towards Meath, was benighted in a certain wood on the borders of Meath. While, in company with only a young lad, he was watching by a fire which he had kindled under the branches of a spreading tree, lo ! wolf came up to them, and immediately addressed them to this effect: Rest secure, and be not afraid, for there is no reason you should fear, where no fear is!' The travellers being struck with astonishment and alarm, the wolf added some orthodox words referring to God. The priest then implored him, and adjured him by Almighty God and faith in the Trinity, not to hurt them, but to inform them what creature it was in the shape of a beast uttered human words. The wolf, after giving catholic replies to all Ireland questions, added at last: 'There are two of us, a man and a woman, natives of Ossory, who, through the curse of Natalis, saint and abbot, are compelled every seven years to put off the human form, and depart from the dwellings of men. Quitting entirely the human form, we assume that of wolves. At the end of the seven years, if they chance to survive, two others being substituted in their places, they return to their country and their former shape. And now, she who is my partner in this visitation lies dangerously sick not far from hence, and, as she is at the point of death, I beseech you, inspired by divine charity, to give her the consolations of your priestly office.' "At this wood the priest followed the wolf trembling, as he led the way to a tree at no great distance, in the hollow of which he beheld a she-wolf, who under that shape was pouring forth human sighs and groans. On seeing the priest, having saluted him with human courtesy, she gave thanks to God, who in this extremity had vouchsafed to visit her with such consolation. She then received from the priest all the rites of the church duly performed, as far as the last communion. This also she importunately demanded, earnestly supplicating him to complete his good offices by giving her the viaticum. The priest stoutly asserting that he was not provided with it, the he-wolf, who had withdrawn to a short distance, came back and pointed out a small missal-book, containing some consecrated wafers, which the priest carried on his journey, suspended from his neck, under his garment, after the fashion of the country. He then intreated him not to deny them the gift of God, and the aid destined for them by Divine Providence; and, to remove all doubt, using his claw for a hand, he tore off the skin of the she-wolf, from the head down to the navel, folding it back. Thus she immediately presented the form of an old woman. The priest, seeing this, and compelled by his fear more than his reason, gave the communion; the recipient having earnestly implored it, and devoutly partaking of it. Immediately afterwards the he-wolf rolled back the skin and fitted it to its original form. "These rites having been duly, rather than rightly performed, the he-wolf gave them his company during the whole night at their little fire, behaving more like a man than a beast. When morning came, he led them out of the wood, and, leaving the priest to pursue his journey pointed out to him the direct road for a long distance. At his departure, he also gave him many thanks for the benefit he had conferred, promising him still greater returns of gratitude, if the Lord should call him back from his present exile, two parts of which he had already completed." 66 It chanced, about two years afterwards, that I was passing through Meath, at the time when the bishop of that land had convoked a synod, having also invited the assistance of the neighbouring bishops and abbots, in order to have their joint counsels on what was to be done in the affair which had come to his knowledge by the priest's confession. The bishop, hearing that I was passing through those parts, sent me a message by two of his clerks, requesting me, if possible, to be personally present when a matter of so much importance was under consideration; but if I could not attend he begged me at least to signify my opinion in writing. The clerks detailed to me all the circumstances, which indeed I had heard before from other persons; and, as I was prevented by urgent business from being present at the synod, I made up for my absence by giving them the benefit of my advice in a letter. The bishop and synod, yielding to it, ordered the priest to appear before the pope with letters from them, setting forth what had occurred, with the priest's concession, to which instrument the bishops and abbots who were present at the synod affixed their seals." " In our own time we have seen persons who, by magical arts, turned any substance about them into fat pigs, as they appeared (but they were always red), and sold them in the markets. However, they disappeared as soon as they crossed any water, returning to their real nature; and with whatever care they were kept, their assumed form did not last beyond three days. It has also been a frequent complaint, from old times as well as in the present, that certain hags in Wales, as well as in Ireland and Scotland changed themselves into the shape of hares, that, sucking teats under this counterfeit form, they might stealthily rob other people's milk." In Anglo-Norman times sorcery was widely practised but notices are scarce. It is only by fugitive passages in the works of English writers who constantly animadvert against the superstitious nature and practices of the Irish that we glean any information concerning the occult history of the country. The great cause célèbre of the Lady Alice Kyteler (q.v.) shook the entire Anglo-Norman colony during several successive years in the first half of the fourteenth century. The party of the Bishop of Ossory the relentless opponent of the Lady Alice, boasted that by her prosecution they had rid Ireland of a nest of sorcerers, but there is reason to believe that Ireland could have furnished numerous similar instances of black magic had the actors in them been of similar rank to the ill-fated lady-that is of sufficient importance in the eyes of chroniclers. In this connection a work on Irish Witchcraft and Demonology by Mr. St. John D. Seymour (1913), is of striking and pregnant interest. We do not gather from it that Mr. Seymour had any previous general knowledge of the subject he handles before writing this book, and he appears to take it for granted that witchcraft in Ireland is purely an alien system, imported into the island by the Anglo- Normans and Scottish immigrants to the north. This undoubtedly is the case so far as the districts of the Pale and of Ulster are concerned, but surely it cannot be applied to the Celtic districts of Ireland. Regarding these Mr. Seymour is silent, but it will occur to most readers that the analogy of Celtic Scotland, which abounded in witches and witch-customs, is powerful evidence that a system similar to that in vogue in the Highlands obtained in the aboriginal districts of Ireland. Early Irish works contain numerous references to sorcery, and practices are chronicled in them which bear a close resemblance to those of the shamans and medicine-men of savage tribes all over the world. Animal transformation, one of the most common feats of the witch, is alluded to again and again in the ancient Irish cycles, and there are few heroes in Hibernian legend who have not a fair stock of working magic at their finger-ends. Wonder-working druids, too, abound. Mr. Seymour will have it that "In Celtic Ireland dealings with the unseen were not regarded with such abhorrence, and indeed had the sanction of custom and antiquity." He also states that "the Celtic element had its own superstitious beliefs, but these never developed in this direction" (the direction of Witchcraft). This is very difficult to believe. The lack of records of such a system is no criterion that it never existed, and we have not the least hesitation in saying that a thorough examination of the subject would prove that a veritable system of witchcraft obtained in Celtic Ireland as elsewhere, although it may not have been of "Celtic" origin. Be that as it may, Mr. Seymour's book is most interesting as dealing with those Anglo-Norman and Scottish portions of Ireland where the belief in witchcraft followed the lines of those in vogue in the mother-countries of the immigrant populations. He sketches the cause célèbre of the Ireland Kyteler case (q.v.), touches on the circumstances connected with the Earl of Desmond and notes the case of the Irish prophetess who insisted upon warning the ill-fated James I. of Scotland on the night of his assassination at Perth. It is not stated by the ancient chronicler, quoted by Mr. Seymour, from what part of Ireland the witch in question emanated-for a witch she undoubtedly was as she possessed a familiar spirit, Huthart, whom she alleged had made her cognisant of the coming catastrophe. Mr. Seymour does not seem to be aware of the history of this spirit. He is the Teutonic Hudekin (q.v.) or Hildekin, the wearer of the hood, sometimes also alluded to as Heckdekin, well known throughout Germany and Flanders as a species of house-spirit or brownie. Trithemius alludes to him as a spirit known to the Saxons who attached himself to the Bishop of Hildesheim" and we find him cropping up here and there in occult history. From this circumstance it might with justice be inferred that the witch in question came from some part of Ireland which had been settled by Teutonic immigrants, and more probably from Ulster, but the data is insufficient to permit us to conclude this definitely. 66 From the most scanty materials, Mr. Seymour has compiled a book of outstanding interest. He passes in review the witchcraft trials of the XVI. century, the burning of Adam Dubh, of the Leinster trial of O'Toole and College Green in 1327 for heresy, and the passing of the statute against witchcraft in Ireland in 1586. The prevalence of witchcraft in Ireland during the sixteenth century is proved by him to have been very great indeed, but a number of the authorities he cites, as to the existence of sorcerers in the Green Isle, almost certainly refer to the more Celtic portions of it; for example Rich and Stanihurst. He has an excellent note upon the enchantments of the Earl of Desmond who demonstrated to his young and beautiul wife the possibilities of animal transformation by changing himself into a bird, a hag, a vulture, and a gigantic serpent. Human relations with the Devil are dwelt upon at length by Mr. Seymour in a racy chapter, and we are told how he was cheated by a doctor of divinity and raised on occasion by certain sorcerers. Florence Newton, the witch of Youghal claims an entire chapter to herself, and worthily, for her case is one of the most absorbing in the history of witchcraft. At any rate, whatever her occult powers, she splendidly succeeded in setting a whole community by the ears. Ghostly doings and apparitions, fairy possession, and dealings with the 'wee folk' are also included in the volume; and Mr. Seymour has not confined himself to Ireland, but has followed one of his countrywomen to America, where he shows how she gave congenial employment to the fanatic Cotton Mather (q.v.). Witchcraft notices of the seventeenth century in Antrim and Island Magee comprise the eighth chapter; and the ninth and last bring down the affairs of sorcery in Ireland from the year 1807 to the present day. The last notice is that of a trial for murder in 1911, when a wretched woman was tried for killing another-an old-age pensioner-in a fit of insanity. A witness deposed that he met the accused on the road on the morning of the crime holding a statue or figure in her hand, and repeating three times "I have the old witch killed. I got power from the Blessed Virgin to kill her." It appears that the witch quoted in question threatened to plague the murderess with rats and mice; a single rodent had evidently penetrated to her abode, and was followed by the bright vision of a lady who told the accused that she was in danger, and further informed her that if she received the old pensioner's pension-book without taking off her clothes and cleaning them and putting out her bed and cleaning up the house, she would receive dirt for ever and rats and mice." This is not an isolated case, and shows how hard such superstitions die in the more remote portions of civilised countries. We have reviewed Mr. Seymour's book at some length because it represents practically all that exists on the subject in question. But it would be interesting to see him further his researches by an examination into such of the native Irish records as exist. Such a course would most probably result in the rescue of a considerable amount of detail which would enable him to complete the occult history of his country.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
the second in size of the British Isles. It lies west of Great Britain , from which it is separated by the Irish Sea. The northeast point is but thirteen and one-half miles distant from Scotland. The southeast coast is separated from England by St. George's Channel, forty-seven miles in width at its narrowest point. The greatest length of Ireland is 306 miles; its greatest width 182. The area is 32,583 square miles, a little larger than Maine. Geographers say, that the coast has been drowned, that is to say, that it has sunk slowly. The mouths of the rivers are now deep estuaries. There are thirty excellent harbors, fourteen of which are deep enough for the largest seagoing vessels. The island is divided into four provinces, Leinster, Munster, Ulster, and Connaught. These are subdivided into thirty-two counties. Of these Limerick, Tipperary, Cork, and Kilkenny are names famous in literature and history. Kerry, Clare, Galway, Sligo, and Tyrone are hardly less so. Much of the coast is rough. There are numerous low mountain peaks having a height of from 2,000 to 3,000 feet. The interior is an undulating plain from 200 to 500 feet high. Rainfall is abundant and quite evenly distributed. It is not so great as in the Highlands of Scotland, but more abundant than in eastern England. The average fall is from thirty-four to forty-four inches. The rivers are therefore larger than might be expected from the area of the island. The Shannon and the Liffey are the principal streams. There are numerous beautiful lakes. The most noted are the Lakes of Killarney in County Kerry. Lake Erne in the interior has a total length of forty miles. MINERALS. The rocks of Ireland are chiefly granite, limestone, and basalt. The overlying coal-bearing measures that extend over so great a part of England and the Lowlands of Scotland have been ground off by former glacial action and carried out to sea. There are a few limited coal beds, however. There is an abundance of iron of excellent quality, but there is lack of coal with which to work it. There is a little silver, some lead, and more copper, but, generally speaking, Ireland is not rich in mineral wealth. PEAT. From one-seventh to one-fifth of the island is covered with deposits of peat, the formation of which is assisted by the mists which wrap Ireland a large part of the year. In the low lands this peat is from ten to forty feet in depth. The largest peat bed is the bog of Allen. It is described as a dreary waste of red ironstained morass, the monotony of which is relieved here and there by a turf hovel. In the mountain valleys and on the slopes the peat formations are perhaps a foot in thickness. The deeper deposits contain many interesting remains kept by the preservative quality of peat, such as logs of oak, fir, animal and human skeletons, coins, old trees, canoes, etc. The surface of Ireland was at one time covered largely with forests. The deep peat beds show that they occupy the former site of oak forests, which were, in turn, succeeded by forests of fir. Ireland now lacks timber. ANIMALS. The wolf hound, formerly bred for the chase, is one of the largest and finest breeds of dogs known. The wolf, fox, and stag were formerly known. The ancient Irish elk was far larger than a moose. At present there are few wild mammals except rodents. There are neither snakes nor toads. Bird lovers count up 120 species of land and water birds. Fish of excellent quality, including the salmon, are to be found in the lakes, streams, and estuaries. SOIL AND CLIMATE. The temperature of Ireland is very even throughout the year. In winter, it seldom falls below 40 deg. In summer the heat seldom rises above 62 deg. The soil is rich. Certain regions are said to have the best soil found in the British Isles. All the common cereals and vegetables are cultivated. The harvest is not infrequently ruined, however, by prolonged summer rains. The principal field crops named in order of importance are oats, potatoes, turnips, barley, wheat, beans, and peas. The country is especially adapted to grass. A moist climate and rich soil produce the finest pasturage in the world. MANUFACTURES. The chief cities of Ireland are Dublin, Belfast, Cork, Limerick, Londonderry, and Waterford. Ireland was celebrated at an early day for its commerce. Irish flax is of excellent quality. Belfast is the greatest linen center in the world. Cotton manufacturing has diminished. Irish lace has a high reputation. The art of making lace has been taught in convent schools. It has now declined. Silk weaving was introduced by French Huguenots after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Ireland vies with Scotland in the production and consumption of whisky. The peasants of Ireland, like the mountaineers of Tennessee, have been famous for the maintenance of small stills in secret places with the purpose of escaping the government tax on whisky. In 1685 between 2,000 and 3,000 stills were seized and destroyed. Even as late as 1880 the excise officers destroyed 685. The commerce of Ireland is treated in the articles on the various cities. A considerable network of canals covers a part of Ireland. They were formerly used for the transportation of passengers, but since the introduction of railways have been used for freight only. POPULATION. The population of Ireland was reported in 1901 at 4,458,775. Of these 3,310,028 were Catholic, 579,385 Episcopal, and 443,494 Presbyterian. The Catholic population represents, approximately, at least, the original Irish population. The others are largely English and Scotch intruders, the English in the vicinity of Dublin, the Scotch in the vicinity of Londonderry. The genuine Irish belong to the same race as the Britons, Manx, Cornishmen, Welsh, and Highlanders of Scotland. The native language is Erse, akin to Gaelic. HISTORICAL. According to the most trustworthy accounts, a considerable civilization was developed in Ireland as early as 1000 B.C. This period of Irish history is so embellished with legends and traditions that fact is hardly distinguishable from fiction. An ancient parliament, or gathering of chiefs, met in Tara's Hall, famous in song. Christianity was introduced into the island in the fifth century, through the labors of St. Patrick and others. Monasteries were established; also religious communities of men and women, thought to bear a resemblance to the modern Shaker community. While England was still pagan, Ireland was a center of missionary effort. Colonies of Irish monks were established in Great Britain and in Germany. They were the determined opponents of Druidism in the eleventh century. Historians have been wont to claim that Adrian IV, the only Englishman who ever sat in the papal chair, granted Ireland to Henry II of England. The statement rests on uncertain authority. About 1155, however, Henry gained the consent of the Irish clergy and invaded the island with 500 knights and an army of footmen. He occupied the level portions of the island, driving many tribes into the mountains. It is believed that Irish discord enabled the English to gain a footing. However that may be, English occupancy and misrule began together. The opposition of the O'Briens, O'Neills, O'Connors, O'Connells, and McCarthys was never wanting. For centuries the treatment accorded the Irish was little better than that shown the American Indians on this continent. At the time of the English Reformation an effort was made to induce the Irish Catholics to join the Episcopal church , but in vain. During the time of Cromwell an Irish uprising was put down with an iron hand. In a nine months' campaign, thousands of men were executed; 20,000 were sold into labor, little better than slavery, in the West Indies , and 40,000 Irishmen were driven from the island to enlist in the armies of various European countries. When later the Stuart family was driven from the throne of England the Irish stood by James II to the last. Their forces were dispersed at the battle of the Boyne, however, and English control of the island was complete. We may look in vain for persecution more persistent than that experienced by the Irish in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Their lands were confiscated. They were obliged to pay tithes for the support of an alien church. They were forbidden to send their children to their own schools if taught by Catholics. Those who were able to place their children in school in foreign countries did so. The children of the masses were untaught. Their manufactures were crippled by selfish legislation intended to benefit English industries. A large part of the island was held by absentee landlords who lived in England and who instructed their agents to extort the last penny of rent. If a peasant made improvements, his rent was raised; if he refused to pay, he was evicted. The picture often drawn of a hard-hearted agent driving away the family cow, leaving starving children to cry at the mother's knee, is by no means an exaggeration. The consequence was a miserable, shiftless, hand-to-mouth cultivation of the soil, with a degree of poverty and distress hardly possible in a country designed by nature to be a land of plenty. It was difficult for the Irish to make themselves heard. A Catholic was not allowed to hold office. A semblance of resistance to British authority had always been maintained in the Irish Parliament. In 1801 the British authorities led by Pitt are said to have expended $8,000,000 in bribing enough members to induce the Irish Parliament to unite with that of Great Britain. From that time on, however, Irish prospects began to look up somewhat. About the middle of the nineteenth century, during Gladstone's administration, more humane ideas prevailed in Parliament. Many helpful measures were passed. In brief, the hand of the government has been removed from church affairs. Public schools have been established throughout the island. In 1903 Parliament set aside a fund of $500,000,000 and put into effect a plan of loaning peasants the money at a low rate of interest with which to buy the farms they occupy, and what is more, the landlord is required to sell at a reasonable price. While it cannot be said that plenty yet prevails, peace has settled down over the island and better days are at hand. In 1841 there were 8,000,000 people. There ought to be 11,000,000 at the present time, but famine, fever, and cholera carried away nearly 4,000,000; 3,754,899 emigrated to other countries during the latter half of the nineteenth century, the greater portion of them to the United States . The report for 1903 puts the population at 4,390,208, a mere third of what Ireland is capable of maintaining in comfort. The twelfth United States census shows that there are more Irish people in New York City alone than there are in the two chief cities of Ireland--Dublin and Belfast--taken together. In the United States there were, according to this census, 1,616,469 people who were born in Ireland, 4,001,461 children both of whose parents were Irish, and 979,586 with one native Irish parent. The total Irish population of the United States, including those with Irish grandparents and great-grandparents, is nearly double that of the mother country today.
Ireland land of the Erse
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
land of the Erse, was known to the Romans as Hibernia, and to the Irish poet as Erin. To the world at large it is the Emerald Isle and Green Isle,--the home of a witty, fun-loving, loyal, hospitable, brave people who have fought and won the battles of all countries save their own. STATISTICS. The following statistics are the latest to be had from trustworthy sources: Land area (square miles) 32,360 Population (1908) 4,363,351 Dublin 290,000 Belfast 349,000 Cork 76,000 Limerick 38,000 Londonderry 40,000 Waterford 27,000 Births 101,000 Deaths 77,000 Emigrants 64,000 Number counties 32 Peers in House of Lords 33 Representatives, House of Commons, 103 Number of tenant purchasers 152,000 Outstanding state loans to same, 1908 $250,000,000 Acres of arable land 3,626,000 Acres of permanent pasture 11,637,000 Agricultural Productions-- Potatoes, bushels 75,000,000 Wheat, bushels 1,325,000 Barley, bushels 6,722,000 Oats, bushels 49,000,000 Beans, bushels 82,000 Peas, bushels 9,000 Turnips, bushels 140,000,000 Domestic Animals-- Horses 604,000 Mules 30,000 Cattle 4,791,000 Sheep 4,129,000 Goats 100,000 Swine 1,317,000 Coal mined, tons 99,000 Value of mineral products $1,000,000 Fishing boats 5,766 Annual catch $1,400,000 Miles of railway (1908) 3,362 Miles of canals 848 Letters and post cards 200,000,000 Elementary public schools 8,538 Pupils enrolled 675,000 Paupers 103,000 See Celt; Dublin ; Cork ; Belfast ; Londonderry ; Boyne ; Blarney ; Gaelic; Famine ; Absenteeism; Immigration ; Peat ; O'Connell ; Emmet ; Patrick ; Shamrock ; Elk ; Kilkenny
Ireland JOHN, an clergyman
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
JOHN, an clergyman; born in Ireland, Sept. 11, 1838; came to the United States early in life, was educated in the Cathedral School of St. Paul; studied theology in France and was ordained a priest Dec. 21, 1861; was chaplain of the 5th Minnesota Volunteers in the Civil War. After the war he became rector of the cathedral in St. Paul; was later secretary and coadjutor to Bishop Grace, of St. Paul; was consecrated bishop in December, 1875, and archbishop in May, 1888. He prominent in founding Roman was Catholic colonies and in organizing total abstinence societies, and is especially for his sturdy Americanism. noted He wrote "The Church and Modern Society" (1897). He died Sept. 25, 1918.
Ireland ISLAND, one of the Bermudas
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ISLAND, one of the Bermudas. church IRENÆUS (i-ren-ē'us) a father; born in Greece about 120, was a disciple of Polycarp, by whom he is said to have been sent to Gaul. On the martyrdom of Pothinus he succeeded him in the bishopric of Lyons, in 177. Irenæus was a man of considerable learning, and animated with ardent zeal for Christianity. The common idea that he suffered martyrdom rests on no good foundation. His great literary work is his refutation of the Valentinian form of the Gnostic heresy, and is usually named "Against Heresies." The best edition of his works was published in two volumes at Leipsic in 1853. He died about 202.
Ireland NATIONAL UNIVER- SITY OF, an institution for higher education
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
NATIONAL UNIVER- SITY OF, an institution for higher education, established in 1908. It superseded the former Royal University of Ireland, and in its place was established the Belfast University and the National University of Ireland. The latter consists of the University College of Dublin, Queens College Court and Queens College, Galway. It was organized in order to meet with the wishes of the Roman Catholics. The institution, however, is undenominational. Religious instruction may be given, but not out of public funds. The enrollment in the University of Dublin in 1919 was about 1,800, with a faculty of 200.
Ireland ALLEYNE, an English author
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ALLEYNE, an English author; born in Manchester, England, Jan. 19, 1871; was educated at Berlin University; traveled extensively in 1887- 1897; was made lecturer on politics at Chicago University in 1900. He is the author of "Demerariana: Essays, Historical, Critical, and Descriptive" (1897); "Tropical Colonization: An Introduction to the Study of the Subject" (1899); "The Anglo-Boer Conflict: Its History and Causes" (1900 ; "Joseph Pulit- ); "China ; and the Powers" (1901) zer" (1914). American
What Has Changed in the Last Century
When these accounts were compiled Ireland was still governed from Westminster as part of the United Kingdom; within months of the 1920-21 shelf dates it was partitioned, and the Irish Free State came into being in December 1922, becoming a fully independent republic outside the Commonwealth in 1949. The Occultism volume's picture of a peasantry steeped in fairy belief, lycanthropy and St Patrick's Purgatory has largely dissolved: Ireland's population, halved by the Famine and still falling in 1920, has since grown past five million in the Republic, and the country is now one of Europe's most urban and internet-dependent economies, a member of the EEC/EU since 1973. Northern Ireland's thirty years of conflict were formally addressed by the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Two things survive intact: the pilgrimage to Lough Derg still runs each summer, and Gerald of Wales remains the source scholars quarrel over, now read as Angevin propaganda as much as reportage.
Written for this edition, 2026.